ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The comparison of public perception and preference between regular-geometrical and natural-organic urban parks ( Case study: Laleh park and Daneshjoo park)
Apart from providing homes for native wildlife, parks have many values. The last few decades of the 20th century have seen a rapid change in approaches towards nature in the urban environment, which reflects more familiarity with nature amongst the general public and landscape professionals. Benefits and values of contact with nature have been investigated by environmental psychologists. It can be said that such contact is necessary for human health and existence of natural and open spaces have many psychological and aesthetic benefits. Evidence regarding the influence of nature on the health and well-being of individuals and communities has emerged from a number of traditional disciplines such as psychology and in recent fields of research like recreation and leisure. Although much emphasis has been put on urban nature from different perspectives and on preferences of urban natural areas in comparison to built-up areas, studies focusing on perception and preferences of different forms of nature are rather scarce. For increasing use of urban green spaces, it is better that these spaces be designed based on the public’s preferences and needs. There is proof which show that some people do not respond to natural landscapes in urban areas, and view them as messy, worthless or even frightening, and prefer formal and designed landscapes. This research paper examines public attitudes towards urban naturalistic in contrast to designed landscapes. Public opinions was evaluated using site-based questionnaire and random sampling in natural and designed spaces (Lale and Daneshjoo Parks, respectively) and these two methods were then compared. The survey sites should be in the same area and approximately similar in size in order to eliminate possible effect of population differences, distance, and size on perceptions and preferences. Following site selection, a questionnaire was designed to measure public perception and preferences of contrasting landscapes. The questionnaires were conducted on a face-to-face basis with 200 park users (100 per site) at the survey sites. In the next stage, researchers asked them to classify 16 photos of different parks with varied landscape characteristics into 5 groups (very elegant, beautiful, simple, ugly, very ugly). Results demonstrated that the study population did not have a clear understanding of natural and organic design patterns, prefered regular and plaid patterns for urban green spaces and derived more benefits and values from them. Laleh and Daneshjoo Park were appraised as more attractive and safer, respectively. It can be concluded that peace and quiet, safety, nature observation, experiencing seasonal changes and social interactions are rated higher in designed parks (Daneshjoo) and other factors such as contact with nature and being beneficial for wildlife are superior in natural parks (Laleh). Furthermore, natural parks are more effective in creating excitement and sense of freedom in users. On the other hand, designed parks (Daneshjoo) are more calming and have more positive effect such as relief from stress and sense of renewal. Recognizing public perception of landscape design styles and paying attention to their preferences and needs in green spaces can help landscape designers in designing such places and enhancing their use.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11720_7d1187572430fcc239fd3c31d68f1f19.pdf
2015-02-01
5
16
natural-organic landscape
regular-geometrical landscape
landscape design style
landscape preferences
landscape perception
m
f
m.faizi@stu.ac.ir
1
دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
AUTHOR
f
m
f.mozaffar@aui.ac.ir
2
دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
AUTHOR
m
r
mehrane_rayati@iust.ac.ir
3
دانشکده معماری منظر دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
m
a
mazimi680@gmail.com
4
دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
AUTHOR
- Beheshti, Seyyed Mohammad (1387) The Persian Garden, Journal of Golestan Art, num 12.
1
- Bezi, Khodarahm, Khamr, Gholamali, Kiani, Akbar et al. (1392) Assessing the preferences of different age groups of Mellat Park visual landscapes in Zahedan, Geography and regional- urban planning, num 9, pp 49-68. [in Persian]
2
-Bixler, R.D., Floyd, M.F., 1997. Nature is scary, disgusting and uncomfortable. Environ. Behav. 29, 443–467.
3
- Burgess, J., Harrison, C.M., Limb, M., 1988a. People, parks and the urban green: a study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city. Urban Stud. 25, 455–473.
4
- Burgess, J., Limb, M., Harrison, C.M., 1988b. Exploring environmental values through the medium of small groups. Environ. Plann. A20, 309–326.
5
- Chiesura, A., 2003. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landsc. Urban Plann. 68, 129–138.
6
- Coley, R.L., Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C., 1997. Where does community grow? The social context created by nature in urban public housing. Environ. Behav. 29 (4), 468–494.
7
-Daniel, T. C. 2001. Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol 54.
8
- Dick, R.E., Hendee, J.C., 1986. Human responses to encounters with wildlife in urban parks. Leisure Sci. 8 (1), 63–77.
9
-Domon,G., et al. 2005 . Élaboration d’ un modèle integerd’aménagement des paysages en zone d’agriculture intensive sur la base du cadre écologique. Rapport d’étape déposé au Fonds québécois de la recherché sur la nature et les technologies – Action Concertée « Soutien stratégique à la prom otion et à la consolidation de la recherche sur l’environnement rural », Montréal, pp: 90.
10
- Emery,M., 1986. Promoting Nature in Cities and Towns: A Practical Guide. Croom Helm, London.
11
- Falamaki, Mohammad Mansour (1384) The mysteries of the Persian garden, Journal of Museums, num 41, Special number of conference and exhibition of Persian garden, pp 2-5 [in Persian]
12
- Ghorbani, Rasool, Teimoori, Razieh (1389) Analysis of the parks' role in improving the quality of urban life by using the seeking-escaping, Case study: Tabriz city parks, Research in Human Geography, num 72, pp 47- 62 [in Persian]
13
- Gobster, P.H., 2001. Visions of nature: conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration. Landsc. Urban Plann. 56, 35–51.
14
- Golchin, Peiman, Narooi, Behrooz,Masnavi, Mohammad Reza (1391) Assessing the Visual quality educational spaces based on the preferences of consumers (Case study: University of Sistan and Baluchistan) Journal of Ecology, num 62 [in Persian]
15
- Golchin, Peiman, Narooi, Behrooz, Behbehani, Homa (1392) Deliberation of Users' preferences based on visual quality assessment, Journal of Ecology, num 4, pp 193- 203 [in Persian]
16
- Gold, S.M., 1977. Social benefits of trees in urban environments. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 10, 85–90.
17
- Hands, D.E., Brown, R.D., 2002. Enhancing visual preference of ecological rehabilitation sites. Landsc. Urban Plan. 58, 57–70.
18
- Harrison, C., Burgess, J., 1988. Qualitative research and open space policy. The Planner, 16–18.
19
- Harrison, C., Limb, M., Burgess, J., 1987. Nature in the city—popular values for a living World. J. Environ. Manage. 25, 347–362.
20
- Hartig, T., Mang, M., Evans, G.W., 1991. Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environ. Behav. 23 (1), 3–26.
21
- Hayward, D.G., Weitzer, W.H., 1984. The public image of urban parks: past amenity, present ambivalence, uncertain future. Urban Ecol. 8, 243–268.
22
- Hekmati, Jamshid (1371), Garden and park design, Thesaurus (Farhang Jame), Tehran [in Persian]
23
- Heidar nattaj, Vahid (1389) Urban parks with Iranian garden pattern, Journal of Manzar, num 10 p. 84 [in Persian]
24
- Jorgensen, A., Hitchmough, J., Calvert, T., 2002. Woodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference. Landsc. Urban Plann. 60, 135–150.
25
- Hitchmough, J., Woodstra, J., 1999. The ecology of exotic herbaceous perennials grown in managed, native grassy vegetation in urban landscapes. Landsc. Urban Plann. 45, 107–121.
26
- Hull I.V., R.B., 1992. Brief encounters with urban forests produce moods that matter. J. Arboric. 18 (6), 322–324.
27
- Kaplan, R., 1984. Impact of urban nature: a theoretical analysis. Urban Ecol. 8, 189–197.
28
- Kaplan, R., Talbot, J.F., 1988. Ethnicity and preference for natural settings: a review and recent findings. Landsc. Urban Plann. 15, 107–117.
29
- Kaplan, S., Kaplan, R., Wendt, J.S., 1972. Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material. Percept. Psychophys. 12 (4), 354–356.
30
-Kaplan, R., Austin, M.E., 2003. Out in the country: sprawl and the quest for nature nearby. Landsc. Urban Plann. 69, 235–243.
31
- Kellert, S.R., 1993. The biological basis for human values of nature. In: Kellert, S.R.,Wilson, E.O. (Eds.), The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, pp. 42–69.
32
- Kuo, F.E., Bacaicoa, M., Sullivan, W.C., 1998. Transforming inner city landscapes: trees, sense of safety, and preference. Environ. Behav. 30 (1), 28–59.
33
- Majlesi Pakooi, Aboozar, Ansari, Mojtaba, Bemanian, Mohammad Reza et al. (1392) Features of the first park in Tehran: Amin al-doleh, Baghe Nazar, num 25, pp 3-16 [in Persian]
34
- Majnoonian, Henrik (1374) Issues about parks and green spaces and promenades, Organization of parks and green spaces in Tehran [in Persian]
35
- Mansouri, Amir (1389) Income of 4 consecutive generations of urban parks, Journal of Manzar, num 10 [in Persian]
36
- Moore, E.O., 1982. A prison environment’s effect on health care service demands. J. Environ. Syst. 11, 17–34.
37
- Nassauer, J.I., 1995. Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landsc. J. 14 (2), 161–170.
38
- Lamb, R.J., Purcell
39
, A.T., 1990. Perception of naturalness in landscape and its relationship to vegetation structure. Landsc. Urban Plann. 19, 333–352.
40
- Parry-Jones, W.L.I., 1990. Natural landscape, psychological wellbeing and mental health. Landsc. Res. 15 (2), 7–11.
41
- Parsons, R., 1995. Conflict between ecological sustainability and environmental aesthetics: conundrum, canard or curiosity. Landsc. Urban Plann. 32, 227–244.
42
- Parsons, R., Tassinary, L.G., Ulrich, R.S., Hebl, M.R., Grossman- Alexander, M., 1998. The view from the road: implications for stress recovery and immunisation. J. Environ. Psychol. 18, 113–139.
43
- Saidnia, Ahmad (1383), Design of urban furniture and spaces, The municipalities and village administrations of the country, Tehran [in Persian]
44
- Schroeder, H.W., Anderson, L.M., 1984. Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. J. Leisure Res. 16 (2), 178–194.
45
- Shaffer, G.S., Anderson, L.M., 1985. Perception of the security and attractiveness of urban parking lots. J. Environ. Psychol. 5 (4), 311–323.
46
- Soltani, Mehrdad (1386) The creation of urban gardens in the modern era: the transition from the garden to park, Bagh Nazar, num 8, pp 48- 58 [in Persian]
47
- Soltanzadeh, Hosein (1382) From garden to park, Anthropology Journal, num 1, pp 91- 113 [in Persian]
48
- Talbot, J.F., Kaplan, R., 1984. Needs and fears: the response to trees and nature in the inner city. J. Arboric. 10 (8), 222–228.
49
-Tennessen, C.M., Cimprich, B., 1995. Views to nature: effects on attention. J. Environ. Psychol. 15, 77–85.
50
- Ulrich, R.S., 1979. Visual landscapes and psychological well being. Landsc. Res. 4 (1), 17–23.
51
- Ulrich, R.S., Addoms, D.L., 1981. Psychological and recreational benefits of a residential park. J. Leisure Res. 13, 43–65.
52
- Yang, B.E., Brown, T.J., 1992. A cross-cultural comparison of preferences for landscape styles and landscape elements. Environ. Behav. 24 (4), 471–507.
53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment and comparison of two policies: pedestrianization and walkability in CBDs (Case Study: Hamedan CBD)
Nowadays physical expansion of cities has led to citizens` dependency on private and public vehicles for moving in cities to meet their needs, which is more obvious in larger cities. This issue of major urban areas being seen as specializing in providing goods and services has resulted in land use segregation (zoning) and inevitable of use of automobiles . In addition to causing ecological problems, increasing urban management expenditure and fossil fuel consumption, such a process has a negative effect on citizens` quality of life . With the dominance of vehicles over cities, pedestrian movements will gradually wane which in turn will trigger the physical and social deterioration in urban fabrics. In the last three decades, severe reactions have been shown toward use of automobiles and decline in walking as the result of increasing city problems like pollution, transportation difficulties, road insecurity , deterioration of historic centers, decreasing city space and service accessibility quality, disable people’s mobility problems, emotional pressures, and decrease in visual values . Increasing environmental quality and regenerating historic-cultural characteristics of CBDs are of major concern to urban centers managers and decreasing vehicle use and giving back urban spaces to pedestrians are also of considerable interest. However, different physical, economic, social and other factors lead to a high dependency on automobiles which makes it hard to change the situation. Hence, in pedestrianization it is important to consider each city’s circumstances individually and balance maintained between the shifting of pedestrians and drivers. Amongst modern movements in city transportation which emphasize value of pedestrians and the lowering of automobile supremacy is pedestrianization and pedestrian street construction. This survey has decided to select an appropriate policy for decreasing automobile movement in Hamedan CBD. Hamedan’s central fabric is still operating as a service pole for all citizens despite city growth and suffering from heavy traffic and and socio-economic trades especially because of its radiant and monocentric structure. This survey was carried out using analytic-descriptive method, common library studies and field observation. The main criteria for pedestrian oriented environmental designs and pedestrian street construction were derived from Persian and foreign literature review. After that, these indicators were evaluated in Hamedan CBD. To compare the two policies, (pedestrianization and walkability) AHP (analytical hierarchy process) was used and to weigh the criteria and sub criteria, Delphi method (30 experts opinions were considered upon the topic) was employed. Results show that the most effective criteria in evaluating pedestrianization capacity of an area are, in order, orderly as follows: transportation network structure, traffic and social conditions, land use and activity, physical structure, natural environment, economic considerations and landscape. Analyzing these criteria in Hamedan CBD proves supremacy of pedestrianization over pedestrian street construction. This survey shows that because of the negative effects on the natural environment, economic conditions and physical structure of the city, it is impossible to eliminate automobiles from Hamedan CBD completely. . Hence pedestrianization is feasible by means of lowering dependency on private automobiles as well as transferring traffic to bypasses in the city periphery which can maintain balance between pedestrians and drivers and public opinion gained. Therefore, it is recommended to keep vehicle accessibility to CBD and Imam Square (main historic square with various activities, buildings and major roads surrounding it) while converting the square itself into a walkable place which will disconnect radial streets in the central fabric of the city and shift traffic to peripheral roads.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11721_421fe22f2c175bfe4257d9fe22b86203.pdf
2015-02-01
17
32
pedestrianization
Walkability
Urban Transportation
CBD
Historic Fabric
m
h
mr.haghi@yahoo.com
1
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، همدان، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
m
i
m.s.izadi@gmail.com
2
استادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان
AUTHOR
e
m
dr.emolavi1969@gmail.com
3
استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان
AUTHOR
- Al-Haghla, K. (2009). Evaluating new urbanism’s walkability performance: A comprehensive approach to assessment in Saifi Village, Beirut, Lebanon, URBAN DESIGN International, Vol. 14, pp. 139–151
1
- Brambilla, R & Longo, G. (2003). Pedestrian zones: a design guide ,Edit by Watson et al,Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design, The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA
2
- Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public Places – Urban Spaces, Architectural Press, Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent, UK.
3
- CDM (Commission of Downtown Memphis) (2008). Pedestrian & Transit Malls Study, from website: http://www.indydt.com/Pedestrian_and_Transit_Malls_Study.pdf
4
- Cerin, E. Macfarlane, D. J. Ko, H. Chan, K. A. (2007). Measuring perceived neighbourhood walkability in Hong Kon”, Cities, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 209–217
5
- Ergen, B. (2013). Investigation of Streets and Pedestrian Malls as Public Spaces, Istanbul Ticaret Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 23, pp. 1-12
6
- Ewing, R. Handy, S. Brownson, R. Clemente, O. Winston, E. (2006). Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, Vol. 3, pp. 223-240
7
- Fruin, J. (2003). Planning and design for pedestrian ,Edit by Watson et al,Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design, The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA
8
- Gallimore, J. Brown, B. Werner, C. (2011). Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes, Environmental Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 184-191
9
- Gebel, K. Bauman, A. Owen, N. (2009). Correlates of Non-Concordance between Perceived and Objective Measures of Walkability, Ann. Behav. Med. , Vol. 37(2), pp. 228-38
10
- Habibi, S. M. (2001). Pedestrian Routes of Tourism, Journal of Honar-ha-ye-Ziba, Vol. 9, pp. 43-51. [in Persian]
11
- Haghi, M. R. (2013). Feasibility of Converting a Street to Pedestrian-Street in Central Fabric of Small Cities, A Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science in Urban Planning, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran. [in Persian]
12
- Hoseyniyun, S. (2004). Introduction to design pedestrian-streets, Journal of Shahrdariha, Vol. 61, pp. 68-72 [in Persian]
13
- Kashanijoo, Kh. (2010). Walking routes from basics to design, functional features, Azarakhsh Publications, first edition, Tehran. [in Persian]
14
- Mateo-Babiano, I. (2003). Pedestrian Space Management as a Strategy in Achieving Sustainable Mobility, From website: http://www.oikos-international.org/fileadmin/oikos-international/international/Summer_Academies__old_ones_/edition_2003/Papers/paper_babiano.pdf
15
- Millington, C. Thompson, C. Rowe, D. Aspinall, P. (2009). Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool, Health & Place, Vol. 15, pp. 474–481
16
- Moeini, M. M. (2011). Walkable Cities, Azarakhsh Publications, first edition, Tehran. [in Persian]
17
- Monteiro, F. B. & Campos, V. (2012). A proposal of indicators for evaluation of the urban space for pedestrians and cyclists in access to mass transit station, 15th meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
18
- Naghshe Piravash Consulting Engineers. (2006). Urban Design of Central Square in Hamedan, Ministry of Roads & Urban Development. [in Persian]
19
- Newman, L. Waldron, L. Dale, A. Carriere, K. (2008). Sustainable urban community development from the grassroots: Challenges and opportunities in a pedestrian street initiative, Local Environment, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 129-139
20
- Nosal, B. H. (2009). Creating Walkable and Transit-Supportive Communities in Halton, Region Health Department of Halton University
21
- Pakzad, J. (2011). Designing Guidelines for Urban Spaces, Shahidi Publications, Tehran. [in Persian]
22
- Parks, J. R. & Schofer, J. L. (2006). Characterizing neighborhood pedestrian environments with secondary data, Transportation Research Vol. 11, pp. 250–263
23
- Paumier, Cy. (2004). Creating a Vibrant City Center: Urban Design and Regeneration Principles, Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Land Institude, United States of America
24
- Pikora, T. Giles-Corti, B. Bull, F. Jamrozik, K. Donovan, R. (2003). Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling, Social Science & Medicine 56, pp. 1693–1703
25
- Rafieyan, M., Sedighi, S., Pour Mohammadi, M. (2011). The feasibility of improving the quality of environment through pedestrianization urban axes, Journal of Motaleat va Pajuhesh-haye Shahri va Mantaghei, Vol. 11, pp. 41-56. [in Persian]
26
- Risser, R. Risser, Ch. (2010). Some thoughts about needs from a psychological perspective, Pedestrians' Quality Needs- PQN Final Report- Part B5 Documentation- Policy process, from website: www.walkeurope.org
27
- San Diego Regional Planning Agency. (2002). Planning and Designing for Pedestrians, from website: www.sandag.org
28
- Sapawi, R., Said, I. (2012). Constructing Indices Representing Physical Attributes for Walking in Urban Neighborhood Area, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 50, pp. 179 – 191
29
- Sarrafi, M., Mohammadian Mosammam, H. (2013). Feasibility of Pedestrianization the streets in CBD of Hamedan, Journal of Amayesh-e Mohit, Vol. 21, pp. 111-138 [in Persian]
30
- Shamsuddin, S. Abu Hassan, N. Bilyamin, S. (2012). Walkable Environment in Increasing the Liveability of a City, ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behavior Studies, Bangkok, Thailand
31
- Stangl, P. (2011). The US Pedestrian Plan: Linking Practice and Research, Planning Practice & Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 289-305
32
- TENC (Traffic Engineering Council Committee) (1998). Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington
33
- Whyte, W. H. (1980). The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C.
34
- Wood, L. Frank, L. D. Giles, B. (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 70, pp. 1381–1390
35
- Zebardast, S. (2001). Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Urban and Regional Planning, Journal of Honar-ha-ye-Ziba, Vol. 10, pp. 13-21. [in Persian]
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparative Analysis of Sanandaj Urban Area Examples, using Isovist and Visibility Graph Analysis
Isovist and Visibility Graph analysis tools are used to quantify and measure the quality of space, and despite their lack of maturity and evolution, they are considered to be the future of space analysis tools by researchers. This study was undertaken with the purpose of introducing the aforementioned tools for analyzing Sanandaj’s urban areas. In this study, four different urban areas in Sanandaj were selected and after the software was prepared, the areas were analyzed by Isovist and Visibility Graph analysis. Then, the charts and data obtained from these regions were compared. The interpretation of the findings of the Isovist and Visibility Graph analysis reveal that in the old region builders used a sort of inherent and collective standard for measurements despite building without modern urban development maps. Amongst all the four urban areas of Sanandaj, this region has the greatest visual richness and diversity; in addition, the special analysis of neighborhood size indicates harmony and balance in this region. Moreover, the results illustrate that the nearest wall and special neighborhood size indices have the highest correlation, followed by jaggedness which has the highest correlation with revelation. However, openness factor and the nearest wall have the lowest correlation. The openness factor indicates the degree observers feel themselves in the space and also present their visual dominance over the space. In this factor, the standard deviation values of the new and the middle areas are low which indicates that the openness coefficient is the same in all areas and the individual experiences monotony and boredom. The feeling of being in space and attention to the environment in these regions (especially in new areas) is significantly reduced. In addition, in this index the high standard deviation for informal settlement areas is merely due to the diversity of the streets and sidewalks, but in the old area, the high standard deviation is due to the combination of sidewalks with squares and various open spaces spread in the region. Thus, the only area with visual richness and diversity is the old area. The nearest wall index signifies the domination of the wall in the informal settlement area over the spaces. In the middle area, the surrounding long streets and linear views along with visual opening and open spaces with lower degree of circumscription appear. According to this index, the old area has the lowest standard deviation which indicates visual space sequence and the feeling of the existence of a united identity in the area by the observer. Since the revelation index indicates the rate of change in the field of view during movement, the highest value of kurtosis and drift in the revelation index of the old area indicates that this area has the most variations and changes in vision for the moving observer and meets the quality of mystery in vision and visual richness. Finally, the results concerning the four types of regions in Sanandaj indicate that the Isovist and Visibility Graph analysis factors reveal the similarities and differences between these regions in terms of space properties and visual quality. Therefore, using these tools in decision-making related to urban design can significantly contribute to the promotion of the visual quality of the urban fabric.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11743_bbc1d4df8235b39ff502bcabfd1d97e5.pdf
2015-02-01
33
42
Isovist
Visibility Graph Analysis
urban areas
Sanandaj
m
k
mkmosher@yahoo.com
1
دکتری معماری، استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان
AUTHOR
a
a
a.hosseini@malayeru.ac.ir
2
عضو هیئت علمی مربی، کارشناسی ارشد معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران و معماری، دانشگاه سراسری ملایر.
LEAD_AUTHOR
m
a
mo.azad.ahmadi1@gmail.com
3
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سنندج، گروه معماری، سنندج، ایران.
AUTHOR
Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism in Kurdistan Website, (2013): www.kurdistan.ichto.ir [in Persian]
1
Ahmadi, M. A. & Maarefi, A. & Alamdari, H. A. (2013). »Study of Physical Anthropology of developing Urban texture Case Study: City of Sanandaj«, National Conference on Architecture and Development, University of Malayer. [in Persian]
2
Alizadeh, M. & Lahoorpour, S. (2008). »Space-physical character of the historic core of the city of Sanandaj«, Memari va shahrsazi journal, No. 2, pp. 57-69. [in Persian]
3
Batty, M. (2001). »Exploring isovist fields: space and shape in architecture and urban morphology«, Environment and Planning b: Planning and Design 2001, volume 28, pp. 123-150.
4
Benedict, M. L. (1979). »To take hold of space: Isovists and isovist fields«, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 6, pp. 47-65.
5
Franz, G. & Wiener, J. M. (2005). »Exploring isovist-based correlates of spatial behavior and experience«, Spatial Cognition IV, LNAI 3343.
6
Gazorani, F. (1999). »Planning balanced development of the central part of the city of Sanandaj«, graduate thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [in Persian]
7
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Lawrence Eribaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
8
Habibi, K. & Pourahmad, A. (2003). »The pattern of physical development in Sanandaj with GIS«, Honar-haye Ziba journal, Tehran University, No. 82. [in Persian]
9
Hosseini, S. & Alalhesabi, M. & Nasabi, F. (2011). »Analysis of the urban environment of visual quality approach, case study: the visual ability in old Bushehr texture«, Hoviate Shahr journal, No. 8, pp. 83-91. [in Persian]
10
Irandoost, K. & Alizadeh, H. & Khosravanian, L. (2013). »Typology of informal settlements in cities, Sanandaj and Kermanshah comparative study«, Memari va shahrsazi journal, No. 10, pp. 91-104. [in Persian]
11
Irandoost, K. & Tavalaee, R. (2012). »Pattern of poor housing in informal settlements, Case Study: Abasaabad in Sanandaj«, Sakhte Shahr Journal, No. 20, pp. 2-12 .[in Persian]
12
Movahed, A. & Ahmadi, A. (2013). »Routing of tourists in historical contexts with a view to protect and restore the contexts with the use of GIS, Case study: Sanandaj«, Mohit Shenasi journal, No. 1, pp. 93-100. [in Persian]
13
Rasuli, M. (1993). »Organizing the physical space of the old city of Sanandaj on the pattern of urban activities«, urban planning graduate thesis, Tehran University. [in Persian]
14
Razavi, M. and Soleimani, S. (2005). "Sanandaj city in search of identity", fisrt printing, Tehran, Department of Housing and Urban Development. [in Persian]
15
Tabibian, M. and Shole, M. (2009). "Modeling the natural movement of pedestrians on the observer in urban spaces and architecture (Essay for the development of visual perception of spatial analysis)", Arman Shar journal, No. 4, pp. 1-16 [in Persian]
16
Tadbir-Shahr Consulting Engineers (2008). Comprehensive Planning for the City of Sanandaj. [in Persian]
17
Turner, A. & Doxa, M. & O’Sullivan, D. & Penn, A. (2001). »From Isovists to Visibility Graphs: a Methodology for the Analysis of Architectural Space«, Environment and Planning, B: Planning and Design 28, pp. 103-121.
18
Turner, A. & Penn, A. (2002). »Encoding Natural Movement as an Agent-Based System: an Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behavior in the Built Environment«, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, pp. 473-490.
19
Wiener. J. M. & Franz, G. (2005). »Isovists as a Means to Predict Spatial Experience and Behavior«, C. Freksa et al. (Eds.): Spatial Cognition IV, LNAI 3343, pp. 42–57.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of Sensescape criteria in quality of Equipped Community Spine (Case study: Isfahan, Aligholiagha spine)
City and Urban Environments in addition to visual effects have other significant features that can stimulate the senses, excite feelings and form memories. In the past, qualities from sensory stimulants like the smell of fresh bread, spices and aromas, the sound of wagon wheels and rataplan of horses’ hooves, coppersmith’s hammer tapping in historic neighborhoods and bazaars enlivened the spirits of urban spaces. This sensescape is extinct nowadays in the lifeless body of modern cities affected by the smell of smoke, the sound of cars and blighted urban modernity. Because of the predominance of vision in the process of perception, perceptions caused by other sensory stimuli including sounds, smells, tastes, touch and time are often underestimated by designers and planners nowadays despite their important role in improving urban spaces and creating memorable spaces. One way of improving the quality of urban spaces is increasing the sensory richness of the designed environment by making use of all the senses in order to create attraction and increase inclusion. Furthermore, this will create possibilities of activities for all levels of social strata, age, sex, and people with disabilities in perception and senses, such as the blind, the deaf and the disabled. This paper presents a theoretical concept of the ensescape approach in addition to considering its application in improving the quality of the urban environment. This research is case study based and was carried out using correlation strategy. Aligholiagha spine has long been one of the most historic and active community centers of Isfahan because of its material elements like the market, mosque and baths, lively and dynamic environment, and relative responsiveness to the needs and senses of different residents. However, today it is to some extent losing these qualities. The methods used in this study are a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In this paper, the criteria for improving quality of local spine was extracted at four levels using the sensescape approach. The questionnaire was designed based on the four-level criteria (indicators) and adjusted according to the 7-range Likert scale. The quality of the components were also evaluated in Aligholiagha spine using field observation techniques, behavioral mapping, senswalking and soundwalking studies, interviews and photography. Technical analysis was based on Hierarchical multiple regression analysis. A total number of 96 questionnaires were completed among residents, shopkeepers and visitors, according to the Cochran formula and based on random sampling technique. Senswalking studies were carried out on 12 people including 4 local residents, 2 market shopkeepers, 4 visitors, one blind person and one deaf person. Next, the average quality of the specified area was calculated to the moderate range by the sensescape approach after performing statistical analysis using SPSS21 software. Finally, sensescape factors were ranked based on the relative importance associated with the quality of Aligholiagha local spine. The research findings showed a significant relationship between the components of sensescape and the local spine quality standards. Based on effectiveness of sensescape components on spine qualities, the importance of sense of time indicator is greater than the other indicators; this was followed by tactilescape, smellscape, tastescape, soundscape and visual landscape in order mentioned.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11744_254e9d5c325e9ce374d030847fb9c157.pdf
2015-02-01
43
56
sensescape
fivefold senses
sense of time
quality of urban space
Aligholiagha community spine
a
l
lotfi.afsaneh@gmail.com
1
طراحی شهری- دانشگاه هنر اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
b
z
b.zamani@aui.ac.ir
2
هیئت علمی دانشگاه هنر اصفهان
AUTHOR
- Abdolahi, Majid. Et al. (2010). “Theoretical review of neighborhood concept and redefining it with emphasis on Iran's urban neighborhood circumestances”. Pajoheshhaye Joghrafiaye ensani Journal. No. 72. Tehran:Tehran University Press. [in Persian]
1
- Adams, Mags. (2008). “Sensory urbanism: sensewalking as a methodological device”, university of Salford.
2
- Bell, Simon. (2003). “Landscape: pattern, perception, and process”. Translated By Behnaz Aminzadeh. Tehran: Tehran University Press.[in Persian]
3
- Bentley, Ian.Et. Al. (2008). ”Responsive Environments”. Translated By Mostafa Behzadfar. Tehran: Elm o Sanat University Press.[in Persian]
4
- Berque,Augustin. (2008). “Landscape, place, History”. Translated By Maryamosadat Mansoori. Bagh e Nazar Journal. No.9.[in Persian]
5
- Corbin, Alain. (1988). “The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination”. Harvard University Press.
6
- Degen .M. M. (2008). “Sensing Cities: Regenerating public life in Barcelona and Manchester”. London: Routledge studies in Human Geography.
7
- Golkar, Kourosh. (2008). “Visual environment of the city, the evolution from the decorative approach to the sustainable approach”. Oloum e Mohiti Journal. No. 4.[in Persian]
8
- Grutter, Jorg Kurt. (2008). “Aesthetics in architecture”. Translated By Pakzad & Abdoreza Homayoon. Tehran: Shahidbeheshti university press.[in Persian]
9
- Habibi, Mohsen. (2003). “How To Pattern and Renew The Organization Of The Neighborhood Skeleton". Honarhay E Ziba Journal. No. 13.[in Persian]
10
- Henshaw, Victoria, & et.al. (2013). “Researching Urban Olfactory Environments and Placethrough Sensewalking”, University of Salford.
11
- Hosseini Yazdi. Samira. (2009). “Design and Organize Public Spaces of Aligholiagha Region”. M A. Thesis. Art University of Isfahan.[in Persian]
12
- Howard, peter, & et.al. (2013), “The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies”, Routledge.
13
- Kallmann, H., & et.al. (n.d.). (2011). “World Soundscape Project”. Retrieved July 5, from The Canadian Encyclopedia: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com.
14
- Krause, Bernie (2012). “Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places”, Kindle Edition.
15
- Landry, Charles. (2008). “The Art of City Making”. Routledge journals.
16
- Le Poidevin, Robert (2009).“The Experience and Perception of Time”, in “Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edvard N Zalta, Available at: http:// plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/.
17
- Lynch, Kevin. (1972). “What time is this place?”. USA:MIT Press.
18
- Madanipour, Ali. (2000). “Urban space design a concept on the social and spatial processes”. Translated By Farhad Mortezaei. Tehran: Pardazesh & Barnameriziye Shahri company Press.[in Persian]
19
- Madanipour, Ali. (2011). “Urban design wisdom”. Translated By Bahador Zamani. Tehran: Tehran University Press.[in Persian]
20
- Mansoori, Seyedamir. (2004). “Introduction to the understanding of landscape architecture”. Bagh eNazar Journal. No. 2.[in Persian]
21
- Mccoy, David (2000). “Division of highways, north carolina development of transportation”, TND Guideline.
22
- Pakzad, Jahanshah. (2012). “Urban Design Guidelines In Iran”. Tehran: Vezarat e Maskan & Shahrsazi.[in Persian]
23
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (1996). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. London: Academy Editions.
24
- Picker, John M. (2003). “Victorian Soundscapes”. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25
- Rodaway, P. (1994). “Sensuous Geographies”. London, UK & New-York, NY, USA: Routledge.
26
- Schafer, R. M. (1994). “The Soundscape: our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World”, Rochester: Destiny Books.
27
- Thompson, E. (2002). “The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America 1900-1933”. Cambridge: MIT Press.
28
- Truax, B (1984). “Acoustic Communication”, Norwood.
29
- Van Poll, R. (1997).“The perceived quality of the urban residential environment,
30
A multi-attribute evaluation”. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, pp:17-38.
31
- Wunderlich. F .M. (2013).“Place-Temporality and Urban Place-Rhythms in Urban; Analysis and Design: An Aesthetic Akin to Music”. Bartlett School of Planning, University College.
32
- Zamani, Bahador, Shams, Sara. (2014). “The need for community-based approach in the rehabilitation of historic urban tissues”. Tehran: Haftshahr Journal. No. 45-46.[in Persian]
33
- Zarabadi, Zahrasadat, Khazaei, Fatemeh. (2007). “From stability of the neighbourhood to sustainable neighbourhood”. Sakhteman & comuter Journal. No. 18.[in Persian]
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Analysis of the Indices of E-Citizen from the Perspective of Citizens in Tabriz City
Objectives In recent decades, a concept that has been comprehensively investigated is the concept of E-city. In a lot of developed countries and societies, E-city has been successfully implemented and recently the global approach is towards constructing E-societies. Nowadays, societies that have rapid access to information and have expertise in exchanging information are more developed. E-city is a new form of urban life which can be formed along with a real world and in complete adaptability with it. It can solve many challenges including traffic, air pollution, administrative corruption, and social inequalities faced by real cities. Furthermore, in addition to presenting a new model in cities, it can provide citizens’ and managers’ access to the wants of a developed, creative, and knowledge-based urban society. Findings The present study aims at analyzing the indices of e-citizen from the perspective of citizens in Tabriz City. This study is an applied-developmental one in terms of objective, and a descriptive, analytical, and survey research in terms of nature and method. To collect the data, documentary and field (questionnaire) methods were employed. The sample population included citizens living in 10 areas in Tabriz City. Using Cochrane’s formula, the sample size was determined as 322 individuals and for a higher confidence rate, the number of participants was increased by 10 percent bringing the final sample size to 354 participants. To determine the required questionnaire of each region, weighting method based on the proportion of the population of each area was used. To analyze the data SPSS, Pearson correlation coefficient and one sample t-test were used. The findings indicate that in terms of the quality of citizens’ access to ICT facilities and centers of E-servicing, after administering one sample t-test, the mean scores and t-value were 3.19 and 5.13, respectively. These figures indicate relatively acceptable levels of access to these facilities. The current mean scores of the indices of e-citizen (2.79) by considering infrastructure are at an acceptable level. In addition, from citizens’ points of views, the optimized use of ICT and electronic services, in the case of Tabriz City, will have a positive effect on the different social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions of sustainable urban development. After conducting one sample t-test, the mean scores and t-value were 3.71 and 19.03, respectively. In regards to the degree of citizens’ experiences in using ICT, the results reveal that more than 79% agreed with the necessity of expanding the use of ICT and creating an E-city. There is a significant correlation between citizens’ electronic preparedness and acceptance of the effects of using ICT and the expansion of e-city. The magnitude of the correlation as r=0.433 indicates a positive and increasing correlation between these two variables. Results Based on the results, information and communication technology and electronic city can have an impact on different economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions. This means that optimal use of ICT results in urban sustainable development. Since Tabriz is the capital city of East Azerbaijan Province, the largest city in the north western region and the fifth most populated city of Iran, it has many problems such as air pollution, sound pollution, traffic, energy wastage, low citizen cooperation, and providing services to citizens. Despite such problems, novel instruction methods, contents and experiences in use of IT are required to be offered to citizens; role of ICT and creation of an electronic city is considered as a valuable movement toward experiencing a better life. Therefore, in addition to paying attention to the necessity of training with modern methods and contents, citizens consider the function of ICT as a valuable application for experiencing a better life.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11806_64abe721e4de5e192ce18b7fa7dccad6.pdf
2015-02-01
57
70
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Electronic Citizen
Electronic City
Sustainable Urban Development
Tabriz city
rasoul
Babanasab
rasoulbabanasab@yahoo.com
1
جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
asghar
zarrabi
a.zarabi@geo.ui.ac.ir
2
جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه اصفهان
AUTHOR
Bishi, H., & Olajide, Oluwafemi. (2011). Effects of Information Technology Facilities on the Urban Environment: A Comparative Study of Lagos Island and Victoria Island, Lagos, Proceedings REAL CORP 2011 Tagungsband, pp. 209-217.
1
Fathi, K., & Zahabion, SH. (2009). E- Citizen, Efficient Schools Quarterly, no. 9, PP. 24-30. [in Persian]
2
Hafeznia, M. R. (2002). An Introduction the Research Method in Humanities, Tehran, Samt Publications. [in Persian]
3
Jalali, A. A. (2005). Electronic City, Tehran, Iran University of Science and Technology Publications. [in Persian]
4
Jalali, A. A. (2007). Electronic City, Monthly of Development of Information and Communication Technology Use, 5 (2), PP. 64-72. [in Persian]
5
Kotval, Z. (1999). Telecommunications, A realistic strategy for the revitalization of American cities, Cities, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 33–41.
6
Lovehagen, N., & Bondesson, A. (2013). Evaluating sustainability of using ICT solutions in smart cities – methodology requirements, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainability, ETH Zurich, February 14-16.
7
Mahaki, A.A. (2007). E-Municipality, Monthly of Development of Information and Communication Technology Use, 5 (2), PP. 77-82. [in Persian]
8
Mahmoodzadeh, M., & Razaghi, H. (2008). Effect of overflow of information and communication technology on growth of efficiency of production factors in developing countries; Modern Economy and Trade Quarterly, 4 (13), PP. 1-21. [in Persian]
9
Moghtaderi Isfahani, F. (2010). Information and communication technology and a modern bed for urban designing; Soffeh Quarterly, 20 (51), PP. 89-96. [in Persian]
10
Motlagh, M., & Behrouznia, P. (2009). An Investigation of ICT Influences on the Development of Cities (Case Study: Arak, Iran), Social Sciences Research Journal, 3(2), 7–38. [in Persian]
11
Navabakhsh. M., & Motlaq, M. (2009). Effects of urban information and communication technology on sustainable Development, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.7 (3&4), pp. 891-897.
12
Nazari, M., & Aghazadeh, F. (2014). Electronic City: From concept to practice; Quarterly of Artificial Intelligence and Accurate Tools, 8 (46), PP. 21-33. [in Persian]
13
Norouzi, M. (2014). Cultural planning for electronic citizenry with a focus on roles of students; Quarterly of Artificial Intelligence and Precise Tools, 8 (45), PP. 85-100. [in Persian]
14
Odendaal, N. (2003). Information and Communication Technology and Local governance: Understanding the Difference between Cities in Developed and Emerging Economies, Computers, Environment and Urban systems, 27, pp. 585-607.
15
Patrick, C-H, Soh, Yap Liang Yan, Tze San Ong & Boon Heng The. (2012). Digital Divide amongst Urban Youths in Malaysia – Myth or Reality?, Asian Social Science; Vol. 8, No. 15, pp. 75-82.
16
Pearson, I. (2006). The role of future ICT in city development, foresight, Vol 8, N 3, pp.3-16.
17
Planning and development assistance. (2013). Statistics Report of Tabriz Metropolis 2012, first edition, Hatef-Shahr Institute, Tabriz, Iran. [in Persian]
18
Rahmbozi, KH., & Dolati, R. (2013). Investigation of the effect of ICT on space chaos and urban structure: a case study of Kerman, Iran; Quarterly of Urban Planning Studies, 1 (3), PP. 99-121. [in Persian]
19
Sinnari, D., & Al-Nuaim, Hana. (2012). The Use of Mobile Technology for Citizen E-Participation, Networked Digital Technologies Communications in Computer and Information Science Volume 294, pp. 487-500.
20
Soltani, L., Zarabi, A., & Zangiabadi, A. (2008). An Investigation of ICT Role in Reducing Requests of Inner-City Trips (Case Study: Isfahan, Iran), Isfahan University's Humanities Research Journal, 32(4), 1–18. [in Persian]
21
Soltani, M. (2009). Spatial Analysis of ICT Role in the Development of Electronic Tourism in Isfahan, Iran. MA Thesis of Geography Department, Isfahan University, Iran. [in Persian]
22
Taghvaei, M., Babanasab, R., & Mousavi, S. C. (2010). An Analysis of ICT Condition and Its Role in Urban management and Planning (Case Study: Nadjafabad, Iran), Tabriz University's Geography and Planning Journal, 15 (31), 25-49. [in Persian]
23
Talvitie, J. (2002). The Influence of Information Technology on Spatial Development, FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, D.C. USA, April 19-26 2002, pp. 1-11.
24
Toffler, A. (1983). The Third Wave; Translated by ShahindokhtKharazami, First edition, Tehran, Nashre-No Publication. [in Persian]
25
www.tabriz.ir.
26
Yousefie, A.A., Mokhtary Malekabadi, R., & Khademolhosseiny, A. (2012). Descriptive-analytic investigation of developmental indexes of electronic tourism in Esfahan; Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 23 (2), PP. 133-150. [in Persian]
27
Zarabi, A., Babanasab, R., & Rahimi, A. (2013). The Investigation and Evaluation of Electronic City Indexes Realization in Urban Areas of Iran's Provinces, Quartery of Geography (Regional Planning), Vol.4, No. 1, Winter 2013, pp. 51-72. [in Persian]
28
Zarabi, A., Taghvaei, M., & Mokhtary Malekabadi, R. (2008). The Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Urban Land Use Planning (The Case Study: Cultural – Recreational Use in the Region No Five in Isfahan), Isfahan University's Humanities Research Journal, 29(1), PP. 67-92. [in Persian]
29
Zeynali Azim, A., Behnud, E., Zeynali, M., & kasiri, Shohre. (2012). Electronic city: A City of Today and Tomorrow, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(7), pp. 6615-6621.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Spatial – Physical Structure of Zanjan City Center Area with Strategic Thinking Approach
Cities are the pinnacle of human civilization and urban centers are the heart of cities. Urban centers are special areas within cities which have witnessed historical trend of upheavals and are a result of a profound connection between the territory and its inhabitants, a connection which reflects the whole society itself, linking the changes of the human community to the central limits of the city. When modernization came to Iran, the city became a reasonable place and urbanism changed to a desirable style of living. Urban centers in Iran have not only been close to modernistic changes but also have experienced the highest scale of urban changes and problems. Zanjan city as a city which has not been far from recent changes is a clear example of undesirable and unwanted changes in the center of a city. Lack of adaptation to the new style of living in the old and historical structure of the center of Zanjan city is a problem which has resulted in numerous undesirable events in the existing space and structure. The existence of a close and intricate link between the numerous problems related to the city center is like a puzzle, the right solution to which is in a solution different from the current trend. Multilateral links between the capabilities and opportunities of this area with a glance at the existing undesirable status is an idea which again challenges the definition of what has occurred. In this regard, Strategic Thinking Approach was used as a strong approach with such characteristics as creativity and logical thinking in the process of strategy development for analyzing and identifying issues and problems. Among the numerous models propounded, the Iranian model of Ghaffarian & Kiani was used to achieve the strategic thinking needed for analyzing the spatial-physical structure of the limits of Zanjan city center. The objective for selecting such an approach was to assess and identify important factors creating problems within the physical spatial structure of the city. The research purpose, method of evaluation, and collecting the findings was accomplished through library research, surveys and questionnaires. The survey sample size was 153 people selected among Zanjan citizens. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using descriptive and analytical methods of AHP and Fishbone. The results of the research demonstrate that the factors which created issues and problems in the central area of Zanjan city were, in order of importance, traffic, shortage of parking space per capita, shortage of entertainment, recreational, and cultural facilities per capita as well as lack of free time enjoyed by people. In terms of eliminating each of the aforesaid problems, traffic associated with the influence of other problems and difficulties requires the most effort. By eliminating the identified problems and difficulties using the Strategic Thinking approach, the central limits of Zanjan city will enjoy the maximum benefits resulting from the identified opportunities in this area. We also conclude that Strategic Thinking approach has considerable capacities for analyzing the spatial-physical structure of the central area of Zanjan city.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11808_b7ba341627dea62b586e5558526ea8a3.pdf
2015-02-01
71
82
Strategic Thinking
Spatial-physical structure
central area
Zanjan city
محمود
محمدی
m.mohammadi4263@gmail.com
1
استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان
AUTHOR
احمد
شاهیوندی
a_shahivandi@yahoo.com
2
استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان
AUTHOR
shahram
mohamadi
sh.mohamadi1984@gmail.com
3
کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری- دانشگاه هنر اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Armanshahr Consulting Engineers (2006). Detailed Plan Review of Zanjan City, Ministry of housing -and planning: housings and planning organization of Zanjan Province. [in Persian]
1
- Anas Alex,Richard Arnott, and Kenneth A. Small (1998). Urban Spatial Structure, Journal of Economic Literature, 1426-1464.
2
- Bashir Banaem, Yaser (2011).Status of Creativity and Intuition in Strategic Thinking Approach, Journal of Toseye Polis, No 38, pp29-49. [in Persian]
3
- Bazregar, Mohamareza (2003). Urban planning and urban main structure, Shiraz: Koshamehr Press. [in Persian]
4
- Behzadfar, Mostafa (2013). Design & Plans in Urban Development, Tehran: Shahr Press. [in Persian]
5
- Bertaud, Alain (2004). The Spatial Organization of Cities: Deliberate Outcome or Unforeseen Consequence?.IURD Workang Paper Series, Institute of Urban and Regional Development UC Berkley, 1-33.
6
- Fadaei, Moslem, Translator (2008). Lessons from Evolution of the Strategy Paradigm, O’Shannassy,T, Tadbir Press. [in Persian]
7
- Ghafarian, Vafa, and Alireza Aliahmadi (2003). Strategic Thinking, Tadbir Press. No 137, pp 33-38. [in Persian]
8
- Ghafarian, Vafa, and Gholamreza Kiani (2008). 5 Command for Strategic Thinking, Tehran: Fara press. [in Persian]
9
- Malekan, Majid (2012). Strategic Thinking Principles in Cultural Management, Tehran: Jaber Press. [in Persian]
10
- Mohamadi, Jamal, and Leila Dosti Irani (2010). The Analysis of Spatial Physical Structure of Shahr Kord old Texture, Research and Urban Planning Quarterly. No 31, pp 59-83. [in Persian]
11
- Pilevar, Asghar, Sina Ataei, and Abdollah Zarei (2012). Study of Effect of Spatial Interaction on Spatial Balance Using Space Syntax Technique in the Urban Structure of Bojnourd, Human Geography Research Quarterly, No 79, pp87-102. [in Persian]
12
- Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois, and Brian Slack (2009).The Geography of Transport Systems, Routledge.
13
- Zhang, Changping (2008). An analysis of urban spatial structure using comprehensive pro eminence of irregular areas, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, N0 6, 675-686.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Mehr Housing Policies in Iran and Presentation of Solutions for their Improvement
Housing is a basic need and a major problem for most countries, especially in countries with rapidly growing urbanization like Iran. This factor along with the lack of a comprehensive housing plan and deficiencies in economic management have brought housing to the forefront of planning issues in this country as a complex and multi-dimensional issue. Up to now many programs have been put forward by the government regarding the state of housing in different parts of the country. Mehr Housing which is a country wide social housing program has recently been the main subject of governmental actions for housing improvements. As stated by the government, this program seeks to provide affordable houses for the low-income, improve the quality and quantity of housing production, improve the environmental conditions specifically in metropolitan areas, attract individual and small capital to the housing sector, control the rapid fluctuations in land value, manage the growth of peripheries and in general improve the social justice status regarding housing. This program aims to achieve the mentioned goals by omitting the price of land for low-income groups of society and give them housing units using a 99-year lease. These units which have different conditions and characteristics with an average area of 75 square meters have been given to applicants in metropolises, big cities and medium ones. Due to lack of vacant lands within metropolises and big cities, these housing complexes are regulated to be located in new towns surrounding urban regions and their construction is only possible through the formation of cooperatives consisting of low-income members. This article attempts to discern the deficiencies of this program and consequently propose solutions for suitable housing through evaluation of Mehr housing policies in Iran. In order to do so, first the existing literature concerning the characteristics of housing in Iran and other countries were reviewed and 36 housing indicators were extracted which were then grouped into 9 criteria using factor analysis. Then, the indicators’ degree of freedom regarding Mehr Housing policies were measured. This was followed by regression analysis which was used to measure the effect of the factors and their degree of significance. Next, the priority rank of the factors was calculated. This ranking shows the priorities regarding the modification of policies. Results indicate that the “scheme and construction of the house and the surrounding environment” factor is the first priority followed by “placement and position”, “facilities and services”, “size of the housing unit”, “coverage of the in-need groups”, “economic justifiability”, “density”, “infrastructure” and “urban space” in order mentioned. Finally, solutions for improving Mehr housing projects were proposed based on the indicators in each of these 9 criteria. For example, in the case of scheme and construction of the house and the surrounding environment, the strategies and solutions should deal with the following indicators: relationships between neighbors, quality of design and construction, the quality of materials, seismic resistance, design of pedestrian corridors, green spaces and environmentally safe waste disposal sites.
https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_11809_2474f4876a6eda53da6d20dab2c999d3.pdf
2015-02-01
83
92
Mehr housing
Housing Indicators
assessment
Factor Analysis
regression anlysis
احمد
خلیلی
ahmadkhalili@ut.ac.ir
1
استاد مدعو دانشگاه تهران و پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی دانشگاه تهران
AUTHOR
h
n
h_nurollahi@yahoo.com
2
کارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری- دانشگاه هنر تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
n
r
rashidi.naimeh@gmail.com
3
کارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری- دانشگاه هنر تهران
AUTHOR
m
r
maryam.rahmani1365@yahoo.com
4
کارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری- دانشگاه هنر تهران
AUTHOR
Berk, A. Richard, Regression Analysis (2004): "A Constructive Critiqu", Sage Publication.
1
Freedman , A.David (2005): "Statistical Models: Theory and Practice", Cambridge University Press.
2
Bolt, Gideon , Phillips, Deborah and Van Kempen, Ronald )2010): "Housing Policy,Desegregation and Social Mixing: An International Perspective", Housing Studies, 25: 2, 129-135
3
Clapham, David (2009): "Introduction to the Special Issue - A Theory of Housing: Problems and Potential", Housing, Theory and Society, 26: 1, 1 - 9
4
Gabriel, Michelle and Jacobs, Keith (2008): "The Post-Social Turn: Challenges for Housing Research"', Housing Studies, 23: 4, 527 - 540
5
Gang Meng , G. Brent Hall (2006): "Assessing housing quality in metropolitan Lima, Peru", J Housing Built Environ, 21:413–439
6
Kleinhans, Reinout and Elsinga, Marja (2010): ''Buy Your Home and Feel in Control' Does Home Ownership Achieve the Empowerment of Former Tenants of Social Housing?", International Journal of Housing Policy, 10: 1, 41 – 61
7
Kosari, Masood (1999): “Analyze Proccess of Occupation in Industry Sector in Iran”, Ministry of Work and Social Affairs [In Persian].
8
MalpassS, Peter (2008):"Housing and the New Welfare State: Wobbly Pillar or Cornerstone?" , Housing Studies, 23: 1, 1 - 19
9
Malpass, Peter and Victory, Ceri (2010): 'The Modernization of Social Housing in England", International Journal of Housing Policy, 10: 1, 3 - 18
10
Malpezzi, S. and S. K. Mayo (1997):"Housing and Urban Development Indicators: A Good Idea Whose Time has Returned.", Real Estate Economics , 25(1):pp 1-11
11
Moon- Jeong Kim (2010):"Residential Location Decisions: Heterogeneity and the Trade-off between Location and Housing Quality", The Ohio State University
12
Mulder, Clara H. and Lauster, Nathanael T. (2010): "Housing and Family: An Introduction", Housing Studies, 25: 4, 433 - 440
13
O'Neill, Phillip (2008): "The Role of Theory in Housing Research: Partial Reflections of the Work of Jim Kemeny', Housing, Theory and Society, 25: 3, 164-176
14
Van Poll R.(1997) : “The perceived quality of the urban residential environment, A multi-attribute evaluation”, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Groningen,17-38
15
Van Gent, W. P. C. (2010): "Housing Context and Social Transformation Strategies in Neighborhood Regeneration in Western European Cities", International Journal of Housing Policy, 10: 1, 63-87
16
World Bank (1992): "The Housing Indicators Program: Extensive Survey, Part II", UNCHS and World Bank, The World Bank.
17
Zebardast, Esfandiar (2008): "The Housing Domain of Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in the Spontaneous Settlement on the Tehran Metropolitan Fringe", Springer Science, Volume 90, Number 2, 307-324
18
Zebardast, Esfandiar (2000): “Housing and Urban Indicators (part one)”, Eskan Journal, fifth year, No.1, 25-68 [In Persian].
19