@article { author = {Allahdadi, Mahdi and Shamaei, Ali and sasanpour, Farzaneh}, title = {Assessment of Public Transportation and BRT lines of Esfahan Metropolis in accordance with BRT Standard 2016}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {3-14}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.937}, abstract = {The issue of transportation is regarded as one of the most important human needs. Two general solutions are applied today to urban traffic problems: demand management and supply management. Demand management is adopted to eliminate or reduce travel, and supply management is aimed at optimal use of the available transportation facilities. Establishment and employment of public transportation is another major strategy adopted in supply management. The bus is considered as the main means of public transportation in the city of Esfahan, Iran, where it has been found to meet twenty percent of people’s transportation needs in recent years. In order for the bus services to appeal to more citizens, measures should be taken to resolve its problems and enhance its favorability. It has been found that the major problems from passengers’ point of view include long waiting times at stations, delayed and imprecise arrival times, crowdedness, and inappropriate air conditioning and cooling and heating systems in the ordinary bus services. From the perspective of urban management, there are again obvious problems, such as the worn-out fleet, noise and environment pollution, and low performance of the ordinary bus services, utilized less than allowed by the capacity. All this calls for modification and optimization in the current services. The most important problems with the fleet include uncertainty in and violation of the service schedule, long travel times due to low speed, limited activity and service duration, crowdedness, and long time headways. Many of these problems can be resolved via special routes, i.e. conversion of ordinary bus services into express ones. It will then be important to evaluate the bus rapid transit (BRT) services, so that the quality can be upgraded to a high level. The main purpose of this research was to specify the status of the BRT services in Esfahan in accordance with ITDP’s 2016 BRT Standard, the scores of different bus lines, and surveyed passengers’ satisfaction and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the services from the above two aspects. The results demonstrated that the average score of the BRT services in Esfahan was below the bronze level of quality. The separate examinations of the scores obtained on the individual criteria demonstrated that the criteria pertaining to the stations achieved 80% their maximum values, and those concerning the communication equipment achieved only 20%, indicating a lack of communication equipment in Esfahan BRT services. Moreover, points were deduced on the access and integration criterion due to the lack of integration between the BRT services and the network of cycle facilities, and all the bus lines lost five more points as the horizontal distance between the bus floor and the station platform was more than twenty centimeters, without which the services would achieve the bronze level. According to the survey results, in fact specifying the status of the services from the passengers’ perspective, the average score obtained on the different criteria was 74%, indicating a high level of satisfaction, on which basis it could be stated that Esfahan BRT services were of the silver level of quality. Furthermore, all the bus lines had attracted 21% and 13% of car and taxi passengers, respectively, amounting to 16 and 11for Line 1 alone, according to similar studies. The most important reasons stated by passengers for using BRT services included high speed, discipline, and convenience, in that order. The evaluation and survey results were highly correlated, suggesting a failure to employ smart equipment widely and fully in Esfahan BRT services.}, keywords = {Public Transportation,Bus rapid transit,BRT Standard,Satisfaction Assessment,Esfahan}, title_fa = {بررسی حمل‌و‌نقل عمومی و ارزیابی خطوط اتوبوس تندرو کلانشهر اصفهان مطابق با استاندارد 2016 BRT}, abstract_fa = {امروزه به کارگیری و توسعه سیستم‌های حمل­ و­نقل عمومی راهکاری مناسب برای کاهش ترافیک شهری محسوب می‌گردد. اما انتخاب سیستم باید متناسب با ویژگی‌های شهر و البته قابل رقابت با وسایل نقلیه شخصی باشد تا بتواند مطلوبیت کافی را برای استفاده­کنندگان به ارمغان آورد. در این مطالعه مشکلات موجود در سیستم حمل‌و‌نقل اتوبوس شهری از دیدگاه استفاده‌کنندگان بررسی و مشخص شد که مهم‌ترین مشکل خطوط اتوبوسرانی کلانشهر اصفهان به ترتیب، عدم‌اطمینان و رعایت زمانبندی حرکت ناوگان، زمان سفر زیاد به دلیل سرعت پایین ناوگان، مدت زمان فعالیت و سرویس‌دهی، شلوغی ناوگان و سرفاصله زمانی بالاست که راهکار اصلی رفع آن، تخصیص مسیر ویژه به ناوگان اتوبوس شهری یا به عبارتی تبدیل خطوط معمولی اتوبوس شهری به اتوبوس تندرو است. در این پژوهش که از نوع کاربردی است از ترکیب روش‌های توصیفی_تحلیلی استفاده شده است. اهداف اصلی این پژوهش: تعیین جایگاه سامانه اتوبوس تندرو کلانشهر اصفهان طبق استاندارد BRT 2016 ارائه شده به وسیله مؤسسه ITDP و تعیین امتیاز خطوط، تعیین سطح رضایتمندی استفاده‌کنندگان با انجام نظرسنجی و همچنین شناخت نقاط ضعف و قوت سیستم از این دو دیدگاه است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که امتیاز متوسط خطوط اتوبوس تندرو شهر اصفهان زیر استاندارد برنزی قرار دارد و بیشترین امتیاز کسب شده در معیار مربوط به ایستگاه‌ها و کمترین امتیاز در معیار مربوط به استفاده از تجهیزات ارتباطی بوده است. ولی از نگاه استفاده‌کنندگان، خطوط اتوبوس تندرو توانسته 74درصد از امتیاز گروه شاخص‌های مختلف را به دست آورد و به ترتیب 21 و 13درصد از استفاده‌کنندگان خودروی شخصی و مسافران تاکسی را جذب خود کند. مهم‌ترین دلایل مسافران برای استفاده از خطوط اتوبوس تندرو به ترتیب سرعت خوب، نظم زمانی اتوبوس‌ها و راحتی و آسایش عنوان شده است.}, keywords_fa = {Public Transportation,Bus rapid transit,BRT Standard,Satisfaction Assessment,Esfahan}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61344.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61344_eeb61a31dec6b0bb3f5d357b53d6d306.pdf} } @article { author = {mostafazadeh, Sana and Habibi, Fateh and Mohammadi, ahmad}, title = {Estimation of tourists willingness to pay and factors affecting it (Case Study: Marivan lake Zaribar)}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {15-26}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.717}, abstract = {At micro level, valuation studies provide access to information concerning the structures and functions of ecosystems and their diverse, complex role in support of human convenience. At macro level, ecosystem valuation can contribute to development and modification of human convenience factors and sustainable development. Expressing the quantitative values of the functions, products, and services of an ecosystem, economic valuation, helps executive, social, and economic planners and administrators to plan the protection and sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The main purpose of economic environment valuation is to enable comparison of environmental protection and socio-economic development for optimal utilization of exceptional resources. Since environmental resources belong to all generations, long-term interests should be preferred to short-term ones. The economic approach to evaluation of environmental changes is based on people’s preference for modifications in their environmental conditions. The term value has a precise definition in economics: the price that individuals are willing to pay for goods or services. The basic economic notions of supply and demand are employed to estimate willingness to pay. In environmental economics, different methods are used to measure environmental values. There are two groups of methods for monetary evaluation of goods: methods that lead to estimation of the demand curve, used to obtain the values of non-market goods and natural resources and those leading to goods prices without estimating the demand curve. Zrebar Lake is a unique tourist attraction of the type, situated three kilometers to the west of Mariwan in Iran’s Kurdistan Province. The purpose of this study was to investigate the visitors’ willingness to pay for the entrance fee to Zrebar Lake. Simple random sampling was used in the research, along with a questionnaire for data collection. The size of a sample needs to be large enough to make it statistically representative. A total of 350 respondents participated in the study, only 307 of whom answered the questionnaire completely. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.86 was obtained for the questionnaire, which indicated its proper reliability. The results concerning the probability of willingness to pay indicated that 217 participants (70.68%) would not accept the first offer, being unwilling to pay 5000 Rials of their monthly income to visit Zrebar Lake, while 90 respondents (29.32%) would accept the offer. When a lower fee (1000 Rials) was offered, 36 participants (11.72%) would not accept it, while 181 respondents (58.96%) would. Those who would accept the first offer (5000 Rials) were offered a higher fee of 15000 Rials, 37 of whom (12.06%) would not accept it, while 53 (17.26%) would. A total of 88% of the respondents were willing to pay for a visit. The results obtained from the estimation of the model using logistic regression demonstrated that the variables age, travel expenses, academic degree, family size, income, and level of satisfaction had significant effects on the willingness to pay, whereas the variable payment experience exhibited no significant effect. Another finding of the study was that the entertainment value of Zrebar Lake, represented by the average expected value (WTP), was 5712 Rials per visitor.}, keywords = {Willingness to pay,Valution,Tourist,Zribar Lake}, title_fa = {برآورد تمایل به پرداخت گردشگران و عوامل مؤثر بر آن (مطالعه موردی: دریاچه زریبار مریوان)}, abstract_fa = {برای بسیاری از کشورها، صنعت گردشگری بخش قابل ملاحظه­ای از رشد اقتصادی کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه را به خود اختصاص داده است. فعالیت گردشگری می­تواند تأثیر منفی یا مثبت بر کیفیت زندگی ساکنان داشته باشد. در سطح خرد، مطالعات ارزش­گذاری باعث دستیابی به اطلاعات مربوط به ساختار و کارکرد اکوسیستم­ها و نقش متنوع و پیچیده آنها در حمایت از رفاه انسانی شده و در بعد کلان، ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی اکوسیستم، برنامه­ریزان و مدیران اجرایی را در برنامه­ریزی، حفاظت و بهره­برداری پایدار منابع طبیعی یاری می­دهد. دریاچه زریبار مهم‌ترین و کم‌نظیرترین جاذبه‌ آبی در سه کیلومتری غرب شهرستان مریوان در استان کردستان قرار گرفته است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی میزان تمایل به پرداخت گردشگران ورودی به دریاچه زریبار مریوان است. روش  نمونه‌گیری به‌ صورت تصادفی ساده و برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات موردنیاز این تحقیق از پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ پرسشنامه عدد 86/0 به دست آمد که نشان از پایای خوب پرسشنامه دارد. نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل به روش لاجیت نشان می­دهد که متغیرهای سن، هزینه سفر، سطح تحصیلات، بعد خانوار، درآمد و میزان رضایت بازدیدکنندگان بر تمایل به پرداخت تأثیر معنی­دار داشته و متغیر سابقه پرداخت، تأثیری بر تمایل به پرداخت افراد نداشته است. یکی دیگر از نتایج این مطالعه نشان می­دهد که ارزش تفریحی دریاچه زریوار که با مقدار متوسط انتظاری (WTP) نشان داده می­شود، برای هر بازدید کننده برابر با 5712 ریال است.}, keywords_fa = {Willingness to pay,Valution,Tourist,Zribar Lake}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61312.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61312_6e4ac3509eca4962a31386c2bd442a73.pdf} } @article { author = {kadkhodaei, masoud and shad, rouzbeh}, title = {Ranking of traffic congestion pricing schemes in tourist metropolises: Case study of Mashhad}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {27-38}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.513}, abstract = {With the ever-increasing production of private cars, there has been far heavier traffic flowing through the streets of large cities, causing problems such as increased air pollution and increased travel time and latency in urban trips. Congestion pricing provides a way of managing traffic congestion and the consequent problems in large cities. In the implementation of the congestion pricing policy in large cities, it is of great significance how toll rate varies by time, affecting the efficiency of the plan and citizens’ tendency to use private cars. Therefore, adoption of the most appropriate method of scheduling in congestion pricing plans requires a precise analysis of different scheduling methods and their evaluation given the traffic and social characteristics of the city. Due to the presence of tourists in large tourist destinations, there are larger numbers of trips taken for entertainment and shopping purposes than in other cities. Furthermore, many drivers are not familiar with the directions, which makes urban travel patterns different in such cities, making it more important to adopt the appropriate congestion pricing plan scheduling. In this research, three methods, including fixed tolls, scheduled tolls, and smart tolls, were adopted for scheduling congestion pricing plans in large tourist destinations and ranked using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method, where decision elements, including evaluation criteria and options, are weighted using pairwise comparison as well as their interdependence In the pairwise comparisons, the importance of or preference for each decision element is determined by experts opinions. Each option is scored with respect to each criterion through multiplication of the option weight by the criterion value, and the final score of the option is obtained through calculation of the sum of the above scores, on which basis the evaluation options are ranked. Since the final weights thus obtained by the ANP method are not normal, more accurate comparison could be made after their normalization. Based on the results, the method of scheduled tolls for congestion pricing plans were ranked first with a normalized weight of 0.49, and the methods of fixed tolls and smart tolls were ranked second and third with normalized weights of 0.26 and 0.25, respectively. The most effective indicators in the assessment included reduction of travel time, increase in the use of public transportation, reduction of the number of drivers traveling alone, increase in operating speed, and reduction of accidents with pedestrians, motorcyclists, and cyclists, in that order. Use of the results of this research in urban management policy-making will optimize congestion pricing policies adopted in large tourist destinations such as the city of Mashhad, Iran and increase their effectiveness in reduction of traffic congestion and the consequent problems.}, keywords = {Traffic congestion control,Congestion pricing,Tourism,Analytic Network Process}, title_fa = {رتبه بندی شیوه های زمان بندی طرح های قیمت گذاری تراکم ترافیک در کلانشهرهای توریستی (مطالعه موردی: شهر مشهد)}, abstract_fa = {در اجرای سیاست قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک در کلانشهرها، نحوه تغییرات نرخ عوارض نسبت به زمان اهمیت زیادی دارد و در میزان کارایی طرح قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک و بازدارندگی آن در میزان استفاده از خودروهای شخصی مؤثر است. بنابراین انتخاب مناسب­ترین شیوه برای زمان­بندی طرح­های قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک نیازمند تحلیل و بررسی دقیق شیوه­های مختلف زمان­بندی و ارزیابی آنها با توجه به ویژگی­های ترافیکی و اجتماعی شهر مورد نظر است. در کلانشهرهای توریستی به دلیل حضور گردشگران، حجم سفرهای با اهداف تفریحی و خرید در این کلانشهرها بیشتر از سایر شهرهاست. از طرفی بخش زیادی از رانندگان نیز با مسیر آشنایی نداشته و موجب متفاوت شدن الگوی سفرهای درون­شهری در این کلانشهرها با سایر شهرها می­شوند. به همین دلیل، انتخاب شیوه مناسب زمان­بندی طرح­های قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک در کلانشهرهای توریستی اهمیت بیشتری می­یابد. در این تحقیق، سه شیوه زمان­بندی عوارض ثابت، عوارض زمان­بندی شده و عوارض هوشمند برای زمان­بندی طرح­های قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک در کلانشهرهای توریستی انتخاب شده و با استفاده از روش تحلیل شبکه­ای (ANP) و براساس مقایسات زوجی و نظرات کارشناسان رتبه­بندی شدند. براساس نتایج، شیوه عوارض زمان­بندی شده برای طرح­های قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک با وزن نرمال 49/0 در رتبه نخست و شیوه­های عوارض ثابت و عوارض هوشمند به ترتیب با وزن­های نرمال 26/0 و 25/0 در رتبه­های دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مؤثرترین شاخص­های این ارزیابی به ترتیب شاخص­های کاهش زمان سفر، افزایش استفاده از حمل­ونقل عمومی، کاهش تردد خودروهای تک­سرنشین، افزایش سرعت عملکردی و کاهش تصادفات با عابرپیاده، موتور و دوچرخه سواران شناخته شدند. استفاده از نتایج این تحقیق در سیاست­گذاری­های مدیریت شهری موجب بهینه­سازی سیاست قیمت­گذاری تراکم ترافیک در کلانشهرهای توریستی مانند شهر مشهد شده و اثرگذاری این سیاست در کاهش تراکم ترافیک و مشکلات ناشی از آن را افزایش می­دهد.}, keywords_fa = {Traffic congestion control,Congestion pricing,Tourism,Analytic Network Process}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61315.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61315_d6004afb7733e25757a8898f347b7b16.pdf} } @article { author = {Danaeinia, Ahmad and Majidi, Morteza}, title = {Evaluation of Entrance Design Indicators of Metro Station in the Historical Context of Tehran, According to Passive Defense principles}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {39-50}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.905}, abstract = {One of the most important challenges in historic areas and perhaps the most important concern in urban management involves the design of an appropriate transportation system for provision of better facilities with minimal intervention. It is therefore an inevitable necessity to provide access to a convenient, safe transportation system such as the subway in the historic, distressed area of Tehran, Iran given the high population density and accumulation of administrative, political, and other services in the area as well as natural and unnatural hazards, so that safety can be maintained, and service can be provided in case of a crisis. Important urban community centers throughout Tehran’s historic area, subway stations can be regarded as dual-purpose, used for temporary accommodation and emergency services in case of an unexpected event. Activities that can be carried out at a subway station include accommodation of citizens, storage of food, provision of emergency service, and transportation of the injured. Application of passive defense requirements to the design of subway station components is one of the most important ways of providing subway security in critical conditions. A subway station is composed of different components, with the entrance element intervening the inner and outer spaces as the first component. Location and design of the subway station entrance is an important task involving particular complexity as well as intricacy and requiring precise predictions. Therefore, this research needed to address two significant questions. Firstly, what indicators are involved in subway station entrance design in Tehran’s historic area given the architectural requirements and passive defense considerations? Secondly, to what extent have these indicators been utilized in the design of the subway station entrances in Tehran’s historic core, and which is the best station in terms of observation of the indicators? The aim of this qualitative applied study was to evaluate the subway station entrances at Tehran’s historic core in accordance with the standards and to determine the indicators for design of subway station entrances based on passive defense considerations. First, the intended indicators were extracted through a review of the domestic and international regulations, the most important being Article 21 of the Iranian Building Code and FEMA’s regulations. For a better understanding of the extracted indicators and acquaintance with the regulations in other countries as well as in Iran in subway station design, four subway station entrances in China, Brazil, England, and Canada and three in Esfahan, Mashhad, and Tabriz in Iran were analyzed as samples, where the above indicators were investigated. The extracted indicators were evaluated in Tehran’s District Twelve using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and the degree of importance (weight) for each of the criteria and options was calculated based on the above regulations using the Expert Choice software and a prioritization of the indicators based on the method of sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that the criteria distance from the entrance building to the main arteries and method of access to the entrances had the greatest and least impacts on subway station entrance design with relative weights of 0.205 and 0.027, respectively. On that basis, the Darvazeh Dowlat subway station entrance was identified as the best with five out of the nine standard indicators and a relative weight of 0.147, followed by the Baharestan, Khayam, Imam Khomeini, Panzdah-e-Khordad, Saadi, and Mellat subway station entrances.}, keywords = {Passive Defense,Historic Area of Tehran,Subway Station Entrance,Design,Analytic Hierarchy Process}, title_fa = {ارزیابی شاخص‌های طراحی ورودی ایستگاه مترو در بافت تاریخی شهر تهران مبتنی بر ملاحظات پدافند غیرعامل}, abstract_fa = {تراکم جمعیتی و ازدحام کاربری‌های اداری و خدماتی در بافت تاریخی و فرسوده شهر تهران، دسترسی به سیستم حمل‌ونقل آسان و ایمن همچون مترو را به یک ضرورت اجتناب‌ناپذیر تبدیل نموده است. در میان شاخص‌های مختلف طراحی مترو، عنصر ورودی که وظیفه برقراری ارتباط فضای داخلی و بیرونی ایستگاه را بر عهده دارد، شاخص مهمی است که از مکانیابی تا طراحی آن، از ظرافت و درعین‌ حال پیچیدگی خاصی برخوردار بوده و نیازمند پیش‌بینی‌های دقیقی است. ایستگاه‌های مترو به‌ عنوان یکی از مراکز جمعی شهری با اهمیت که در پهنه بافت تاریخی تهران گسترده شده، این امکان را فراهم می‌کنند که بتوان در مواقع بروز حوادث از آنها برای اسکان موقت و امدادرسانی اضطراری استفاده نمود. به‌ کارگیری الزامات پدافند غیرعامل در طراحی اجزای ایستگاه مترو یکی از مهم‌ترین راه‌های تأمین امنیت مترو در شرایط بحران است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش ارزیابی ورودی ایستگاه‌های مترو در هسته تاریخی شهر تهران مبتنی بر استانداردها و تعیین شاخص‌های طراحی ورودی ایستگاه مترو مبتنی بر ملاحظات پدافند غیرعامل است. پژوهش حاضر به‌ صورت کیفی و از نوع کاربردی است. ابتدا با بررسی آیین‌نامه‌ها، شاخص‌های طراحی ورودی ایستگاه مترو با توجه به ملاحظات پدافند غیرعامل استخراج گردیده است. شاخص‌های استخراج‌ شده با استفاده از فرآیند سلسله مراتبی AHP در منطقه دوازده تهران مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته‌ و درجه اهمیت (وزن) هریک از معیارها و گزینه‌ها با توجه به آیین‌نامه‌های یاد شده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Expert Choice و اولویت‌بندی شاخص‌ها مبتنی بر روش تحلیل حساسیت محاسبه شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که دو معیار «فاصله ساختمان ورودی» تا شریان‌های اصلی و «نحوه دسترسی به ورودی‌ها» با وزن نسبی 205/0 و 027/0 به ترتیب، بیشترین و کمترین تأثیر را در طراحی ورودی ایستگاه مترو دارا هستند و بر این اساس، ورودی ایستگاه مترو دروازه دولت با دارا بودن پنج شاخص از نه شاخص استاندارد، بیشترین وزن را به خود اختصاص داده و به‌عنوان برترین ورودی ایستگاه تعیین گردیده است.}, keywords_fa = {Passive Defense,Historic Area of Tehran,Subway Station Entrance,Design,Analytic Hierarchy Process}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61316.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61316_b9f34bcc617d4bf0f69ca178fa3ca503.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimimoshaver, Mehrdad and sajjadzadeh, hasan and troosheh, hossein}, title = {The relationship between height of tall buildings and mental health of citizens (Case study: Saeediyeh complex of Hamadan)}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {51-62}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.303}, abstract = {This study addressed the relationship between high-rise buildings (as part of the urban environment) and mental health (one of the three major aspects of health: physical, psychological, and social), investigating citizens’ points of view on the high-rise Saeedieh Condominium in Hamadan, Iran. The research sought to capture the influence mechanism and to help reinforce the insight of designers of such buildings into and their concern for features of the built environment from citizens’ perspective that can inadvertently affect their mental health.   In recent decades, construction of high-rise buildings has been appealed to widely as a method of construction, replacing the horizontal growth of cities. However, it seems that vertical urbanism has paid little attention to citizens’ psychological aspects in urban spaces. Height is an intrinsic part of high-rise buildings and their most important formal feature, with a significant impact on citizens and their eventual perceptions and emotions, which makes it significant to scrutinize its influence. One of the most important issues is the impact of high-rise buildings on citizens’ mental health. Mental stresses constantly threaten human mental health, in part due to inappropriate urban environments and residences. This increases the significance of examining the urban environment to reduce the existing stresses. The purpose of this paper was to present better ways of designing high-rise buildings considering their impact on citizens’ mental health as well as to identify how the influence works. Therefore, the main questions of the study are as follows. What relationship is there between high-rise buildings and citizens’ mental health? How can height affect citizens’ mental health?   In the present study, a qualitative approach was taken using the method of Grounded Theory. After in-depth interviews made in person with citizens, the transcripts were summarized and encoded in the three open, axial, and selective stages, and the grounded model was finally extracted by the MAXQDA data analysis software. The participants in the interviews included 24 citizens, 13 men and 11 women aged 17-65 years. Theoretical consecutive purposive sampling was used, where sampling would continue until adequacy (saturation) was achieved for theorization. It should be noted that saturation was achieved as felt by the researcher with comments from 8 men and 8 women—a total of 16 participants—, but the interviews continued, amounting to 24 with 8 additional ones, which served to ensure the achievement of saturation (although no changes were made in the eventual data).   The findings demonstrated that high-rise buildings cause mental pressure in citizens due to issues such as improper enclosure, physical-visual consequences, sub-climate generation, landscape restrictions, social difficulties, overlook, urban area heterogeneity, and negative environmental effects and citizens’ long-term involvement in emotional reactions resulting from the mental pressure affects their mental health. With a frequency of 73, the issue of improper enclosure was found to be the most popular among citizens in the set of situational issues, playing a major role in the emergence of the interactive issues and the consequential ones as a result. It was followed by the issues sub-climate generation (with a frequency of 57), physical-visual consequences (with a frequency of 55), landscape restrictions (with a frequency of 30), urban area heterogeneity (with a frequency of 25), overlook (with a frequency of 22), and social difficulties (with a frequency of 12), in that order.}, keywords = {High-Rise Buildings,mental health,Stress,Grounded Theory,Hamadan’s Saeedieh Condominium}, title_fa = {رابطه ارتفاع ساختمان‌های بلند با سلامت روان شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: مجتمع سعیدیه همدان)}, abstract_fa = {طی دهه‌های اخیر، بلندمرتبه‌سازی به‌عنوان یک شیوه ساختمان‌سازی، بسیار موردتوجه قرار گرفت و جایگزین رشد افقی شهرها شد. اما به نظر می‌رسد که در طرح توسعه عمودی شهرها، به روان شهروندان در فضاهای شهری توجه کافی نشده است. ارتفاع، جزء ذاتی ساختمان‌های بلند و مهم‌ترین ویژگی فرم این ابنیه است که تأثیر چشمگیری در ارتباط با شهروندان و برآیند ادراکات و احساسات آنان دارد؛ بنابراین ضروری است که جوانب تأثیر ارتفاع به صورتی موشکافانه بررسی شود. یکی از مهم‌ترین جوانب، اثرات آنها بر سلامت روان شهروندان است. استرس و تنش‌های روانی دائماً سلامت روان انسان را تهدید می‌کنند و یکی از دلایل آنها، محیط نابسامان شهرها و سکونتگاه‌های ماست. این امر بر اهمیت بررسی محیط شهری برای کاهش تنش‌های موجود می‌افزاید. هدف این نوشتار، علاوه بر دستیابی به چگونگی اثرگذاری ارتفاع ساختمان‌های بلند بر سلامت روان شهروندان، روش‌های بهتری برای طراحی این ابنیه با رویکرد تأثیر بر سلامت روان است. در پژوهش حاضر از رویکرد کیفی و روش نظریه زمینه‌ای (Grounded Theory) استفاده‌ شده است. پس از مصاحبه عمیق با شهروندان در محیط واقعی، متن پیاده شده مصاحبات، خلاصه و در سه مرحله باز، محوری و انتخابی، کدگذاری شد و نهایتاً به وسیله نرم‌افزار تحلیل داده‌های MAXQDA مدل زمینه‌ای آن استخراج گردید. یافته‌ها نشان داد که ارتفاعِ ساختمان‌های بلند به‌واسطه بروز مقولاتی چون محصوریت نامناسب، تبعات کالبدی_بصری، خرداقلیم، محدودیت‌های چشم‌انداز، معضلات اجتماعی، اشراف، ناهمگنی در بافت شهری و آثار سوء زیست‌محیطی، فشار روانی ایجاد می‌کند و درگیری درازمدت شهروندان با واکنش‌های هیجانی ناشی از فشارهای روانی، باعث آسیب دیدن سلامت روان آنان می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {High-Rise Buildings,mental health,Stress,Grounded Theory,Hamadan’s Saeedieh Condominium}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61310.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61310_9123f6532fe9607f5067b844cdb25972.pdf} } @article { author = {kiaee, maryam}, title = {Comparative Study of Spatial Patterns and Cognitive Characteristics of the Iranian Bazar Using "Space Syntax" and "Gestalt" Theories (Case Study: Qazvin)}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {63-76}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.368}, abstract = {In addition to their objective, overt aspects, different spaces have subjective, covert dimensions, which cannot be inferred simply through analysis of their physical structures. These features, which are classified as cognitive features of space, are largely influenced by the space users’ types and methods of perception of space. You receive part of the environment information via presence in the space and with the help of your sensory abilities. Depending on your needs and motivations, some of the information is perceived by your mental system, and recognition is ultimately achieved through analysis of the perceived information and their registration in mind. Thus, mental or cognitive maps are formed for you, which in turn result from transformation of an objective entity into a subjective one, on which basis your mental image of an environment takes shape. These cognitive maps are largely dependent on the values, beliefs, memories, aspirations, etc. of people who use an environment. Therefore, it can be argued that people have different types of perception of the environment. Therefore, the quality of the objective and subjective features is effective in space users’ cognition and perception of the environment, and they utilize one or both of these perceptions to evaluate the environment. Moreover, the physical quality of the space is effective on its recognition, which turns recognition of the structural features effective  in identification of space into another aspect of the significance of this research. Therefore, the present research sought to investigate the cognitive and perceptual aspects of a traditional market as a case study by evaluating the perceptual quality of the environment using Gestalt psychology and analyzing the system of spatial configuration using space syntax and to analyze the space users’ spatial-cognitive behavior in the relatively complex environment. After the factors required by both theories were introduced, the process of analysis began. On the syntactic analysis side, the market map was loaded in the software environment, and the market was analyzed using the values of factors such as the cone of vision, spatial depth and integrity, and spatial accessibility and quality. On the cognitive analysis side, the method of drawing cognitive maps was used for extraction of the Gestalt factors. Therefore, the research population was asked to enter the market through a specific entrance and draw their mental images of its structure in the croquis format after traveling around the market for thirty minutes. After data were collected using both methods, the obtained findings were analyzed and compared. The results of the research indicated that several objective and subjective factors are effective, either at the same time or with some prioritization with respect to each other, in proper wayfinding in spaces, particularly unfamiliar and less familiar ones. Moreover, the results obtained from the syntactic analysis of an environment are in some cases consistent with those of its cognitive analysis, and they contrast in other cases, depending to a great extent on the spatial features of the environment and the elements used in it. Accordingly, a traditional market in Iran was selected for a case study, and people’s spatial behavior in the urban space with a relatively complex structure and their perception thereof was analyzed. Therefore, the questions of the research are as follows. Which configuration features of a market are perceived and considered more closely by users? How do different people—particularly those who are unfamiliar or less familiar with the space—find or, in other words, choose the ways to their destinations in the market?}, keywords = {Space layout,Cognitive properties of space,Space syntax theory,Gestalt theory of perception,Qazvin Bazaar}, title_fa = {تحلیل تطبیقی الگوهای فضایی و ویژگی‌های شناختی بازار ایرانی با استفاده از تئوری‌های" چیدمان فضا" و "گشتالت" (مطالعه موردی: مجموعه بازار قزوین)}, abstract_fa = {رفتار فضایی انسان­­ها در محیط­های گوناگون­ از یک­­ سو متأثر از ویژگی­های عینی محیط و از سوی دیگر تحت تأثیر شرایط ذهنیِ آنها قرار دارد. بنابراین نحوه ادراک آنها از یک فضا، تا حد زیادی به ویژگی­های عینی محیط و شرایط ذهنی آنها در شناخت عناصر محیط بستگی دارد. از آنجا که چگونگی انطباق  ویژگی­های عینی محیط با شیوه­های ادراک ذهن افراد، یکی از مهمترین چالش­های مطرح در حوزه طراحی محیط است، پژوهش حاضر این موضوع را در بستر یک فضای عمومی شهری نسبتاً پیچیده با عنوان بازار بررسی نموده و با ارزیابی کیفیت ادراکی محیط با استفاده از تئوری روان­شناسی گشتالت و نیز تحلیل نظام پیکره­بندی فضایی بازار با استفاده از روش چیدمان فضا، به تحلیل جنبه شناختی و ادراکی در ارتباط با فضای بازار پرداخته است. پس از معرفی شاخص­های مورد نظر در هر دو تئوری، فرایند تحلیل آغاز گردید. در بخش تحلیل چیدمانی، نقشه بازار در محیط نرم­افزار فراخوانی شد و با استفاده از خروجیِ شاخص­هایی چون مخروط دید، عمق و یکپارچگی فضایی و قابلیت دسترسی و کیفیت فضایی بازار تحلیل شد. از بُعد شناختی نیز به منظور استخراج شاخص­های گشتالتی، از روش ترسیم نقشه­های شناختی استفاده شد. بنابراین از جامعه آماری مد­نظر تحقیق خواسته شد از یک ورودی مشخص وارد بازار شده و پس از طی مسیر 30 دقیقه­ای در بازار، تصاویر ذهنی خود از ساختار فضایی بازار را در قالب یک کروکی ترسیم نمایند. پس از گردآوری اطلاعات از هر دو روش، یافته­های به دست آمده مورد تحلیل و تطبیق قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که فاکتورهای متعدد عینی و ذهنی در کنار هم و گاه با اولویت­بندی­هایی نسبت به یکدیگر، در تشخیص راه­یابی صحیح فضا مؤثر هستند. همچنین نتایج حاصل از تحلیل­های چیدمانی یک محیط در بعضی موارد همسو با نتایج تحلیل شناختی آن محیط و در بعضی موارد نیز در تناقض با آن قرار دارد که این موضوع تا حد زیادی متأثر از ویژگی­های فضایی محیط مورد نظر و عناصر به کار رفته در آن است.}, keywords_fa = {Space layout,Cognitive properties of space,Space syntax theory,Gestalt theory of perception,Qazvin Bazaar}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61311.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61311_804bf07d26241803c4a83cb3de3ead16.pdf} } @article { author = {Yari hesar, Arastoo and yazdani, mohammadhasan and pashazadeh, Asghar}, title = {Spatial- temporal analysis of robbery occurrence inArdebil}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {77-92}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.468}, abstract = {Introduction Robbery is a behavioral and social deviation that has been regarded as a crime and negative, abnormal behavior almost regardless of when and where it has been committed. It is one of the oldest human crimes, observed in various forms in different societies. It is a phenomenon of great importance that disturbs the individual’s and society’s security in both financial and physical terms. Since robbery can take place in particular time and location ranges, the main aim of the current research was to identify factors effective on the time and location of committing the crime in the city of Ardabil, Iran, and the researcher sought to provide an answer to the basic question of when and where robbery is committed in Ardabil.   Methodology This was an applied descriptive-analytical study in terms of aim and data collection methodology. The research population included all the robbers serving their sentences at Ardabil jail in Spring and Summer 2017, all 233 of whom filled out questionnaires based on the complete enumeration method. Data collection was carried out through documentary analysis and field elicitation (using a questionnaire). SPSS was used for description and analysis of the data and examination of the hypotheses in accordance with the scales of measurement of the research variables. Thus, the chi-square test was used for investigation of the frequency distributions of the temporal and spatial variables, and Kramers’ test for the relationship between robber’s place of residence and crime scene. The ArcGIS software was also used for analysis of the dispersion of robber’s place of residence and crime scene.   Results Place of residence and crime scene were found to be dispersed for most robbers serving their sentences at Ardabil jail. However, the highest frequency of place of residence was observed for the northwestern part, including the suburban area (northwest) and the semi-organic area (central part). As for crime scene, the highest frequency concerned the central part and the newly-constructed area (newly-constructed neighborhoods located in the central part). Given the great similarity between robber’s place of residence and crime scene based on Kramers’ test results, it could be stated that there was a significant relationship between the two variables. Moreover, the chi-square test results demonstrated that most of the robberies had been committed in summer (September), during the night, on the weekend, and by the drug addict with criminal records and financial problems.   Conclusion Statistical tests and dispersion maps were used in this research for investigation of the times and locations of committing robbery. It could be concluded based on the findings that the crime was committed at particular times; that is, temporal conditions were effective on the occurrence of robbery. Most of the robberies had taken place in newly-constructed, wealthy areas. In fact, the commitment of robbery followed a particular dispersion pattern in spatial terms, and there was similarity and accordance between robber’s place of residence and crime scene, as evidenced by the observations, hence the significant relationship between the two variables.}, keywords = {Robbery,Robbery scene,Robbery time,Prisoner,Ardabil}, title_fa = {تحلیل زمانی- مکانی بروز سرقت در شهر اردبیل}, abstract_fa = {امروزه یکی از مهمترین تهدیدات جامعه بشری مربوط به جرایم انسانی به ویژه سرقت اموال است. عوامل گوناگونی زمینه­ساز بروز سرقت هستند که عامل زمان و مکان از مهمترین عوامل بوده و ضرورت دارد در این خصوص تحقیقات علمی صورت بگیرد. در همین راستا، تحقیق حاضر به دنبال بررسی زمان و مکان بروز سرقت­های شهر اردبیل است. پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف، پژوهشی کاربردی و از نظر شیوه گردآوری داده­ها پژوهشی توصیفی_تحلیلی محسوب می­شود و جامعه آماری آن شامل کلیه سارقان که در نیمه نخست سال 1396 در زندان اردبیل دوران محکومیت خود را می­گذرانند، است که به روش تمام شماری از همه 233 نفر پرسشنامه تکمیل شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق از آزمون­های آماری خی­دو، کرامز در قالب نرم­افزار SPSS برای آزمون فرضیات تحقیق و از نرم­افزارArcGIS  برای نمایش گرافیکی توزیع محل سکونت و محل وقوع سرقت استفاده شده است. یافته­های تحقیق نشان می­دهد که سرقت­ها اکثراً از طرف افراد متعاد، سابقه­دار و دارای مشکل مالی، در فصل تابستان (به ویژه شهریورماه)، در طول شب و آخر هفته و در بافت­های تازه­ساخت و مرفه­نشین رخ داده و با توجه به مشابهت بالا بین محل سکونت و محل وقوع سرقت (مشابهت 5/44 درصدی در بافت تازه ساخت، 3/33 درصدی در بافت ارگانیک، 8/43 درصدی در بافت حاشیه­ای، 8/44 درصدی در بافت میانی و 25 درصدی در بافت روستاهای ادغامی) می­توان گفت که بین محل سکونت و محل وقوع سرقت رابطه معنی­داری در سطح آماری 95 درصد وجود دارد. نهایتاً اینگونه نتیجه­گیری می­شود که سرقت­های شهر اردبیل در زمان و مکان خاصی رخ می­دهند و در این خصوص پیشنهادهایی برای پیشگیری و کاهش سرقت ارائه شده است.}, keywords_fa = {Robbery,Robbery scene,Robbery time,Prisoner,Ardabil}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61319.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61319_de86db987494631d0b3e513f5875bff9.pdf} } @article { author = {zarghami, esmaiil and ghanbaran, abdolhamid and saadati vaghar, pooria}, title = {Comparative study of the components affecting the improvement of residential satisfaction in low-income residential complexes (Case studies: Mehr Ghadir, Mehr Farhangian, and Mehr Koy Reza Residential Complexes)}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {93-108}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.681}, abstract = {Lean construction has attracted plenty of attention during the past decade for provision of housing to the lower class. An important issue that has always appealed to large numbers of architecture and urban construction and planning researchers as post-planning assessments is to what extent and in what aspects the constructed condominiums satisfy their inhabitants once completed and utilized. Thus, useful suggestions can be made to decision-makers and planners of such projects for enhancement of the quality of life in the condominiums through identification of their strengths and weaknesses. An example of these lean construction projects is Mehr Housing, designed and implemented to meet the need for housing among the middle and lower classes of the Iranian society. It needs to be investigated, however, how successful the project has been, and to what extent it has satisfied the residents. Given the great diversity in the design of these condominiums in the city of Hamadan (in that some are enclosed, and others are connected to urban areas), Iran, little research has been focused on Mehr Housing. Therefore, the present research investigated three enclosed and unenclosed Mehr condominiums in Hamadan by focusing on the physical and spatial components governing such condominiums. These included the Ghadir, Farhangiyan, and Andishe (Kuy Reza) condominiums. Most global experiences suggest that the more favorable housing conditions that are expected in enclosed condominiums are not observed. This formed the basis of the research, a descriptive-analytical study in terms of the methodology adopted in the literature review and theoretical framework. ANOVA (with the Bonferroni method), independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and linear regression were used for data analysis. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences in average satisfaction between the three neighborhoods, with the Madani neighborhood exhibiting the highest average satisfaction, followed by the Beheshti and Andishe neighborhoods, in that order. A prioritization of the physical and spatial components effective on residential satisfaction in the three condominiums also suggested that environmental health was highly effective in enclosed condominiums, accompanied by amenities, additional facilities, and flexibility. Furthermore, the results obtained from the investigation of the relationships between satisfaction with architectural components and individual, demographic, and residential components demonstrated that there were no significant relationships in any of the three neighborhoods between satisfaction on the one hand and age, gender, or academic degree on the other. However, the neighborhood factor (which distinguished enclosed and unenclosed neighborhoods) exhibited significance, where total satisfaction was generally higher in enclosed condominium residents, confirming the main hypothesis of the research.}, keywords = {Satisfaction,Mehr housing,Enclosure}, title_fa = {مقایسه تطبیقی مؤلفه های تأثیرگذار بر بهبود رضایت مندی سکونتی در مجموعه های مسکونی اقشار کم در آمد (مطالعه موردی: مجتمع های مسکونی مهر غدیر ، مهر فرهنگیان و مهر کوی رضا در شهر همدان)}, abstract_fa = {مسکن مهر در راستای پاسخ به نیاز سرپناه اقشار متوسط و ضعیف جامعه برنامه­ریزی و ساخته شد اما تا چه اندازه این پروژه موفق بوده و رضایت­مندی ساکنان را به همراه دارد؟ در شهر همدان با توجه به گوناگونی فراوانی که در طراحی این مجموعه­ها دیده می­شود (بعضی محصور و بعضی متصل به بافت شهری)، مسکن مهر کمتر محور مطالعه بوده است. به همین منظور پژوهش حاضر با تمرکز بر مؤلفه­های کالبدی و فضایی حاکم بر مجموعه­های مسکونی مهر شهر همدان، سه مجموعه مسکونی محصور و غیرمحصور را مورد آزمون قرار داد. اکثر تجربیات جهانی بیان می­دارند که در مجموعه­های مسکونی محصور نسبت به مجتمع­های غیرمحصور، وضعیت سکونتی مطلوبتری که انتظار می­رود، دیده نمی­شود؛ همین موضوع در پژوهش حاضر ملاک عمل قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق مقاله حاضر، در مرحله ادبیات و مبانی نظری تحقیق، روش توصیفی و تحلیلی است. به منظور تحلیل داده­ها نیز از آنالیز واریانس(به روش بونفرونی)، تی تست مستقل، تحلیل ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون خطی استفاده شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که بین میانگین رضایت­مندی سه محله اختلاف معنی­داری وجود دارد. اولویت­بندی مؤلفه­های کالبدی و فضایی مؤثر بر رضایت­مندی سکونتی در هر مجموعه مسکونی نیز گویای آن است که در مجموعه­های محصور، سلامت محیطی و در مجموعه­های غیرمحصور سلامت محیطی، امکانات، تسهیلات جانبی و انعطاف پذیری اثر گذاری بالاتری دارند. به طور کلی و بنا بر فرضیه اصلی پژوهش، میزان رضایت کل افراد ساکن در مجموعه­های مسکونی محصور بالاتر است.}, keywords_fa = {Satisfaction,Mehr housing,Enclosure}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61308.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61308_a15506aba1d51c620234fb21833085e5.pdf} } @article { author = {MOVAHED, SEPIDEH and Tabibian, Manouchehr}, title = {Proposing a framework for city’s ecological resilience pattern}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {109-126}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.865}, abstract = {Man’s most complex products, cities are confronted with great risks due to both the wide range of risks and changes involved in them and their multiple vulnerabilities. These changes include numerous disorders, some of which are known and predictable, while most are unpredictable and beyond expectation. It therefore seems necessary to address the modern approaches to encountering disorders and disasters. The prevailing perspective has shifted from a mere focus on vulnerability and reinforcement to an increase in resilience against disorder. Therefore, the current research was focused on the idea of resilience as a newly-emerging concept in urbanism issues, and sought to enhance the capability of cities of confronting disorders, particularly environmental crises, as dynamic, self-organizing systems by introducing the notion of resilience to the domain of urbanization through formulation of an integrated model. The significance of the present paper lay in the appreciation of urban resilience thinking as a tool for recognition of the capabilities of urban systems of adapting to changes or absorbing disorders by helping to understand the dynamicity, complexity, processes, and patterns in these systems. Through knowledge of this thinking and the factors affecting its different aspects, the capability of socio-ecological systems such as cities could be increased for adaptation to changes and self-organization. The purpose of this paper was to analyze ecological resilience and determine the factors effective on it based on urban ecology thinking, to identify the criteria, and to generate a model for enhancement of the ecological resilience of cities. It was a qualitative study, where the data were collected from multiple sources using various library methods to be validated through triangulation. Thematic analysis and the thematic network tool were used for data analysis. Through identification of around 45 themes, obtained through examination of more than 50 theoretical and applied studies, and analysis of the relationships between them, the thematic network resulting from their clustering was formulated, consisting of basic, organizing, and comprehensive themes. Based on the qualitative analysis, a series of factors most effective on urban resilience were categorized into six major groups that formed the proposed urban ecological resilience scheme, including natural structure, ecosystem functions and processes, socio-economic functions and processes, urban shape, institutions, and knowledge. Each of the above categories affected urban resilience differently, where the first and the second had direct effects, while the other four influenced it indirectly, by affecting natural elements and biological species as urban assets and affecting ecosystem functions and processes through disorder or reinforcement of ecosystem services. The research results demonstrated that the ecological resilience of cities based on knowledge of urban resilience was affected by dynamic interactions between socio-economic and biophysical processes, where the formulated model and the criteria set as subcategories in the proposed model made it possible to enhance urban resilience. The formulated model serves as a general guide for urban planners, designers, and managers for achievement of ecological resilience in socio-ecological systems such as cities. Furthermore, it covers the gap identified as resulting from absence of an integrated framework in the ecological dimension of urban resilience is covered thanks to the integration of the factors affecting resilience.}, keywords = {Resilience,Urban Ecosystem,Urban ecology,Socio-ecological System,Ecosystem services}, title_fa = {چارچوبی برای تدوین الگوی تاب آوری بوم شناسانه شهر}, abstract_fa = {شهرها به عنوان پیچیده­ترین ساخته­ دست بشر با ریسک­های گسترده­ای (هم به دلیل وجود دامنه وسیعی از مخاطرات و تغییرات و هم به علت آسیب­پذیری­های چندگانه­شان) روبه­رو هستند. بنابراین پرداختن به رویکردهای نوین مواجهه با اختلالات و بلایا ضروری می­نماید. از آنجا که در حال حاضر دیدگاه غالب از تمرکز صرف بر مبنای آسیب­پذیری و مقاوم­سازی به افزایش تاب­آوری در برابر اختلالات تغییر پیدا کرده، این مقاله در صدد است که با مطرح کردن بحث تاب­آوری در حوزه شهرسازی با تدوین الگویی منسجم بتواند به ارتقای توانایی شهرها به عنوان نظام­های پویا و خود سازمانده در مقابله با اختلالات به ویژه بحران­های زیست محیطی بپردازد. در این راستا هدف مقاله حاضر، تحلیل و تعیین مؤلفه­های تأثیرگذار بر تاب­آوری بوم شناسانه براساس تفکر بوم­شناسی شهری، دستیابی به معیارها و ایجاد الگویی برای ارتقای تاب­آوری بوم شناسانه شهرهاست. روش تحقیق در این مقاله کیفی است و به­منظور شناخت و تحلیل داده­ها از روش تحلیل مضمون و ابزار تحلیلی شبکه مضامین و تحلیل مقایسه­ای بهره گرفته شده است. بر مبنای تحلیل کیفی انجام شده، مجموعه­ای از مهم­ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تاب­آوری به عنوان مقولات اصلی شکل دهنده­ الگوی پیشنهادی تاب­آوری بوم شناسانه شهر در قالب شش زمینه­ اصلی (ساختار طبیعی، عملکردها و فرآیندهای بوم ساخت، عملکردها و فرآیندهای اجتماعی_اقتصادی، شکل شهر، نهادها و دانش و آگاهی) تبیین شده­اند. نتایج مقاله نشان می­دهد که تاب­آوری بوم شناسانه شهرها بر مبنای دانش بوم­شناسی شهری، تحت تأثیر برهمکنش­های پویا میان فرآیندهای اجتماعی_اقتصادی و زیستی_فیزیکی قرار دارد که الگوی تدوین شده و معیارهای تنظیم شده در این مقاله، امکان ارتقای تاب­آوری شهرها را میسر می­سازد. الگوی پیشنهادی راهنمای کلی برای برنامه­ریزان، طراحان و مدیران شهری در راستای دستیابی به تاب­آوری بوم شناسانه در شهرهاست. همچنین با توجه به یکپارچه­سازی مقولات تأثیرگذار بر تاب­آوری، خلأ شناسایی شده ناشی از عدم وجود چارچوبی منسجم در خصوص بعد بوم شناسانه تاب­آوری را نیز پوشش می­دهد.}, keywords_fa = {Resilience,Urban Ecosystem,Urban ecology,Socio-ecological System,Ecosystem services}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61307.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61307_3771087a8ea75bc23f5628d3dab54fd4.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahmani, Behzad and Sobouti, Hooman}, title = {The role of proper design of sports complexes in Tehran in increasing the social interactions of the disabled}, journal = {Motaleate Shahri}, volume = {9}, number = {33}, pages = {127-137}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Unversity of Kurdistan}, issn = {2322-2875}, eissn = {2717-4417}, doi = {10.34785/J011.2019.952}, abstract = {The major responsibility of urban planning is to plan for all the classes of citizens, resulting in a city filled with health, comfort, and beauty, a city convenient for all the social classes. The disabled face a large number of problems living a social life in cities. It always confronts people with spinal cord injury with problems to interact with the environment outside home and enter the society. Therefore, it is of great significance to resolve the constraints in the urban environment conditions in order to prevent their seclusion. The most common form of disability is motor impairment. The capacities of the environment are reduced in various ways for people with such impairment. Wheelchair users are faced with more restrictions. Some are amputated or paralyzed, others have difficulty maintaining the upper body balance, and most have problems stretching the body. Unfortunately, municipalities have hardly attempted to design urban environments in accordance with the needs of the disabled. Based on Article 2 of the Comprehensive Law for Protection of the Rights of the Disabled, however, all the ministries, organizations, institutions, state corporations, and public and post-revolution entities are required to design and construct/produce buildings, public places, passages, and service instruments so as to make them convenient for everyone with a disability. Sports spaces and venues are considered as one of the most important urban land uses appropriate design of which can play an important role in improvement of the social interaction of the disabled. People with physical disability or motor impairment are currently faced with problems making it to sports venues due to the failure to observe primary standards. Thus, the lack of standard facilities and infrastructures in regard to ​​sports venue and complexes has dramatically reduced their use by the disabled, based on the conducted research. For example, use of public transportation by the disabled and their active, lively presence at sports venues, recreation centers, etc. has been restricted by the inappropriate, non-standard sidewalks, intersections, bridges, furniture, etc. around the city. In other words, the lack of urban facilities and infrastructures to be used by the disabled is quite obvious, and evidence from sample sports centers and interviews with the disabled in Tehran demonstrate that sports buildings and centers associated with the disabled are inappropriate. This research sought to investigate the role of appropriate design of sports complexes in the levels of social interaction of people with physical disability and motor impairment and their social function in the society. It was a hybrid qualitative-quantitative study, combining documentary-library and field research. For a closer examination of the issue, 186 questionnaires were filled out by people with physical disability or motor impairment, and analyzed in SPSS, so that the social conditions of the disabled could be improved, and their levels of interaction could be raised through standardization of sports facilities and infrastructures in Tehran and other Iranian cities. Based on the obtained results, it could be stated that the disabled could not use the equipment at sports venues and complexes conveniently without assistance from others. They encountered problems from the moment they would leave home to the moment they would be back from sports venues, and would therefore prefer to stay home, causing them to suffer psychological crises. The results obtained from the questionnaires demonstrated that design and standardization of sports venues and complexes had direct effects on the social interactions of people in Tehran with physical disability or motor impairment (with a coefficient of determination of 0.85). For improvement of their social status, therefore, projects should be implemented for adaptation of sports venues, public spaces, etc. under full management and supervision of Tehran Municipality.}, keywords = {People with physical disability or motor impairment,sports complexes,social interactions}, title_fa = {نقش طراحی مناسب مجموعه‌های ورزشی شهر تهران در افزایش تعاملات اجتماعی معلولان جسمی- حرکتی}, abstract_fa = {وظیفه اصلی و مهم برنامه‌ریزی شهری، برنامه‌ریزی برای تمامی اقشار ساکن در شهر است؛ شهری که در آن سلامت، آسایش و زیبایی وجود داشته باشد. شهری پاک و روان برای همه اقشار جامعه. معلولان برای زندگی اجتماعی در شهرها با مشکلات متعددی روبه­رو هستند. همواره ارتباط افراد دارای ضایعه نخاعی با محیط بیرون از منزل و ورود آنان به جامعه با مشکلاتی توأم است. بنابراین رفع محدودیت‌های شرایط محیط شهری به منظور پیشگیری از انزوای آنان، از اهمیت فوق­العاده­ای برخوردار است. فضاها و اماکن ورزشی یکی از مهم­ترین کاربری­های درون شهری محسوب می­شوند که طراحی مناسب آنها می­تواند نقش مهمی به منظور بهبود تعاملات اجتماعی معلولان داشته باشد. در حال حاضر امکان حضور معلولان جسمی_حرکتی در اماکن ورزشی به دلیل عدم رعایت استانداردهای اولیه با مشکل روبه­رو شده است. به طوری که براساس بررسی انجام ‌شده، نبود امکانات و زیرساخت‌های استاندارد در بخش اماکن و مجموعه­های ورزشی، استفاده معلولان را به طرز چشمگیری کاهش داده است. این پژوهش به دنبال بررسی نقش طراحی مناسب مجموعه­های ورزشی در افزایش سطح تعاملات اجتماعی معلولان جسمی_حرکتی و افزایش نقش اجتماعی آنان در جامعه است. روش تحقیق مورد استفاده در پژوهش، ترکیبی از روش کمی و کیفی است که به منظور جمع­آوری داده­ها و اطلاعات از  دو روش اسنادی_کتابخانه­ای و میدانی استفاده شده است. همین طور به منظور بررسی دقیق­تر موضوع، تعداد 186 پرسشنامه به وسیله معلولان جسمی_حرکتی پاسخ داده شده و به کمک نرم­افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. براساس نتایج به دست­ آمده می­توان گفت که در حال حاضر یک فرد معلول نمی­تواند به راحتی و بدون حمایت و کمک فرد دیگری از وسایل اماکن و مجموعه­های ورزشی استفاده کند. معلولان به منظور استفاده از اماکن ورزشی، از لحظه­ خروج از منزل تا لحظه­ استفاده از اماکن ورزشی با مشکلات عدیده‌ای مواجه می‌شوند و ترجیح می‌دهند در خانه بمانند و این امر آنها را دچار بحران­های روحی و روانی می‌کند. نتایج پرسشنامه­ها نشان می­دهد که طراحی و استانداردسازی اماکن و مجموعه­های ورزشی بر تعاملات اجتماعی معلولان جسمی_حرکتی شهر تهران رابطه مستقیمی (با ضریب تعیین 85/0) دارد.}, keywords_fa = {People with physical disability or motor impairment,sports complexes,social interactions}, url = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61320.html}, eprint = {https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_61320_5b3390bc46a208fcffae25666600ab87.pdf} }