Urban Planning
Hani Arbabi; Siyamak Alishahi; Mohammad-Hosein Sobhiyah; Sahar Taheripour
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2020
Abstract
Urban development projects have many different opponents due to their direct relationship with the people of the city as well as other stakeholders, and it is key to pay attention to stakeholder management in their success. In this regard, accurate and complete identification of stakeholders and identification ...
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Urban development projects have many different opponents due to their direct relationship with the people of the city as well as other stakeholders, and it is key to pay attention to stakeholder management in their success. In this regard, accurate and complete identification of stakeholders and identification of their priority and importance for their more successful management is of particular importance; As a result, in the present study, using the interest-power matrix as an empirical method and also social networks analysis as a rational method, the prioritization and communication of stakeholders in a project to build an intersection with multi-level crossroads in Urmia has been investigated. In this qualitative research, which was performed using a one-sample case study, documents of project and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In order to select and interview the samples studied in the statistical population of this study, which are the most important stakeholders involved in the project, purposeful sampling method and snowball technique were used, and finally 17 stakeholders were identified for the project. Data were analyzed using interest-power matrix (using brainstorming technique) and NodeXL software (for social network analysis) and showed that the main stakeholders in interest-power matrix were the municipality, people, city council and local residents, respectively. Also, the Water and Sewerage Company, the Department of Electricity and Telecommunications have the least interest and power in the project. However, in the method of social networks analysis, people, municipalities, city councils and contractors had the highest priority and suppliers, environment and Oil Company had the lowest priority. Comparing the findings of both empiricist and rationalist methods in identifying the most important stakeholders is very convergent, but in identifying the least important stakeholders, there are differences and it is concluded that there are not most effective method is to identify and prioritize stakeholders in urban development projects, and the use of empiricist methods along with rational methods can be complementary in identifying, prioritizing, and managing stakeholders, and to some extent overlap each other's shortcomings. Also, the stakeholders of the people, the city council and the municipality have the most important role to play in communicating between all stakeholders. In terms of communication power, the Ministry of Information has the most power in the project in the vicinity of the project. The response time between stakeholders and the frequency of this response is also relatively unfavorable. The results of this research can help the managers of urban transport development projects that involve a large number of stakeholders to manage them as successfully as possible.
Urban Planning
majid rousta; mohamad Soleimani; mozafar sarafi; mojtaba rafiyan
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 March 2021
Abstract
One of the most important challenges of today's metropolises is the existence of unhealthy and poor urban neighborhoods in the peripheries areas. A set of regeneration policies and plans to meet such a challenge over the twentieth century has sought to create a better quality of life for residents ...
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One of the most important challenges of today's metropolises is the existence of unhealthy and poor urban neighborhoods in the peripheries areas. A set of regeneration policies and plans to meet such a challenge over the twentieth century has sought to create a better quality of life for residents living in such impoverished urban spaces. Such measures, however, have been less successful. The presumption of this study is that one of the main reasons for such failures was the lack of attention to the "scale" of urban regeneration plans and schemes. Accordingly, in this study, two main questions have been posed: First, why the concept of "scale" should be at the heart of urban regeneration plans, and how such a focus can improve plans and upgrade the quality of life of urban residents? And second, the status of urban regeneration, based on the criteria and indicators considered in this study, what effects can have on the project efficiency and the quality of life of the target residents? To answer these questions, two methodologies have been used, first, the "contextual" methodology to analyze the concept of scale and second, the "survey-data" methodology to measure the quality of life. Data sources and information required in this study include censuses and questionnaires as well as documentary libraries, plans and designs, and analysis techniques including correlation and regression (to measure the quality of life) and meta-analysis (to explore the scale). The results of this study in four samples of Rasht, Hamedan, Sanandaj, and Gorgan show that there is a significant correlation between the number of reconstruction projects, primary energy and their location (independent variables) and their impact on the quality of life of the target residents (dependent variable). The existence of such a correlation means that urban regeneration programs in Iran can have a greater impact on improving the quality of life of the target residents through fundamental attention to the scale of the regeneration program.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Mehdi Azizi; Bahare Bahra
Abstract
Abstract: Urban development with the development of inner neighborhoods is an attempt to restore urban life to the deteriorated areas of cities. In order to facilitate this process, planning and implementation of flagship development has been considered as one of the policies used to urban neighborhoods ...
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Abstract: Urban development with the development of inner neighborhoods is an attempt to restore urban life to the deteriorated areas of cities. In order to facilitate this process, planning and implementation of flagship development has been considered as one of the policies used to urban neighborhoods regeneration and provide the necessary basis for the residents and attention to different dimensions of development. Regeneration of historical and deteriorated areas of cities has been noted in recent urban planning literature worldwide. Inefficiency is a distinguished problem in historical and deteriorated urban areas where the possibility of updating and spontaneous changing has disappeared. Similar to many other countries, current process of extension of urban deteriorated area in Iran indicates that problems will be complicated, if we do not apply any precautionary measures, suitable policies, planning and action plans. In this regard, one solution has been implementation of flagship developments. One of the main objectives of flagship developments is to achieve urban regeneration goals; an approach that is used as a comprehensive strategy for applying some positive changes in one place that have signs of deterioration. It considers quality improvement, with integrated goals of economic, social and physical topics. This strategy is used in order to improve a place that is in the process of decaying and deteriorating, but advocators of flagship development have unanimity in this subject, which one zone of urban won't achieve regeneration without such projects; Because, flagship developments caused a series of reactions that will be finished to regeneration of urban fabric. On the other hand, it is not true that we hope to achieve development in the vast area of urban just by relying on this project because many projects in all around the world could not achieve their main goal that was regenerating a decaying fabric. Since Throughout the urban regeneration process, from the stage of problem identification to implementation of projects and the review of the decision-making process, it is possible through evaluation; therefore, the present study, with the elaboration of mobility and development indicators, has developed into an appropriate and generalizable structure for assessing the impact of flagship development and catalyst projects after implementation at the neighborhood level. It evaluates the effects of an example of these projects in the Gudal Mosalla neighborhood in the historical city of Yazd. After finding 25 evaluation indicators related to urban regeneration and flagship development from valid world literature and practical experiences and analysis of secondary data on 93 urban blocks of the Godal Mosalla neighborhood in SPSS21 software, the final results were obtained. As a research method in this study, the method of regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of each index on each factor and the matrix of impact assessment that named Leopold – Makhdoom was used to evaluation after the implementation of the flagship development and the neighborhood regeneration. The research findings show that the project of the Faculty of Arts and Architecture of Yazd has some effects on the physical parameter, then the residential parameter and eventually on the activity parameter at the level of the Godal Mosalla neighborhood and this project can be verified by providing corrective options as a positive flagship development.
Urban Planning
Soroush Khalili; Jamileh Tavakolinia; Naghmeh Mobarghei Dinan; Hamid Soltaninejad
Abstract
In recent decades, spatial changes due to the expansion of commercial use in cities have doubled the role of spatial planning in the city. If large commercial centers are not located and built in the proper places of the city, they will create numerous environmental problems. Arg commercial center of ...
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In recent decades, spatial changes due to the expansion of commercial use in cities have doubled the role of spatial planning in the city. If large commercial centers are not located and built in the proper places of the city, they will create numerous environmental problems. Arg commercial center of Tajrish is one of the commercial complexes of Tehran. The construction of this complex has been accompanied by the cutting of old and bulky trees of Giahi garden. In the foregoing paper, the aim is to assess the environmental impacts of the construction of large commercial complexes in the country's metropolises and also to provide a compiled plan for their management and monitoring with emphasis on Arg complex. This research has been done by descriptive method with the application of environmental assessment models. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) technique has been used by the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) and finally the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has also been developed to reduce the adverse effects on the environment. From the results of RIAM and the sum of the points obtained in four Physical/chemical, Biological/ecological, Social/cultural, and Economical/operational environments with the number –737, it is inferred that the negative impacts (38 impacts) outweighed the positive ones (11 impacts). After analysis and a detailed study of each of the four affected environments, it was found that –D range band (between classes from +E to –E) with an environmental score of "–36 to –71", has the highest number of adverse effects, which indicates the severity of the negative impacts caused by the construction of Arg commercial center of Tajrish; in addition, the Physical/chemical environment has the highest number of negative components among other environments. As a final result, based on all the research done, we realize that the construction of Arg commercial center at the site of the Giahi garden has not complied with environmental principles and has not followed the indicators of sustainable development. In other words, the bed of the Arg complex and its location did not have the necessary ecological and socio-economic potential; therefore, mitigation measures for these impacts in the fields of air pollution, noise, water, waste, energy saving, biological environment, socio-economic environment, as well as fire services are provided in the form of EMP program and dedicated to the operation phase of the Arg commercial center.
Urban Planning
Mostafa Dehghani; Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini; Esfandiar Zebardast
Abstract
Today, due to the need to use effective, open and participatory innovative solutions and use ICT capabilities to create sustainable life in cities and respond to the wants and needs of citizens, Gradually, different types of concepts have been formed under the title of knowledge-based spaces with different ...
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Today, due to the need to use effective, open and participatory innovative solutions and use ICT capabilities to create sustainable life in cities and respond to the wants and needs of citizens, Gradually, different types of concepts have been formed under the title of knowledge-based spaces with different goals and functions. Understanding the dimensions, characteristics and differentiation of these concepts will help policymakers and city managers in choosing strategies and policies and investing in these areas by preventing mental confusion and the emergence of internal contradictions and incoherent eclecticism of these concepts. So far, different types of knowledge-based spaces have been presented, but no integrated comparative study has been performed for all concepts of knowledge-based spaces that provide a clear and comprehensive picture and a deep and coherent understanding of these spaces.In this regard, the present study has been conducted with a meta synthesis approach and in the framework of a systematic qualitative review with a descriptive-exploratory purpose. This study comparatively examines the concepts of knowledge-based spaces based on the six components of development discourse,, the type of knowledge required for development, location, key stakeholders, management model and historical period. Also, the typology of knowledge-based spaces is based on two components of spatiality and the type of knowledge required for development. According to it, four types of knowledge spaces such as 1- technology based-non spatial; 2- technology based- spatial; 3- knowledge Based – non spatial; And 4- Knowledge based - spatial. Research findings show that now, concepts such as smart city and knowledge city (due to semantic inclusion) have largely replaced concepts such as digital city and virtual city, and in policy-making and planning knowledge-based spaces more Are used. The concept of knowledge city has also been considered as an umbrella for other concepts such as knowledge place, learning city and smart city.Also, the findings of the comparative study of knowledge-based spaces based on the seven components show that knowledge-based spaces have faced paradigm changes over time; Such as the transition from focusing on the limited concept of science and technology to emphasizing the broader social concept of knowledge, the transition from the discourse of economic development to sustainable and integrated development in various economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions, the transition from passive role of citizens to active participation In creating, developing and managing knowledge-based spaces, transitioning from government and centralized management of a limited number of stakeholders with specific guidelines and frameworks to governing networks based on the interaction of a wide range of stakeholders, transition from a hardware and capital-based perspective. Tangible networks and infrastructure networks from a software perspective based on intangible intellectual capital and knowledge innovation system, transition from management and planning model to increase livability standards and complexity management to grounding and capacity building Citizen engagement for long-term learning and political and cultural influence. These trends and paradigm shifts represent a kind of conceptual convergence of the features and components of knowledge-based spaces. In addition, the results of the typology of knowledge-based spaces show that the typology of these spaces is based on two components of location and type of knowledge required for development, due to the significant role of these components in differentiating different types of knowledge spaces. - Gain a deeper and more expressive understanding of these spaces.
Urban Planning
Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri; ali alizadeh Zoeram; sajedeh baghban
Abstract
The city of Shandiz in the province of Khorasan Razavi is one of the tourism destinations of the province because of its various tourist attractions. Hence, the analysis of Shandiz tourism activities is necessary for sustainable tourism development. The formation and expansion of tourism in the city ...
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The city of Shandiz in the province of Khorasan Razavi is one of the tourism destinations of the province because of its various tourist attractions. Hence, the analysis of Shandiz tourism activities is necessary for sustainable tourism development. The formation and expansion of tourism in the city of Shandiz and its surrounding areas caused some positive physical and functional changes, such as increasing and improving the quality of services and facilities and also increasing access to transportation. But, on the other hand, it tends to destroy the natural resources of the city and turn them into residential accommodations. In addition, the unplanned expansion of restaurants along the valleys has reduced the quality of natural landscapes. Contrary to indigenous architecture and the destruction of plant species, construction is another negative consequence of tourism development and its related activities in the city. Therefore, this study using the approach of perspectives and considering the various physical and functional effects of tourism development in the form of a system. In this regard, this research has been done through descriptive-analytical method and using documents, completed questionnaires and software analysis. For this purpose, 10 key variables have been selected through the Delphi method and previous studies. After defining the desirable, intermediate and disaster conditions for each of the key variables, 30 experts in the field of Urban and Tourism were asked to evaluate the impact of each of these situations on each other in the -3rd to 3rd range, so that the scenario Wizard software could analyze the progress patterns of the study area. The findings of this research show that culture and tradition are the most important variables of sustainability in the development of tourism in the city, because strengthening the traditional features of texture in a desirable scenario and destroying it in undesirable scenarios, is evaluated as the most effective assumption of each of these scenarios. However, agricultural land degradation has been identified as one of the negative consequences of tourism development. In general, the balanced construction of residential property and strengthening the traditional features of the city in the desirable future of Shandiz in 1408 has a significant role, so relying on these factors can be achieved more quickly to the desirable future of the city in the field of tourism. The results of this analysis predict a favorable scenario and two disaster scenarios among 39,366 scenarios, and the disaster scenario will be pursued if the most desirable future for the city, is not met. Analyzing the progressive scenarios of the research shows that strengthening the traditional features of the city along with preserving the link between the new and the old urban textures are two of the most important and effective factors in achieving the desired future of the city. In contrast, destruction of traditional texture and agricultural land, accelerate the catastrophe future of the city on the horizon of 1408.
Urban Planning
fahimeh Namvar Haghighi Shirazi Fard; khalil Hajipour; Amir Hosein Shabani; mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline ...
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In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline in investment in old neighborhoods, and the reduction of capacity to keep people and decline in quality of life. With 1,700 hectaresof distressed areas, Shiraz is no exception andhas the same problem. For this purpose, urban growth management policies are used that one of these policies is Land Readjustment (LR). It is necessary to identify and classifythe legal, institutional, economic, social and local factors influencing Land Readjustment in order to have an effective and sufficient Land Readjustment. Thus,this study aims to identify the key factors influencing the land readjustment process in distressed areas and to examine the cause and effect relations through Interpretative Structural Model in order to understand the most important variables in the implementation process. This could be a guide for urban management in achieving infill development by stimulating and implementing the most important variables and, consequently, increasing the possibility of the entire land readjustment project. For this purpose, two-step Delphi questionnaire from 17 experts of urban affairs of Shiraz city have been used. Findings reveal that the two variables definingthe laws related to the residents' and owners' protests regarding the urban design, before, during and after itsexecution and enacting the laws related to the payment of the probable indemnityto the residents, if they do not want to participate are considered as ones increasing the system risk because each legislation without fairly taking into consideration the owners' interestsmay be an obstacle in the system and decreases the partnership tendency of owners and residents. Major organizational-institutional variables such as the partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes, law-abiding local government and attention to individual and social justice in the local government play an important role in the implementation of land readjustment and impact on other variables. Because these variables, in fact, link the social variables to the executable variables, and provide a framework for correct implementation, such as the bridge, to meet the people's needs.Besides, the possible partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes is one of the most effective and most impressive variables, so this variable plays a key and strategic role. This means that the key to the implementation of land readjustment in the worn-out tissues and to solve their problems is to create an intermediary entity to hear the demands and opinions of the people. Also, other strategic variables in land readjustment in worn-out tissues are attention to individual and social justice in the local government, strategic view and flexibility of the local government, defining the tangible and approachable targets and assessing appropriately the land price before and after the execution. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously examine the variables during both the design preparation and LR execution in the distressed area. All of these variables are eitherdirectly in connection with the local government or done by the local government indicating the importance of city authorities’ policy-makingand employing experienced and expertlabor force.
Urban Planning
Seyed Reza Azadeh; Jamal Mohammadi; Hamid Taher Neshat Doost
Abstract
ObjectivesThere are growing concerns, worldwide, about interdependencies between city life and mental well-being. Perceived stress is one of the mental disorders induced by urbanization. Today, the built environment and neighborhood's quality in which residents live, is realized as the main source of ...
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ObjectivesThere are growing concerns, worldwide, about interdependencies between city life and mental well-being. Perceived stress is one of the mental disorders induced by urbanization. Today, the built environment and neighborhood's quality in which residents live, is realized as the main source of stress. In addition, the recent researches in the context of psychology suggest that city life is stressful. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the relationship between neighbourhood's quality and perceived stress. In this regard, two neighbourhoods were selected in Isfahan. MethodsIn this study two questionnaires have been used. First questionnaires is the built environment quality questionnaire, written by researchers, and the other is perceived stress scale (PSS-14). Two neighbourhoods were selected for study. The survey was conducted via face-to-face structured interviews and yielded a total of 434 valid samples. Eventually, 203 peoples in MoftAbad neighbourhood and 231 peoples in Mardavij neighbourhood have participated in completing the questionnaire. The data has been analysed using normal and partial correlation coefficients and linear regression. ResultThe descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables in study neighborhoods have been compared. The evaluation of environmental beauty, in the study neighbourhoods indicate that MoftAbad and Mardavij is, averagely, scored 0.78 and 2.98. The functional attraction in MoftAbad and Mardavij, in average, is 0.77 and 2.81, respectively. The median scores of physical form and environmental comfort variables in MoftAbad are 0.71 and 1.58, and in Mardavij are 2.94 and 2.92. In fact, all environmental variables of MoftAbad neighbourhood quality are scored significantly lower than Mardavij. Totally, the final score of built environment quality in MoftAbad is 0.96 and in Mardavij is 2.91. According to results, in association with dependent variable, it is concluded that the perceived stress level of MoftAbad neighbourhood is higher than Mardavij neighbourhood. The median score of stress in MoftAbad is 2.07 and in Mardavij is 1.04.The findings show that there is significant and inverse relation between the independent variables of research and the dependent variables. However, when we consider the controller variables, the relation is preserved but its intensity decreases.Based on results, significant level of F-statistic in all three models is 0.000. This result, which is acquired by analyzing the regression and analyzing variance, indicates that the conceptual model of research is well fitted. In MoftAbad, two variables are (environmental beauty and Environmental comfort) capable of predicting dependent variable changes. In this case, the standard coefficient of mentioned variables are -0.537 and -0.181, respectively. This statistics means that environmental beauty predicts 53.7% and environmental comfort predicts 18.1% of perceived stress changes in MoftAbad. In Mardavij neighbourhood, environmental beauty, functional attraction and environmental comfort, as well, have the most ability to predict the dependent variable. Environmental beauty, functional attraction and environmental comfort, respectively, predicts 22.6%, 28.9% and 14.3% of perceived stress changes. Moreover, in the suggested model for full sample, environmental beauty variable, functional attraction variable and environmental comfort variable predict, respectively, 45.9%, 26.8% and 24.4% of perceived stress changes.In the second phase of modelling the dependent variable changes, the relationship between built environment quality, as independent variable, and perceived stress, as dependent variable, is evaluated. Also, three models have been suggested in this phase. According to acquired results, the ANOVA analysis explains one significant F-statistic for each one of the three models. The adjusted R-squared of suggested model in MoftAbad is greater than Mardavij neighbourhood. According to this result, it can be said that the effect of built environment on stress of MoftAbad residents is more than Mardavij neighbourhood. Based on standard coefficient (Beta), built environment quality of MoftAbad predicts 67% of Perceived stress changes. On the other hand, the value of this variable in Mardavij is 46.4%. Finally, in the full sample, built environment quality determines 78.3% of perceived stress changes ConclusionIt is concluded that the relation between urban Planner and psychologists must be augmented in order to improve the variables of resident mental health through environment designing and planning.
Urban Planning
fatemah esmaeilpoor; mohammadhosein saraei; najma esmaeilpoor
Abstract
There has been a segregation of the living space of different classes in cities in relation to their socio-economic base throughout history and in all geographical areas of the world. The urban ecology perspective distinguishes cities from the three aspects of "socio-economic base", "family base" and ...
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There has been a segregation of the living space of different classes in cities in relation to their socio-economic base throughout history and in all geographical areas of the world. The urban ecology perspective distinguishes cities from the three aspects of "socio-economic base", "family base" and "ethnic-racial base" of households. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of socio-economic status of high-class classes on the high value of land in the middle part of Arak and its impact on the reconstruction of inner city neighborhoods. The nature of applied research is quantitative, and its method is descriptive and scientific. In order to investigate the causes of tendency to internal tissue and its effects on this tissue, different dimensions of questionnaire data analysis and in-depth interview were used using structural equation modeling using smart-Pls software. The findings showed that, contrary to Bergs' theory, the middle tissue around the core of the city of Arak is very attractive to the population. The high price of land in this texture is primarily due to the Prestige and originality of this texture (T value = 682/2). The easy access of this texture to the city center is another factor in the tendency to this texture and the increase in the price of land in this texture. The high value of the land in the study area has destroyed single-family housing units that are not yet very old and turned them into multi-storey apartments. The low cost of transportation was not confirmed in people's decision to choose these neighborhoods for living (T value = 1/306). Regeneratim of this tissue has changed The demographic situation of this context and the outflow of low-income classes (T value = 23/861). The output of the final matrix and the design of the interpretive structural model placed two variables of transport and social status in the dependent area, the housing price variable in the connecting area, and the variables of demographic change and user diversity in the independent area. The Prestige middle texture of Arak, the high price of land in this texture has caused Contrary to Burgess' theory - which describes the texture around the city center as a texture with depressed neighborhoods sad and ruined appearance and the place of residence of immigrants and low-income urban classes, the central texture of Arak is an attractive area for many citizens. Careful planning seems necessary to take the necessary steps to reduce the negative effects of redevelopment in the intermediate tissues of arak.
Urban Planning
isa piri; Leila Hashemi
Abstract
The present study is based on a dialectical approach, hermeneutic interpretation of the street renaissance as a tool in achieving renaissance strategies and human planning programs focused on improving the quality of biosocial life and improving the daily lives of citizens in urban areas. This study ...
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The present study is based on a dialectical approach, hermeneutic interpretation of the street renaissance as a tool in achieving renaissance strategies and human planning programs focused on improving the quality of biosocial life and improving the daily lives of citizens in urban areas. This study seeks to express the impact of urban open spaces on a variety of economic, socio-cultural, physical and aesthetic issues that have previously been recognized by the urban renaissance as the latest paradigm in solving the city's problematic problems. Since these realms are sometimes the manifestation of the social life of the city and a place on the crystallization of the civic thoughts of the citizens; Therefore, this study is a step towards renaissance, spatial developments, and the production and reproduction of the lost social spaces of the city and the idea arising from the theory with a human-centered approach. While data collection is documented using a questionnaire, observation and interview and indexing and analysis of qualitative data analysis by text content analysis, coding and analysis with MAXQDA software, due to the case study, quantitative analysis and analysis of quantitative findings are justified. Quality was done with Amos. The statistical population of the study is hemogenic panels from specialists. The results of the research indicate that there are potential capabilities and high potentials of the study area and, of course, the desirability of the conditions in the humanization of space, which are achieved by renaissance strategies based on the text; Therefore, this study introduces the street renaissance as a response to the promotion of these potentials, while the production and reproduction of social space will lead to social sustainability in the study area and ultimately throughout the city.
Urban Planning
Mojtaba Rafieian; golkou giahhchi
Abstract
The beaches and surrounding areas have always been of interest to human societies. This can be attributed to the existence of two territories of land and water in these areas, which leads to the creation of competitive advantages in the social, economic, physical and other aspects. The considerable demand ...
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The beaches and surrounding areas have always been of interest to human societies. This can be attributed to the existence of two territories of land and water in these areas, which leads to the creation of competitive advantages in the social, economic, physical and other aspects. The considerable demand of the population for the exploitation of coastal areas has caused problems and disruptions in the system of these areas. These problems, as has explained by the Vice President for Strategic Planning and Supervision, have variety of aspects; like environmental, landuse, political and security, regulation and rights, etc aspects. So these areas require to integrated approach. Hence, since the early 90's in the world and after less than a decade away in Iran (late 70's), the comprehensive integrated coastal zone management plan has begun to link planning in the three national, regional and local levels.Since 1976, the concept of "environmental quality" in the field of urban studies (urban planning and design) has been expressed, which addresses all aspects of urban environments and spaces (Rafieian et al., 2013). The concept has been discussed and developed by many theorists over the past few decades. In terms of content, the last decade can be the period of maturity of the concept of environmental quality, but there are still many challenges in terms of implementation and operation.The need for the integrated and comprehensive approach to coastal areas at the micro and macro scales, as well as the multidimensional concept of environmental quality has provided an opportunity to look at coastal areas with the lens of environmental quality, identify environmental quality indicators and their priority.The method of analysis in this study is based on Structural Equation Model (SEM) and data were analyzed using SmartPlS 3 software. To test the model, data were collected from 160 questionnaires based on Likert spectrum in coastal area of Bandar-Anzali. According to Smart PLS software outputs, users of space have an indirect impact on 9 indicators of environmental quality that were derive from theoretical foundations. Desirable environmental quality zones have 9 features that "permeability" is stronger and more powerful than other features. According to this model, changes of environmental quality affects the changes of permeability of the coastal zone up to 87%. In this study, permeability is defined through four indicators. These four indicators include: no space confusion, quality of riding and pedestrian pathways, visibility of natural and valuable sights and the possibility of walking and cycling. Therefore, high quality coastal zones have the highest impact on these four indicators.After permeability, the flexibility variable is more influenced than other variables. In this research, flexibility is defined by four indices of flexibility of outdoor space, services for persons with disabilities, flexibility of buildings, and unobstructed accessibility of people to spaces. Therefore, if the environmental quality is present in a coastal zone, the four mentioned indicators are expected to will be in a desirable condition.In addition to permeability and flexibility, other known indicators in order to influence the environmental quality of coastal areas include: functional compatibility, efficiency, meaningful, proportionality, variety, presence of different group of people and sustainability. All of these variable have been identified and measured by this study.
Urban Planning
mohammad hasan saeedi motlagh; naser barati
Abstract
IntroductionThe quality of perception of the residential environment as a tool for urban planners to improve and organize the environment, have the ability to provide the necessary context for the formation and promotion of social interaction. The tasks of neighborhood units and neighborhoods can be ...
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IntroductionThe quality of perception of the residential environment as a tool for urban planners to improve and organize the environment, have the ability to provide the necessary context for the formation and promotion of social interaction. The tasks of neighborhood units and neighborhoods can be described as a tool to increase social interaction, a place for citizens to meet each other, and the management and coordination of civic activities. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of residential quality perception quality indicators on online social interaction.MethodologyFor investigating effect of perceived residential quality index on continuous social interaction, this research have been used descriptive-analytic procedure and Survey method. Statistical population of the case study is Bagh-Shater neighborhoods inhabitants. Based on factors like Location, urban planning and architecture features, the sample size have been chosen. First it was found indicators and components of perceived residential quality index assessments then with using Bonaiuto, Fornara, Bonnes questioner in 2003, qualifications of perceived residential environment quality index was studied. Finally with double regression, effect of residential quality index on continuous social interaction has been analyzed.Discussion and ConclusionResults show that modelling of perceived residential quality index effects on continuous social interactions have been confirmed and explains nearly half the variations of social interaction. Among the indicators, the highest impact factor belongs to the maintenance and care of the environment, attachment to the place and urban streets respectively. Based on the results obtained Strengthen the capacity of local communities is best policy to improvement of continuous social interaction. Accordingly Empowering individuals to maintain their living Neighborhood space.
Urban Planning
mehdi karoubi; Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard; soran ahmadizad
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 January 2021
Abstract
Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact ...
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Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact it is an apportunity to make more effective communication between nations and people. The aim of this research is considering a model for development of cultural tourism of Kurdistan province.this research based on its aim is development-operational and it is kind of survey descriptive one.this research is operational one because of its usage in cultural tourism attraction plan.the research method is mix method(qualitative and quantitative).first of all the researcher starts to identify the effective factors on cultural tourism development in kurdistan province based on semi structured interviews through polling the professors and managers and using research informations which are considerd the result and identified factors of cultural tourism management by questionaire of cultural tourism based on ex researches ,theoretical foundations and library studies. The statistical society in theoretical and operational parts consists of:A: all university tourism management professors in Kurdistan province and other professors in neighbourhood provinces that have a research paper about cultural tourism at least.B: tourism managers and marketing experts in tourism, handicraft and heritage organization in cities of Kurdistan province.C: travel agency managers in Kurdistan province.D: cultural tourists come in Kurdistan province.This research is an operational one and it is kind of geodesic descriptive.as first step, data gathering was done by qualitative interview then by quantitative method and using written questionnaire. We get categories based on common concepts consist of eight components of urban potential, citizens, the impact of border cities, event management. Tendency to other tourism destinations, tourism economy, public administration and advertisements.Results: Findings in this paper indicate optimal status in some components like urban potential. Citizens, the impact of border cities, event management, tendency to the tourism destinations, tourism economy but it is not correct about public administration and advertisements in Kurdistan province.
Urban Planning
mohammad ghaffari; mohammad nematpour
Abstract
Market segmentation is a prerequisite of tourism planning success. Tourist segmentation based on psychological variables is in turn one of the most important, most operational methods in tourism market segmentation. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive-analytical applied study was to segment the ...
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Market segmentation is a prerequisite of tourism planning success. Tourist segmentation based on psychological variables is in turn one of the most important, most operational methods in tourism market segmentation. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive-analytical applied study was to segment the tourism market of Tehran, Iran through identification of the travel incentives and lifestyle characteristics of inbound tourists visiting the ancient Grand Bazaar of the city. The research population consisted of inbound tourists who visited Tehran Grand Bazaar from March 2017 to May 2018. A sample of 394 tourists was selected from the population through convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 67 questions. To assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, content validity and Cronbach’s alpha were used. Data analysis was made in SPSS using factor analysis, cluster analysis, and K-square. To specify the number of samples required for factor analysis, the model presented by Everrit was used. In this study, fifteen incentive and lifestyle factors were identified, and four segments of inbound visitors were demonstrated. Based on the results of the analysis, the four clusters appeared to be appropriate, significant, and interpretational. To interpret and name the clusters, mean values were used. In accordance with the employed five-point Likert scale, mean values above or below 3.00 indicated the significance and insignificance of tourist incentive and lifestyle. The results demonstrated that the 394 respondents could be classified into four clusters: ideal seekers, behavioral fundamentalists, moderators, and special seekers. The cluster analysis indicated that the mean values for the factors relationship orientation, accessibility, special-seeking, self-valuation, conservativeness, cultural heritage, and occupational attachment were higher than 3.00 in all the clusters. This demonstrated that visitors in all the four segments were highly interested in interaction with other people, exploration of the local culture and the way of life therein, and visit to sights that their friends had never seen when traveling abroad. Specifically, ideal seekers would like to visit cultural and historic sites, to socialize with people, to do interesting activities, or to go the movies, the theater, an amusement park, a common party, or a festival or to a restaurant to have local cuisines. Behavioral fundamentalists included sociable, optimistic people interested in healthy, safe routines when traveling. Moderators exhibited moderate tendency to everything, but were unmotivated, careless buyers in their selection of products and services and their shopping behavior. Special seekers, who made up the second largest cluster in this study, were highly motivated and interested in exploration of different culture-nations, exposing themselves to different situations and interacting with other people. The results also indicated a significant positive relationship between demographic variables and clusters.
Urban Planning
Arastoo Yari hesar; samira saeidi zarangi; zhila Farzane sadat zaranji; Hadi eskandarieynadin
Abstract
Individuals’ characteristics and those of age, sex, and social groups should help provide a safe, healthy, sustainable, and attractive environment that can properly respond to the different needs of all groups in the community. The population of the disabled, including people with physical and ...
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Individuals’ characteristics and those of age, sex, and social groups should help provide a safe, healthy, sustainable, and attractive environment that can properly respond to the different needs of all groups in the community. The population of the disabled, including people with physical and mobility disabilities, is among those who are deprived of ordinary lives, and the social planning system has led them to physical and social seclusion. All around the world, people with physical and mobility disabilities constitute a significant part of the population who, like other people, should be able to move around the city to satisfy their needs, strive, and not be deprived of their right to live a social life. It is a necessity for the development of the society to adapt urban spaces in order to provide all individuals and segments of the society with equal opportunities to move around the city and access all urban spaces. According to Article 5 of the Charter of Civil Rights of the Iranian Government, all the disabled and the elderly hold the right to benefit from medical and rehabilitation facilities for recovery or empowerment to be able to live independently and participate in different aspects of life. The research population included 4430 disabled people (physically disabled, blind, or partially sighted) in the city of Ardabil, Iran. Sample size was estimated to be 354 using Cochran’s formula, and a questionnaire was distributed among as many disabled participants and filled out. Interview methods were used for the blind and visually impaired who were not able to fill out the questionnaire. The sampling method employed in the study was simple random sampling, and data analysis was performed in SPSS using one-sample t-test and analysis of variance. As members of the society, the disabled have rights and entitlements that must be taken into account. One such issue concerns the design and adaptation of urban spaces for this group. If a disabled citizen is unable to access the places he needs to visit due to inappropriate urban spaces, he will be faced with many problems and barriers. The results of this study demonstrated that the physical zone of Ardabil, sidewalks, and construction equipment could not be used by the disabled. Urban administrators and officials have tried to adapt urban spaces by observing relevant principles in the central part of the city. On average, the status of the indicators was better in the group with physical and mobility impairment than in the blind. For example, the physical and socio-economic indicators exhibited higher averages in the group with physical and mobility impairment than in the blind. Although there were employment restrictions in both groups, they were more common among the blind and visually impaired. Furthermore, higher transportation costs were imposed on the blind and visually impaired than on those with physical and mobility disabilities. Despite the measures taken to adapt the environment for the active presence of the physically disabled and the blind, it is still impossible in the current socio-economic and physical conditions to adequately meet the needs of the disabled. Moreover, the urban management authorities in Ardabil have not formulated a clear plan for adaptation of urban spaces, and have therefore failed to exhibit acceptable performance in the field.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Mahdi Ghajar Khosravi; Gholam Reza Haghighat Naeeni
Abstract
The position and importance of urban development plans and their evaluation through various methods remains a significant issue in theoretical and practical areas. Plan quality evaluation is known as an emerging methodology for examination of whether a plan holds certain desirable features, and is aimed ...
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The position and importance of urban development plans and their evaluation through various methods remains a significant issue in theoretical and practical areas. Plan quality evaluation is known as an emerging methodology for examination of whether a plan holds certain desirable features, and is aimed at answering questions about the suitability of plans and application of methods and theories of planning and their strengths and weaknesses with respect to the ideal conditions in different fields. During the past two decades, researchers have successfully formulated a conceptual consensus based on the preliminary principles of plan quality. The purpose of this study was to introduce concepts and methods for plan quality evaluation and to present an appropriate systematic conceptual model for quality evaluation of urban development plans in Iran. For specification of the theoretical framework of this explanatory-analytical research, a range of methods and studies related to the subject were comprehensively examined and analyzed, and the consequent appropriate model for evaluation of the quality of urban development plans in Iran was clearly established and adapted to the entire country. A conceptual model for evaluating the quality of comprehensive plans consists of seven basic components (factual basis, analysis and inference, plans and programs, implementation, inter-organizational coordination, presentation, and planning methods) and three progressive components (participation, sustainable development, and monitoring and evaluation). This study evaluated 29 plans from medium-sized Iranian cities and 5 from large ones. The results demonstrated that the overall quality score of the comprehensive plans in both groups was moderate (The average score was 4.95 out of 10). Among the seven basic components of plan quality, factual basis, analysis and inference, organization, and presentation exhibited proper conditions, and the components of plans and programs, inter-organizational coordination, implementation, and planning methods were found to be inappropriate. The progressive component of sustainable development exhibited potentials for advancement despite the low score, while participation and monitoring and evaluation were generally disregarded in the plans. The findings also indicated the incapability of the plans (at least in the present conditions) of correctly completing the planning process. The most important drawbacks of the plans included the reduction of the capability of presenting and implementing the plans and the lack of a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating them. Among all the evaluated plans, the plan from the city of Rasht was identified as the best, followed by those of Mahabad, Bojnord, Amol, Sabzevar, Kerman, and Birjand, all of which could be regarded as plans with potentials for advancement. In a study of the internal consistency of the plan components, plans and programs was found to be the most important, most influential component of plan quality, which could be considered as the main indicator of comprehensive plan quality. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the plan quality of the large and medium-sized cities. However, the quality of the plans has increased over the past two decades, and the dates of their approval were found to be effective on their quality. The future conditions of plan quality in the country seem to be promising, and better quality is expected to be provided by the urban development plans. Future plans are likely to be capable of addressing issues such as justice in urban development, environmental quality, transportation, and sustainability. This study sought to provide incentives for reconsideration of how plans are developed and to prevent discouragement of planners and unnecessary underestimation of their ability to inject creativity, new methods, and new planning challenges into their plans, so that they can present better plans to which they are committed. The value of the capacity to assess the quality of plans in order to highlight their strengths and weaknesses in analysis of the controversial or innovative effects of urban development plans and land use planning in various fields was demonstrated in this research, requiring those in charge of development and implementation of plans to have greater concern for to their quality indicators.
Urban Planning
parvaneh jalerajabi; reza ahmadian; Zahra sadat saiedeh Zarabadi
Abstract
This research was conducted mainly to provide a method based on artificial intelligence algorithms in order to obtain optimal urban land use allocation, subjected to mathematical modeling from the perspective of spatial justice using multi-criteria decision analysis concepts, both parcel-based and floor-based. ...
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This research was conducted mainly to provide a method based on artificial intelligence algorithms in order to obtain optimal urban land use allocation, subjected to mathematical modeling from the perspective of spatial justice using multi-criteria decision analysis concepts, both parcel-based and floor-based. For that purpose, objective functions were considered for land use allocation, including mixed use, suitability, dependency, compatibility, and access to services, in terms of both floors and neighbors. For achievement of the main purpose, parameters effective on urban land use planning were examined to optimize urban land use allocation from the spatial justice perspective. This led to a presentation and classification of the spatial parameters effective on land use allocation based on sustainability and, more specifically, spatial justice concerns. The main part of the research, named “land use allocation modeling with NSGA-II” focused on development of a land use allocation model and its optimization. The main stage in the modeling procedure was to adapt multi-objective optimization algorithms to land use allocation and, then, to define it as desired. The adaptation of the multi-objective optimization algorithm involved the definition of the solution structure, objective functions, and problem constraints and their calculation for use in the second version of the Non-dominant Genetic Ranking Algorithm (NSGA-II). The objective functions were defined based on criteria and indexes extracted in the second part of the research, including maximization of accessibility to the facilities, of service efficiency (compatibility), of mixed uses, of land suitability, and of spatial dependency. Moreover, seven constraints were introduced for land use allocation, including avoidance of allocating wasteland to the first floor of the parcel, allocation of a land use to the third floor provided that the second one already has a defined land use, possibility of land use allocation to various floors of the same parcel, consideration of maximum and minimum land parceling, avoidance of exceeding the per capita standards in neighborhoods and districts, and, finally, allocation of the necessary land uses to each of the neighborhoods. The models were then implemented, where the main purpose was to optimize urban land use allocation according to all the criteria and constraints. In other words, these criteria had to be defined in terms of the model objectives and with an extensive search space (many of the possible land use allocations) at the same time. Therefore, a set of solutions, which included Pareto front, i.e. optimal, solutions, was obtained rather than a single solution to the problem. As decision-makers prefer to examine the corresponding scenarios after introducing their own decision priorities, the AHP method was used finally after the optimal Pareto solutions were obtained for selection of one of the four possible land use allocations and its presentation in a land use plan given spatial justice concerns. For that purpose, weights were assigned to the objective functions based on spatial justice. Once the objective function values were normalized, the desired weights were multiplied by the normal values. After the calculation of total weight, the solutions corresponding to the objective functions being addressed were converted to land use plans in ArcGIS. The results of land use allocation in floors were compared to the actual conditions. It could be stated in general that the most important achievement of the study involved the introduction and presentation of an efficient model that was appropriate for addressing multi-criteria decision-making problems for allocation of urban land use. The presented model performs simultaneous optimization, and helps decision makers to select one desired solution from among multiple optimized ones according to their priorities, although it is in contradiction with some of the objective functions. The results of the model designed for land use allocation given spatial justice concerns improved the spatial distribution of facilities at the level of the area under study. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation of the allocation results demonstrated that the commercial, academic, health, sport, and cultural land uses were allocated properly per capita, increasing the level of enjoyment in neighborhoods across the area under investigation. Land use allocation, Spatial justice, Multi-objective optimization method, NSGA-II.
Urban Planning
Seyed Meysam Rezaee; Seyed Hamidreza Tabibi
Abstract
After the Industrial Revolution, advancement in industry and technology was coupled with population growth, and rural-urban immigration caused the extreme expansion of cities. Moreover, the rapid growth of urbanization in coastal areas and conflict of interest between the stakeholders has imposed extreme ...
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After the Industrial Revolution, advancement in industry and technology was coupled with population growth, and rural-urban immigration caused the extreme expansion of cities. Moreover, the rapid growth of urbanization in coastal areas and conflict of interest between the stakeholders has imposed extreme ecological pressure on this fragile ecosystem, which indicates the contrast between cities and coastal environments. According to records from the Statistical Centre of Iran, the coastal city of Deylam, Iran, located in Bushehr Province, has been struggling with population and immigration growth during the past six decades. Since the common expansion pattern of coastal cities is linear, where they are distributed along the coast, any attempt against the urban sprawl of coastal cities will clearly benefit the coastal ecosystem. In this research, the urban sprawl of Deylam was investigated for an approximate time span of ten years using quantitative data and a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, the prevalence of urban sprawl in the area under investigation was first verified using Shannon’s entropy method. Subsequently, the share of horizontal urban growth, which has faced Deylam with urban sprawl, was specified using the Holdren model. Next, the rate of horizontal growth for the period of investigation was calculated for the first time through application of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System to a study of horizontal urban growth. Eventually, the optimum size of Deylam for the investigation period was obtained through subtraction of the share of growth calculated by the Holdren model from the total growth of the city, provided then through maps generated using ArcGIS 10. According to the calculations made using Shannon’s entropy, Deylam was expanded extensively at the beginning of the investigation period (i.e., February 16, 2005), undergoing 80.14 percent its maximum possible urban sprawl. Moreover, 62.9 percent of the urban growth of the city in the investigation period resulted from the population growth, based on the Holdren model; therefore, 37.1 percent of the total growth is responsible for the urban sprawl of the city. The results demonstrated that Deylam has experienced growth rates of 19.08 and 23.11 m/year at its northern and southern edges with standard deviations of 4.5 and 4.1, respectively. At the northern edge, the growth rate of 7.08 m/year is due to the urban sprawl, and the 12-m/year rate has resulted from the population growth. Along the same lines at the southern edge of the city, the growth rate of 8.57 m/year is due to the urban sprawl, and the 14.54-m/year rate has resulted from the population growth. The western and eastern edges of Deylam have not developed during the investigation period, because there have been natural barriers in these parts. Since the presented framework, implemented in this study, is easy to apply, and the procedure of calculation is clear, it may provide contributions in projects involving prevention of urban sprawl.
Urban Planning
Seyyed Jamal Seyyed Hashemi; Hamidreza Jayhani
Abstract
In the second half of the past century, urban development programs, including master and comprehensive plans, have led to extensive intervention in ancient cities, while the construction of streets had already led to substantial changes therein. An examination of the interventions indicates their inefficiency ...
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In the second half of the past century, urban development programs, including master and comprehensive plans, have led to extensive intervention in ancient cities, while the construction of streets had already led to substantial changes therein. An examination of the interventions indicates their inefficiency in solving urban problems. At the same time, these interventions have led to new issues, including a lack of integrity in the historic urban areas and their fabrics. In this article, the impact of the new streets in the Sultan Mir Ahmad neighborhood in the city of Kashan, Iran was investigated. The process of urban changes in Kashan was organic until the early 20th century, limited to areas around the heart of the city, the historic bazaar, and the governmentcitadel. Subsequently, the pattern of urban development changed, and construction of straight, long streets was prioritized in line with the growing trend of modernization and the expansion of automobile use. The two streets of Fazel Naraqi and Alavi have been constructed with an interval of about two decades near the Sultan Mir Ahmad neighborhood. One is located to the north of the neighborhood, and the other separates a part of the area from its larger part. This article sought to study how the two streets influence the spatial structure of the Sultan Mir Ahmad neighborhood. For a thorough analysis of the changes that have occurred, the space syntax method was used. Therefore, axial maps of Kashan were provided for three periods: the 1920s, 1960s, and 2010s. Then, the area under investigation was analyzed using integration, depth, and choice as indicators. The results demonstrated an enhancement in global integration as a result of the construction of the Fazel Naraqi and Alavi streets. It should be noted, however, that the impacts of the two streets are different. Alavi Street has had a greater influence due to its proximity to the center of the neighborhood and intersection with its main paths. Subsequently, it was found through an investigation of the local integration and choice indicators that the center of the region had lost its original position, and that Alavi Street had come to be known as the most crowded, most accessible route in the region as the new center of the urban area, with the old heart of the neighborhood turned into a sub-center. In fact, two events have occurred along with the emergence of the development plans and construction of straight streets at the heart of the fabric. Firstly, the construction of streets nearthe neighborhood intersecting its major paths has led to an increase in accessibility and integrity and a decrease in the depth of the urban area. At the same time, however, part of the neighborhood that is adjacent to new communication routes has experienced increased permeability and accessibility. This has caused the inner parts of the neighborhood, including the historic center, to lose their positions in the urban spatial structure and turn into sub-centers.
Urban Planning
Zahra Azad; Parvin Partovi; Susan Bastani
Abstract
With the paradigm change in urban planning in the 1980s, the community has assumed a central role. As a result, the community provides the smallest scale for urban planning in recent theories such as communicative planning theory, collaborative planning theory, multicultural planning, transactive planning, ...
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With the paradigm change in urban planning in the 1980s, the community has assumed a central role. As a result, the community provides the smallest scale for urban planning in recent theories such as communicative planning theory, collaborative planning theory, multicultural planning, transactive planning, and argumentative planning. Following the changes in urban planning throughout the world ever since 2000, particular attention has been paid to the community in urban planning around Iran, where the concept of community has been controversial. While some Iranian experts support the idea that the notion of neighborhood can be used instead of community, others deploy different conceptions of community in western urban sociology regardless of the social, cultural, economic, and political context of Iranian cities. As a result, neither community-based studies nor urban plans are sufficiently successful. For appropriate application of the notion of community, therefore, it is necessary to find out which conception of community can best be adapted to the Iranian urban planning system. Before this question can be answered, three fundamental inquiries need to be addressed: (1) what are the assumptions behind deployment of community theories in urban planning? (2) what does community mean in the new urban planning paradigm? and (3) what does community mean in the context of Iranian cities? This research was conducted to answer the first question. Thus, the study began with an account of community theories through an examination of accredited documents with an emphasis on urban sociology. The theories reviewed here included Tonnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft, Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity, Urban Community of Chicago School, Network Community, Personal Community, Cultural Community, Political Community, Post-modern Community, and Virtual Community. The similarities and differences between the conceptions of community were identified through a variation-finding comparative analysis of the theories. Then, the reasons behind these similarities and differences were derived from both narrative reviews and comparative analyses using qualitative content analysis. According to the comparison results, the similarities and differences were rooted in three major factors: (1) the dominant theoretical bases of each theory, (2) the dominant paradigm and approach of each theory, and (3) the social, economic, cultural, and political changes in the world at the time when the theory had been developed. In other words, each theory gave an account of the community in a specific social, economic, and political context, deploying a particular paradigm and sociological approach; thus, a theory of the community should be used that best fitted both the expert theoretical insight and the context the community is located in. Based on these results, three factors need to be taken into consideration for deployment of the western conceptions of community: (1) the social, cultural, economic, and political context of the target city or neighborhood, (2) the urban planning theory of the research or the plan, and (3) the purposes of the research or plan development. A combination of these three factors could contribute to the process through which the appropriate theory of community could be selected for investigation of the notion in specific contexts.
Urban Planning
Mehdi Moeini; Bahareh Ebrahimpour
Abstract
Following the industrial revolution, the development of urbanization, and the expansion of cities, the oldest form of human movement, i.e. walking, was replaced with the use of automobiles. Therefore, the ease of traverse for pedestrians around cities is less significant now than a century ago. Today, ...
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Following the industrial revolution, the development of urbanization, and the expansion of cities, the oldest form of human movement, i.e. walking, was replaced with the use of automobiles. Therefore, the ease of traverse for pedestrians around cities is less significant now than a century ago. Today, there is a growing interest in enhancement of walking habits in urban areas in order to reduce pollution and other problems associated with motor transportation and to improve public health. Therefore, the issue of walking habits has been included on the agendas of many cities. Highlighting its significance, a large number of studies have been conducted around the world and in Iran over the past few decades to address the issue. The increasing trend in the past decade in the publication of high-quality articles addressing the topic of pedestrians demonstrates its importance and the expert concern for it in the field of urban planning and design. The present article aimed to investigate the issue of pedestrians quantitatively and qualitatively, analyzing and interpreting research published in Iran as high-quality articles and to avoid unnecessary replication in the field. It involved meta-synthesis, using encoding to analyze and interpret previous studies. Thisprovided a valuable opportunity for researchers to access an overview of the existing research activity, which could be very useful and effective in definition of research projects and adoption of new orientations on specific topics. The present paper resulted from an investigation of 80 high-quality articles focused on pedestrians, and sought to draft a vision on pedestrian research by studying the structures and contents of relevant high-quality Persian papers. The results of the research indicated that the volume of pedestrian research has been growing rapidly in the past two decades, with orientations toward walkability and footpaths. In most articles focused excessively on footpaths, however, promotion of walkability in cities to a basic level with the aim of improving quality and meeting the needs of citizens has been neglected. In fact, pedestrian research should be focused not only on expansion of footpaths but also on flexibility in promotion of the basic principles of walkability and, consequently, the desire to walk around cities, of which footpaths are only a part. The most important issues found through a review of the existing pedestrian studies include the unnecessary replication of the contents of pedestrian research, repetitive selection of case studies, application of inconsistent terminology, and lack of concern for particular target groups including children, women, and the disabled. The review also indicated that the majority of the studies had been conducted only at the micro-scale (sidewalk-street), and no mention was found of other types of space used for pedestrians, such as neighborhoods. Many articles have dealt with the issue of pedestrians in isolation, while pedestrian studies are part of the research on transportation systems, and need to be linked to investigations of other modes of transportation. Finally, the most common topics associated with the issue of pedestrians were extracted, including activity-behavior, vision and perspective, social issues, environmental qualities, safety and security, health, and tourism. Thus, future research will need to disregard repetitive topics and focus instead on other relevant, influential issues in the area.
Urban Planning
boshra mohajer; zahed shafiee; alireza khaje ahmad attari; mohammad taghi toghraee
Abstract
Tourism is an inclusive, public industry that needs to consider all the sectors of the society regardless of age, race, or gender. Tourism and travel must be accessible to all people, including those with disabilities, the elderly, and children. Therefore, it must be an intrinsic part of any responsible, ...
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Tourism is an inclusive, public industry that needs to consider all the sectors of the society regardless of age, race, or gender. Tourism and travel must be accessible to all people, including those with disabilities, the elderly, and children. Therefore, it must be an intrinsic part of any responsible, sustainable tourism policy or strategy. Children are the present and future tourists, who play an important role in destination management. Since they are an important part of the society, it is a requirement to pay attention to the promotion of their creativity, where art can play an important role. Art is a means for creative self-expression. For children, art can be a wonderful emotional outlet that promotes personal reflection, communication skills, and self-esteem. Promotion of creativity and engagement in artistic activities has been shown to stimulate growth in important cognitive areas. On the other hand, tourism has been redirected from cultural tourism, as the second generation, towards creative tourism, as the third generation. Creative tourism has turned away from tangible heritage and sightseeing towards more intangible cultural and authentic experiences. Therefore, it has attracted more attention, as tourists are looking for more authentic, meaningful experiences. Tourist destinations compete to introduce themselves as creative ones in order to meet the needs of travelers, accelerate their economy, and restructure themselves through cultural regeneration. The present paper sought to identify children as emerging markets for creative tourism and specify its key components and to examine the factors effective on child-based creative tourism. Creative tourists are the creators of their own experiences; therefore, they must act as a homogeneous group of producers with creative ideas about their creative experiences. A creative city in the field of crafts, the city of Isfahan, Iran has the potential to become a creative tourism destination based on handicrafts and folk arts, which also seeks to join child-friendly cities. Local authorities believe that tailoring the notion of child-friendly cities with arts and crafts will help Isfahan improve its image, turning the city into an attractive creative destination for children. As playing games and learning are children’s basic expectations from a child-friendly city, they prefer places that afford them opportunities to play and learn actively. Therefore, crafts and folk arts could play an important role in meeting children’s expectations from Isfahan as a creative destination, because the city is a point of reference in Iran and around the world, also nominated the “World City of Handicraft” by the World Crafts Council. As interaction with crafts is acknowledged as an appropriate tool for playing, it can boost children’s creativity, and provide an opportunity for active learning. The main purpose of this study was to obtain a single definition of child-centered creative tourism. The data were collected using snowball sampling and in-depth interviews with 31 tourism, art and handicraft, and children experts. The research used a qualitative method and the thematic theory approach for the identification of the components. The data were categorized based on open, axial, and selective coding. As a result, five distinct components were identified: travel content, children’s needs, creativity, environment, and stakeholders. Each component included several factors that could provide new information on creative tourism for children. This notion and the findings can help destinations to attract children as creative tourists, and their product update will lead to experience and creativity.
Urban Planning
Elham Ghasemi; Mojtaba Rafieian
Abstract
Urban development is aimed at meeting public interest, but it sometimes leads to conflicts between the goals and accepted results of different groups and contributors. The significance of managing these conflicts as a methodological, practical approach is highlighted by the background of its impacts. ...
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Urban development is aimed at meeting public interest, but it sometimes leads to conflicts between the goals and accepted results of different groups and contributors. The significance of managing these conflicts as a methodological, practical approach is highlighted by the background of its impacts. Recent models of conflict management include public-private partnership in urban development (3P) and public-private-people partnership (partnership model) (4P). Public-private-people partnership is a new concept in urban planning, establishing new ways to improve the inclusion of various public-sector actors, private actors, residents, NGOs, and other civil-society actors in planning processes. The notion of 4P has arisen partly to respond to the criticism of public-private partnerships for insufficient inclusion of citizens, NGOs, and other actors in the civil society, and is used to refer to a variety of processes involving public actors, private actors, citizens, and NGOs in urban planning. For an understanding of 4Ps, it is useful to have a basic understanding of the background of public-private partnerships. In general, partnerships are urban development tools involving changes where strategic planning arises alongside more traditional land-use planning, and the roles of public- and private-sector actors, residents, and associations are reassessed and changed in a process that is perceived as a shift from government to governance. The concept of governance focuses on the interplay between the public sector and other actors in a situation where the public sector is no longer delivering all public goods and instead has the role of coordinating public actors at different levels and private actors and other partners. Central in the shift from government to governance is also the blending of public and private resources for delivery of public goods. In high-standard urban development projects, therefore, where common visions are created, and conflicting goals are managed, the strengths of each type of actor are utilized. The government provides the resources and a long-term development framework, and citizen initiatives organize and activate citizens to act, while companies provide the kinds of service that are demanded, and produce tax revenues for the government.This applied, perceptual research uses a qualitative method involving interpretation, and provides descriptions of the 3P and 4P aspects, addressing conflict management in the new 4P model using library documentation and a simple overview. For data collection in a case study of Jahan-Nama Citadel in the city of Isfahan, Iran, a semi-structured interview method was used to identify the problems with the project and to specify the conflicts between actors, including beneficiaries and stakeholders. Finally, the intergroup conflicts in the project were analyzed using the achievement matrix. The inter-organizational conflicts between the public and private sectors and the groups of people in the project were considered in three areas: land ownership (the land owners in the caravanserai), the type of land use proposed for the area (switching from green space to cultural and, ultimately, commercial uses), and the physical type of construction of the citadel, (regardless of the Naghshe Jahan Square skyline altitude). It was concluded that both the public and private sectors and different groups of people involved in the design and planning process have caused conflicts through their failure to recognize the actors in the Jahan-Nama Citadel project and to consider partnership in a wider sense (sharing the profits and losses and innovations of the plan), which has hindered achievement of the plan objectives.
Urban Planning
hossein mosharaf dehkordi; esmail shieh
Abstract
Nowadays, it is one of the most important urban development strategies to increase the quality of the environment with the pedestrian approach. Pedestrian networks play an important role in urban regeneration by increasing social and cultural interaction. Sidewalks, which connect people to the environment, ...
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Nowadays, it is one of the most important urban development strategies to increase the quality of the environment with the pedestrian approach. Pedestrian networks play an important role in urban regeneration by increasing social and cultural interaction. Sidewalks, which connect people to the environment, can pave the way for public participation and facilitate the achievement of urban regeneration goals. Clearly, it is possible to enhance pedestrian axes and other urban spaces given users’ matching criteria and various needs. In this paper, the central texture of Shahrekord, which contains features such as proper access to natural resources, prominent historic monuments, specific behavior settings, and appropriate cultural communications, was selected as a case study. The aim of the paper was to identify areas that are prone to development of pedestrian networks with an emphasis on effective measures taken in the field. In this applied descriptive-analytical method, the data were collected and ranked using a questionnaire. In fact, what distinguishes this research from others is that planning was based here on criteria found by local experts as more important in the development of the sidewalk network. Given that it is effective in the physical, social, economic, and environmental fields to promote pedestrian indicators, the results of the present study could enhance certain sustainable urban development infrastructures, such as social security, the environment, and the urban economy. Studies have demonstrated that the traffic network in the central part of Shahrekord is composed of routes with relatively diverse structures, each with its own strengths and weaknesses for turning into a sidewalk. For evaluation and prioritization of the potential areas, therefore, it was necessary first to identify the appropriate criteria for such areas and then to estimate the level of availability of each criterion for different routes based on distressed-area studies, field observations, and interviews. First, the theoretical foundations were reviewed, the effective criteria for increasing pedestrianization were identified, and a questionnaire was developed according to the proposed components. Then, we measured the significance of the criteria using the Delphi method and the Likert scale. The average weight of each criterion after numerical normalization was between zero and one, which provided an effective measure in location of the pedestrian network. The results of the research indicated that safety, comfort, and attraction exhibited the greatest impacts among the fifteen selected criteria on the increase in pedestrianization in the area under study. For specification of the capability of each route, Expert Choice was used, where the score for each route was calculated through application of the coefficient of significance of each criterion. A comparison of the final scores indicated that the historical axes of Aghabozorg, Valiye Asr Street, and Mellat Street were the best options to turn into pedestrian axes. Finally, suggestions were made for enhancement of the pedestrian network in the area. These included reduction of traffic to increase pedestrian safety, change of land use on the main route to increase owners’ willingness to invest and participation, provision of new opportunities to increase citizens’ attendance through enhancement of supportive spaces over the pedestrian network, establishment of new construction laws to protect historic monuments and valuable public spaces.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Masoud; Shirzad Yazdani; Mostafa Behzadfar
Abstract
Iran’s urban planning system has undergone many changes in recent decades. An issue that has had a significant impact on the development of Iranian cities has been that of building density in urban development plans. In order to address the issue, the present article was aimed at specifying the ...
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Iran’s urban planning system has undergone many changes in recent decades. An issue that has had a significant impact on the development of Iranian cities has been that of building density in urban development plans. In order to address the issue, the present article was aimed at specifying the density of residential buildings in comprehensive plans of Iran’s provincial capitals since the preparation of the first plan so far and providing a typology thereof and explaining its features. This original descriptive-analytical article adopted a documentary data collection method with direct reference to access the data, analyzed simply through description of the relationships between them. The findings indicated that five different types of residential building density specification method could be identified: Traditional Method (with three subtypes: Reduction, Incremental, and Three-Level), Floating Method, Strategic-Structural Method, Combined Method, and Other Methods. On that basis, a historical trend was identified in the proposed typology, where each type or subtype in a certain period of the timeline has the greatest impact in specification of the density of residential buildings in cities. Moreover, the study of the historical evolution of such types demonstrated that laws approved by the upper hand and regulations concerning the issue of building density have functioned as turning points for application of these methods in Iran’s comprehensive urban plans. The adoption of the Regulations for Increasing Density and High-Rise Buildings by the Iranian Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning in 1990 turned the inverse relationship between the two variables of parcel size and building density into a direct relationship. This resulted in the development of open spaces and increase in building density in the municipal rules and regulations for construction and urban planning, considered particularly in the theoretical foundations and development patterns in plans. Another important factor in the shift from traditional to three-tier subtypes was the Rules and Regulations for Cities’ Residential Zoning to Apartment Complexes, Multi-households, and Single Units to Preserve Neighborhood Rights in Residential Units, ratified in 1992. Along with the earlier regulations, these induced a lasting change in the approach adopted in the plan to the issue of specifying building density. This approach causes the increase in the density of buildings to be conditioned upon increase in outdoor space, decrease in the level of residential infrastructure, avoidance of segregation, and observance of neighborhood rights through provision of light and sun and avoidance of overlook. Another influential factor that has led to the creation of a strategic-structural type involves the (Comprehensive) Strategic-Structural Plan of the city of Tehran, ratified in 2007, which was followed by nearly all the subsequent plans. Finally, the comprehensive plans of Tehran in 1969, 1991, and 2007 have played an important role in specification of density in other plans, where the widespread zoning of building density began from the comprehensive plan of Tehran ratified in 1969. In general, the study of density specification experiences in provincial capitals can provide urban planners and designers with guidelines for specification of the density of residential buildings. Thus, they can pathologize the existing methods and provide optimal density specification methods based on the requirements of each city and the internal and external advantages, so as to achieve the correct forecast in the use of resources, lands, natural environments, and infrastructures according to population capacity and upper-hand rules.