Motaleate Shahri

Urban Design

Evaluation of the Impact of Urban Geometric Transformation on Microclimatic Conditions and Thermal Comfort (Case Study: Sang-e Siah Historical Quarter, Shiraz)

Kimia Haghnegahdar; mahsa sholeh; Sahand Lotfi; Alireza Sadeghi

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 3-18

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.140859.5017

Abstract

Highlights- The historical design of the Sang-e Siah neighborhood passively harmonized with climatic conditions, ensuring high spatial quality and thermal comfort.- Physical modifications in Shiraz's historical urban fabric have weakened the ability of urban geometry to regulate microclimatic conditions ... Read More Highlights- The historical design of the Sang-e Siah neighborhood passively harmonized with climatic conditions, ensuring high spatial quality and thermal comfort.- Physical modifications in Shiraz's historical urban fabric have weakened the ability of urban geometry to regulate microclimatic conditions effectively.- Neglecting the microclimatic effects of urban geometry leads to a decline in both thermal comfort and environmental quality in urban open spaces.- The principles embedded in Shiraz's historical urban design provide valuable insights for sustainable and climate-responsive urban development.IntroductionThe rapid pace of urbanization and its associated environmental challenges, coupled with the rising demand for energy to regulate thermal conditions, have underscored the necessity of addressing the microclimatic consequences of urban development. Given the increasing global temperatures and the urgency of climate adaptation, it is essential to examine the impact of urban form on microclimatic conditions and thermal comfort.The historical urban fabric of Shiraz, particularly in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood, represents an exemplary case of passive adaptation to climatic conditions. Through careful spatial planning, traditional urban layouts optimized thermal comfort by minimizing solar exposure and enhancing ventilation. However, recent modifications to the city's historical districts have undermined these adaptive strategies, leading to increased urban heat stress and a reduction in outdoor comfort levels.Meteorological records from Shiraz indicate a persistent rise in average temperatures, aligning with global climate change trends. These data highlight the importance of incorporating climate-sensitive urban design strategies to improve thermal comfort. The traditional design of Shiraz’s historic districts, characterized by narrow alleys, shaded pathways, and strategically oriented streets, exemplifies an effective response to the city's climatic challenges. This study aims to quantitatively assess the impact of geometric transformations in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood on microclimatic conditions and thermal comfort.Theoretical FrameworkUrban geometry consists of key parameters such as the sky view factor (SVF), height-to-width (H/W) ratio, and street orientation, all of which play a critical role in influencing climatic factors such as solar radiation exposure, wind flow, temperature distribution, and humidity retention. These elements collectively determine the thermal comfort of outdoor urban spaces.A reciprocal relationship exists between urban microclimates and broader climatic systems, with urban geometry serving as a crucial intermediary. By adopting climate-responsive urban design principles, planners and designers can mitigate unfavorable microclimatic effects, ensuring more livable and thermally comfortable urban environments. This study examines the extent to which changes in urban form influence these parameters and provides recommendations for sustainable urban planning practices.MethodologyThis research employs a descriptive-analytical approach and falls within the category of applied studies. Data collection was carried out through a combination of historical document analysis, field surveys, and meteorological data evaluation. The ENVI-met software, a highly reliable microclimate simulation tool, was utilized to model the impact of physical alterations on thermal comfort in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood.To ensure the accuracy of the findings, simulated results were compared against on-site temperature, humidity, and wind speed measurements. The study focused on the hottest day of the year—July 1, 2022—to capture extreme temperature conditions and their effects on urban microclimates. This methodological approach provides a robust basis for assessing the thermal performance of the historical urban geometry and its contemporary modifications.Discussion and FindingsThe findings of this study underscore the significant impact of geometric transformations in the neighborhood on microclimatic conditions. Specifically, the increase in SVF and the reduction in H/W ratios have resulted in the following effects:Elevated ambient temperatures due to increased exposure to solar radiation.Enhanced radiant heat effects, leading to a measurable decline in thermal comfort.Increased wind speeds in specific areas, contributing to dust dispersion while simultaneously reducing humidity levels.Decreased humidity, which intensifies heat stress and exacerbates outdoor discomfort.These combined effects have significantly reduced outdoor thermal comfort in the study area. The results emphasize the importance of maintaining traditional urban design principles to ensure microclimatic stability in historic districts.ConclusionThis study confirms that urban geometry variables such as SVF, H/W ratio, and street orientation play a fundamental role in shaping microclimatic conditions. The historical structures in Shiraz were designed in harmony with local climatic conditions, employing passive cooling strategies that enhanced thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. However, modern transformations—particularly the widening of streets and reductions in building heights—have disrupted this balance, exacerbating urban heat stress.To promote sustainable urban development, urban planners and designers should integrate lessons from Shiraz’s historical urban fabric. Strategies such as limiting SVF through shaded pathways, maintaining optimal H/W ratios for improved thermal regulation, and orienting streets to maximize natural ventilation can serve as effective guidelines for improving urban thermal comfort in Shiraz and other arid cities experiencing similar climatic challenges.

Urban Planning

Re-examining the ontology of new urban neighborhoods on the basis of the social dimensions of traditional neighborhoods

Fatemeh Shams; Mohammad Reza Pourjafar; Seyed Mahdi Khatami; ali soltani

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 19-34

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.141272.5046

Abstract

Highlights- The prevailing understanding of neighborhoods has lacked a dialectical perspective and has been devoid of social and semantic layers.- Over time, the concept of a neighborhood has evolved from a purely physical entity to a more complex semantic, perceptual, and mental construct.- The traditional ... Read More Highlights- The prevailing understanding of neighborhoods has lacked a dialectical perspective and has been devoid of social and semantic layers.- Over time, the concept of a neighborhood has evolved from a purely physical entity to a more complex semantic, perceptual, and mental construct.- The traditional neighborhood, as an identifiable civic entity, comprises four key elements: space, time, citizen, and activity.- Revisiting the core themes of the social ontology of traditional neighborhoods can contribute to the revitalization of contemporary urban neighborhoods.- The social capacities and sociability of a neighborhood form the fundamental themes of the social ontology of traditional neighborhoods.IntroductionOver the past decades, numerous discussions have attempted to define the concept of a neighborhood. Initially, the definition of a neighborhood was rooted in the principle of separation, emphasizing the presence of social boundaries. However, as urban development advanced, the transformation of neighborhoods in the modern era signaled the emergence of new conceptualizations, where planning and design often preceded social structures.Despite extensive academic discourse, a universally accepted definition of a neighborhood remains elusive. Examining the spatial aspects of neighborhoods requires a well-defined theoretical framework that captures the lived experiences of residents and the interrelationship between people, activities, and spaces. The ambiguity in defining neighborhoods stems from the absence of a standardized conceptual framework, resulting in varied interpretations and applications across disciplines. This challenge has hindered the ability of urban scholars to fully grasp the implications of neighborhood effects on social interactions and urban cohesion.Theoretical FrameworkNeighborhoods have long been a focal point of social science research. Sociologists have regarded neighborhoods as "genuine phenomena" with intrinsic social significance. The scientific study of neighborhoods as independent subjects gained traction in the late 19th century. By the 1960s, the concept of the neighborhood had gained prominence within professional communities, yet definitions increasingly overlooked its locational aspects.In the 21st century, social theorists revisited early neighborhood conceptualizations, such as those formulated by the Chicago School, which emphasized demographic characteristics as defining factors. This approach viewed neighborhoods primarily through socio-economic, moral, and racial transformations. However, the perception of neighborhoods gradually shifted from being purely physical constructs to more perceptual and mental entities, characterized by four key dimensions: space, time (history), citizens (individuals, groups, and institutions), and activities or functions.Historical research suggests that the concept of a neighborhood is best understood as a dynamic and evolving process. The "accumulation of similar behavioral patterns" and a "valued perception of a fixed territory" contribute to the neighborhood's identity. Modernity has introduced additional complexities, reinforcing the importance of reevaluating traditional neighborhood frameworks.MethodologyThis study is classified as fundamental research with a qualitative approach. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, it employs a systematic review and thematic analysis technique to analyze 36 primary sources. The research follows a six-step process:Immersion in the dataGeneration of primary codesIdentification of themesExamination and refinement of themesDefinition and naming of themesReport preparationResults and DiscussionThe research findings indicate that the social ontology of traditional neighborhoods revolves around two main themes:Capacities of Local Communities, encompassing:Social attachment, which includes attitudinal and behavioral attachment, neighborhood satisfaction, emotional investment, preservation of neighborhood assets, social belonging, pride, and the willingness to defend neighborhood boundaries.Social cohesion, which involves fostering deep interpersonal bonds, shared traditions, community participation, and a collective sense of kinship.Community Neighborhood Acceptance, comprising:Social obligations, which include collective goals, participatory social practices, neighborhood honor, tolerance, mutual trust, crisis unity, and resident engagement in shaping the neighborhood’s future.Public good and empowerment, which pertains to the enhancement of interpersonal resources, skill development, neighborhood loyalty, social support systems, local entrepreneurship, and the sustainability of cultural and economic self-sufficiency.These thematic elements highlight the critical role of neighborhood sociability in fostering cohesive, resilient, and sustainable urban communities. The study underscores that social attachment and cohesion serve as foundational elements for the vitality of traditional neighborhoods.ConclusionThis study aimed to reinterpret the concept of the traditional neighborhood and examine its transformation across different historical periods. By exploring the social aspects of traditional neighborhoods, it identified four primary components that shape their ontology: space, time, citizen, and activity. These elements interact dynamically, influencing both urban structure and citizenship practices.Over time, the understanding of neighborhoods has transitioned from being purely physical constructs to more semantic, perceptual, and mental entities. However, despite this conceptual evolution, neighborhoods remain tangible manifestations of social and spatial dynamics. The increasing divergence between social and physical structures, coupled with enhanced mobility and technological advancements, has complicated the definition and lived experience of neighborhoods in contemporary urban contexts.The findings suggest that revitalizing urban neighborhoods requires a return to the foundational principles of traditional neighborhood design. By integrating social ontology into modern urban planning, policymakers and designers can cultivate more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban environments.

Islamic- Iranian Cities

Components of Semantic Perception of Transcendental Place: Phenomenological Interpretation of the Symbolic Historical Centers of Isfahan

seyed mojtaba hosseini; Mahmud Rezaei; Alireza Bandarabad

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 35-50

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.141819.5068

Abstract

Highlights- The Iranian-Islamic utopia of Isfahan features symbolic historical centers rooted in narrative-mystical, rational-philosophical, and Intuitive paradigms. Beyond the semantic components of the place, it also encompasses spiritual dimensions.- Spiritual perception in historical symbolic ... Read More Highlights- The Iranian-Islamic utopia of Isfahan features symbolic historical centers rooted in narrative-mystical, rational-philosophical, and Intuitive paradigms. Beyond the semantic components of the place, it also encompasses spiritual dimensions.- Spiritual perception in historical symbolic centers can be explored by referencing "meta-place" components, such as a language intended for the audience.- The "meta-place" language may shift the "agency" of the place from an "iconic” mode into a "symbolic" one, allowing the audience's "activism" to engage in a state of "becoming" rather than merely "being." As a result, all experiences become detached from perception except for the experience of "no-thingness" or a sense of uniqueness. Ultimately, it culminates in a heightened state of spiritual perception.IntroductionHistorical cities, and the utopia of Isfahan in particular, feature symbolic centers with values that transcend time and space. These values emerge from a fusion of narrative-mystical, rational-philosophical, and Intuitive paradigms. In contrast to such deeply semantic historical urban planning and architecture, modern urban planning has generalized human needs into materialistic demands, often neglecting historical continuity. This shift has led to the excessive dispersion of people and activities, creating identity-less built environments.Historical symbolic centers offer meaning and provide spaces that sustain life. This phenomenon is vividly manifested in Isfahan’s symbolic centers, which have been preserved to this day. Thus, studying Isfahan’s historical centers provides a meaningful case for understanding value-creating rules. This research examines the symbolic historical centers of Isfahan by analyzing the city’s development during the Al-Buyyid and Safavid periods, revealing the semantic perception embedded in these spaces. These places hold identity through fantasy, thought, and historical continuity, shaping unique urban experiences.Theoretical FrameworkThe sense of place consists of three key components: physical, social, and conceptual. These elements have been widely analyzed in architectural and urban planning studies. However, most research has examined them in isolation, without integrating all three into a phenomenological model that accounts for intuitive perception in Iranian historical places. This study addresses this gap by proposing a metaspatial ontology of place perception, as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Perception of Dimensions of Place with a Metaspatial OntologySemantic PerceptionSensory PerceptionSpatial PerceptionImagination – Creating imagesReadability, memories, ritual establishmentMental perceptionsThe unity of the observer and the viewPeace, comfort, people's actionsSocial perceptionsLife, natural and climatic comfortBody quality, variety, coveragePhysical perceptionsThe world of the senses and the world of intuitionVisual diversityMorphology and spatial openness/closureThe journey from material to spiritual worldsSpatial confinementSpatial order and authenticityMethodologyThis study employs a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, utilizing historical-interpretive methods and an in-depth case study strategy. The analysis is based on a systematic review of historical texts and field observations. The symbolic historical centers of Isfahan—including the Old Square, Bazaar, and Naghsh-e Jahan Square—were selected for study based on direct observation, first-hand researcher experience, and audience perceptions.Results and DiscussionThe semantic perception of Isfahan’s symbolic historical centers arises from an interplay of semantic and sensory components. A transspatial language—characterized by its spatial transcendence and actionability—forms the foundation for an enriched semantic experience, adaptable to different existential perspectives. This perception is shaped by linguistic elements, including trans-spatial stability, trans-functional-social dynamics, metamorphological positioning, individualistic semantics, and metaspatial typology.Table 2: Coding of Semantic Perception Components in Isfahan’s Symbolic Historical CentersLinguistic Components of PlaceSelected CodesPivotal CodesUrban Space Open CodesIsfahan Historical Center Open CodesTrans-contextual sustainabilityActionPossible-liquidPeace/Nature/ComfortManifestation of heaven on earth in Baghshahr and Chaharbagh; Si-o-Se Pol’s role in urban unityTransfunctional-socialFluidityDialogue/AttractionSociability/Dynamics/DiversityUnity of nation, religion, and politics; Integration of material and spiritual elementsMetavisual imageryFantasyPerspective/IdentityHistorical identity/MemoryVisual complexity and spatial continuityMetaphysical positioningTransfigurationSymbolHistoricity/Unity of BeingSpatial structure, coherence, and hierarchical balanceHyperspace typologySacrednessAuthenticityWisdom/Enclosure/IdentityConnection between earthly and celestial realms, cosmic design principlesConclusionIn traditional Iranian cities, perception was deeply intertwined with the components of place, resulting in a supraspatial aspect that extended beyond material existence. This quality, rooted in Islamic-Iranian ontology and epistemology, enables the recreation of ancient symbolic centers by focusing on linguistic, agency, and action concepts. The historical centers of Isfahan function as a symbolic language, embodying a profound grammar that connects the earthly and celestial realms. In contrast, contemporary urban centers often lack this depth due to the absence of such a foundational language.

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Urban Tourism

Analysing the feasibility of child-friendly tourism development indicators in a commercial complex in Yazd

leila Oveisi; akbar Pourfaraj; mohammadamir oveisi

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 51-66

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.139863.4992

Abstract

Key Highlights- Examination of child-friendly tourism in commercial and recreational complexes.- Identification of 39 key indicators for child-centered design and planning.- Application of a mixed-method approach (Thematic Analysis and FMEA) for prioritization.- Recommendations for private and public ... Read More Key Highlights- Examination of child-friendly tourism in commercial and recreational complexes.- Identification of 39 key indicators for child-centered design and planning.- Application of a mixed-method approach (Thematic Analysis and FMEA) for prioritization.- Recommendations for private and public sector collaboration to enhance child tourism.- Emphasis on comprehensive design to improve the family and child experience in urban environments. IntroductionChildren, as the bridge between past and future generations, are highly vulnerable and possess unique needs, attitudes, and expectations. The rise of child-friendly tourism is a response to the modern need for structured leisure opportunities, influenced by lifestyle changes such as the shift from extended to nuclear families, increased migration and urbanization, apartment living, and reduced play spaces for children.Urban expansion, population growth, and evolving patterns of leisure and consumption have made commercial and recreational complexes integral to tourism and urban entertainment. However, inadequate design and failure to address children’s needs in these spaces not only hinder tourism development and community welfare but can also lead to economic, cultural, and social setbacks. Poorly designed spaces contribute to behavioral issues, dissatisfaction among visitors, and diminished overall experiences.Given the competitive nature of the tourism industry, businesses are increasingly focusing on child-centered products and services. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of child-friendly tourism indicators in the Persian Gulf Commercial and Recreational Complex in Yazd, one of the largest urban centers, by identifying key factors influencing child-centered space development. Theoretical FrameworkUrban tourism, particularly in commercial-recreational environments, serves as a catalyst for economic, cultural, and social development. From a child tourism perspective, these spaces should not only be safe but also stimulating and participatory.Previous research highlights the significant impact of child-centered environments on learning, personal growth, and social interactions. Theories from child psychology and urban design emphasize the importance of appropriately scaled spaces and environments that cater to children’s physical, psychological, and social needs. This study employs frameworks related to social justice, participatory design, and sustainable tourism to analyze the development of child-friendly spaces. Research MethodologyThis study employs a mixed-method approach consisting of two main phases: Qualitative Phase:Methodology: Thematic Analysis using Clarke and Braun’s six-stage framework.Data Collection: In-depth interviews with 31 experts in child tourism, architecture, and psychology.Outcome: Identification of 39 indicators categorized into seven key themes:InfrastructureManagementSafetyEducationSocio-Cultural AspectsVisual DesignRecreation Quantitative Phase:Methodology: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for prioritizing indicators based on risk assessment.RPN Calculation:Data Collection: Expert evaluations of the 39 indicators using a 5-point Likert scale.Outcome: Prioritization of key indicators to develop practical policies and strategies. Results and DiscussionFindings indicate that commercial-recreational complexes hold significant potential to become child-friendly spaces, provided that comprehensive planning addresses children’s specific needs. The main indicators identified include:Physical Infrastructure: Easy accessibility, child-friendly restrooms, safe play areas, facilities for children with special needs, and surveillance systems.Management and Planning: Development of guidelines for child-centered spaces, child-friendly marketing, and incentive policies for families.Safety and Security: Installation of safety barriers, regular sanitation, and electronic monitoring systems.Education and Personal Growth: Implementation of creative educational activities, social skill development programs, and interactive play opportunities.Socio-Cultural Needs: Promoting social interactions through group activities, parental involvement in recreational programs, and fostering local cultural values.Visual Design: Use of bright colors, child-appropriate scales, and appealing lighting.Recreation and Events: Organizing competitions, festivals, and artistic activities to strengthen children’s sense of belonging.Prioritization of Indicators Using FMEA:Development of comprehensive child-centered management guidelines (RPN: 370.58)Design of appropriately scaled child spaces (RPN: 368.69)Creation of interactive spaces to enhance place attachment (RPN: 346.99)The results suggest that intelligent and holistic design can significantly improve the family and child experience while increasing the economic and social appeal of these complexes. ConclusionThis study underscores the necessity of developing child-friendly tourism in urban environments and commercial-recreational complexes. These spaces play a critical role in fulfilling the needs of families and children, fostering social interactions, learning, and leisure activities.Key Recommendations:Comprehensive Child-Centered Design: Spaces should be designed with children’s physical, psychological, and social needs in mind, ensuring accessibility, safety, and engagement.Strategic Management and Planning: The development of child-focused management policies and long-term planning is crucial. Public-private sector collaboration can enhance resource allocation.Investment in Safe and Sustainable Infrastructure: Ensuring the presence of safety measures, sanitation, and inclusive play areas can improve family participation and satisfaction.Enhancing Social and Cultural Engagement: Organizing events such as competitions, festivals, and educational programs can enrich children’s social experiences and encourage parental involvement.Economic and Social Benefits for Local Communities: Well-designed commercial-recreational complexes can attract tourists, stimulate local economies, and create employment opportunities.Long-Term Sustainability: As children’s needs evolve alongside technological advancements, continuous investment in research and innovation is vital to maintaining the appeal and functionality of child-friendly spaces.The case study of the Persian Gulf Commercial and Recreational Complex in Yazd demonstrates that with careful planning, these spaces can be transformed into child-friendly destinations. While steps have been taken to integrate child-friendly features, further improvements in management, design, and investment are necessary.This research advocates for urban planners and policymakers to prioritize child-centered design and management as a strategy for enhancing urban quality of life and promoting sustainable tourism. Effective collaboration between government entities, private sectors, and child tourism experts can create inclusive and sustainable environments that increase family satisfaction and boost global competitiveness.

Urban livability

Identification of Homogeneous Climate Response Units in Tehran Metropolitan

Zeinab Kia; Aliakbar Shamsipour; Ghasem Azizi

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.140790.5015

Abstract

Highlights - Tehran exhibits significant climatic diversity due to variations in elevation, morphology, and physical features. - The geomorphological characteristics of Tehran's substratum play a critical role in shaping homogeneous climate response units. - The city's compact urban texture and developmental ... Read More Highlights - Tehran exhibits significant climatic diversity due to variations in elevation, morphology, and physical features. - The geomorphological characteristics of Tehran's substratum play a critical role in shaping homogeneous climate response units. - The city's compact urban texture and developmental patterns contribute significantly to the formation of Tehran's urban heat island. - The climate response units of Tehran are influenced by elevation, surface morphology, and urbanization patterns. - The middle strip of Tehran, featuring hills and constructed parks, creates distinct local climatic conditions. Introduction Understanding the natural characteristics of urban areas, especially their climatic features, is crucial for effective land management. Urban climate plays a fundamental role in shaping ventilation patterns, air quality, and thermal comfort. To enhance urban planning strategies, a suitable climatic classification system is essential for distinguishing different zones based on their environmental conditions. Climatic zoning facilitates the identification of distinct climatic features, enabling region-specific planning and management. Traditional climate zoning methods are insufficient for modern urban environments due to variations in land use, land cover, urban geometry, and structure. This research employs an applied approach, using descriptive and analytical methodologies. The study integrates multiple spatial data layers, including digital elevation models, land use/cover, building density, green spaces, and hydrographic networks, to classify urban climate zones effectively. These parameters provide a comprehensive understanding of Tehran's climatic conditions and their spatial distribution. Study Area Tehran, spanning 615 square kilometers, is situated between mountainous zones and arid plains, leading to diverse climatic conditions. The city's climate is primarily influenced by its topography, with the northern highlands experiencing more favorable conditions than the central and southern low-altitude plains. Local climatic differences arise due to varying land uses, such as green spaces, barren lands, asphalt surfaces, and residential zones. Building density significantly impacts the urban climate, contributing to distinct microclimatic conditions across different localities. The city's morphology and topography play a decisive role in shaping its climatic response units. Discussion A geomorphological map provides valuable insights into the shape, structure, and texture of Tehran’s urban landscape. This map illustrates the relationship between natural features, built environments, and climatic conditions. Different neighborhoods within Tehran exhibit unique topographic characteristics, construction patterns, traffic densities, and accessibility, all of which influence local climate variations. Key homogeneous climate response units in Tehran include mountains (class 3), green spaces (class 16), and riverbeds/lakes (class 17). These units contribute positively to reducing air temperature, enhancing air quality, and promoting natural ventilation. Preserving these areas is crucial for mitigating urban heat island effects and improving urban climate resilience. To assess Tehran’s climate at a localized scale, topographic and urban structural parameters were analyzed. First, the spatial distribution of building density was classified into five distinct groups. Subsequently, a geomorphological map of Tehran was generated, identifying ten morphological classes. By integrating building density and urban geomorphology data, a homogeneous climate response unit (HCR) map was developed. This map serves as a vital tool for understanding and managing Tehran’s urban climate. Conclusion This research introduces a novel approach to urban climate zoning, previously applied in Lisbon, Portugal, for classifying urban climatic conditions. Central Tehran exhibits high building density, limited green spaces, and pronounced urban heat island effects. The primary factors contributing to the urban heat island phenomenon include high population density, intensified urban activities, and dense construction patterns. The geomorphological analysis highlights that central and southern Tehran, particularly districts with minimal green spaces (e.g., District 9), suffer from poor air quality and inadequate natural ventilation. These areas exhibit unfavorable climatic conditions due to high pollution levels, urban congestion, and limited airflow. Conversely, northern Tehran (e.g., Districts 1 and 4) benefits from superior air quality, attributed to its proximity to mountains, river valleys, and extensive green spaces. The prevailing wind direction in Tehran originates from the west, influencing pollutant dispersion patterns. Industrial concentrations in the western parts of the city exacerbate pollution levels in adjacent areas. Consequently, central and southern Tehran require strategic urban interventions to enhance climatic conditions. Recommendations include: - Integrating green spaces on building facades and streets. - Establishing water features such as ponds and fountains to moderate air temperature. - Utilizing reflective and cool materials in urban surfaces to mitigate heat accumulation. - Expanding green areas to improve air quality and humidity levels. - Regulating urban expansion to prevent excessive development in climatically vulnerable zones. - Designing transportation networks to facilitate natural air circulation. In conclusion, effective climate zoning strategies are essential for sustainable urban development in Tehran. Implementing targeted climate-responsive urban planning measures can significantly improve air quality, thermal comfort, and overall environmental conditions in the city.

Urban Planning

Measuribng the Realisation of Social Justice in the Bioethical Behaviour of Citizens: A case study of urban areas in Ardabil

esmail DALIR

Volume 14, Issue 53 , February 2025, Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.140928.5022

Abstract

Highlights - Citizens' bioethics is influenced by various dimensions of social justice. - The habitual practice of bioethical principles is fostered through fairness. - Commitment to alleviating the suffering of others is achieved through equality. - Economic, social, cultural, and educational foundations ... Read More Highlights - Citizens' bioethics is influenced by various dimensions of social justice. - The habitual practice of bioethical principles is fostered through fairness. - Commitment to alleviating the suffering of others is achieved through equality. - Economic, social, cultural, and educational foundations enhance the effectiveness of social justice in bioethics. Introduction Bioethics serves as a fundamental pillar in establishing a moral society and fostering a genuine sense of justice. Addressing social and ethical challenges is a priority for global institutions, including the United Nations, which highlights bioethics as a means to uphold human dignity and equality. A critical aspect of bioethics is its relationship with justice, particularly social justice, which involves the equitable distribution of societal benefits among its members. Bioethical principles must therefore encompass multiple ethical standards such as equality, necessity, capability, effort, and social needs. This study aims to assess the influence of social justice on bioethics and evaluate its realization across the urban areas of Ardabil. Theoretical Framework Potter posits that humanity faces a moral and ethical crisis, impacting not only socio-economic development but also the ethical integrity of society. Bioethics, in this context, serves as a corrective measure to realign individuals with moral principles. Rentorf and Kemp argue that justice should be the ultimate goal of bioethics and biological rights. Social justice, when framed through the principles of fairness, equality, necessity, and economic individualism, significantly strengthens bioethics by promoting respect, non-exploitation, benevolence, and fairness. John Rawls' theory of social justice is foundational to this study, emphasizing two key principles: the principle of freedom and the principle of difference. The latter suggests that social and economic disparities should be structured to ensure equitable opportunities for all. In essence, "fair equality of opportunity" dictates that every individual should have the same chances of success, regardless of their socio-economic status. Methodology This study adopts an applied research approach with a descriptive-analytical method to explore the impact of social justice on bioethics in Ardabil. The degree of social justice realization was measured through four key variables: Fairness (cooperation, benevolence, sympathy, compassion) Equality (equal opportunities, freedom, elimination of discrimination, unity, respect for laws) Necessity (security, participation, health and hygiene, education, equal share) Economic individualism (domestic goods, economic freedom, private property, personal interests, competition) Each variable was assessed using five indicators, resulting in a total of 20 items. A structured questionnaire consisting of 40 research questions, rated on a Likert scale (1=very little to 5=very much), was distributed to a statistically representative sample of 383 individuals drawn from Ardabil's population of 529,374, using the Cochran formula. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Excel, and GIS mapping was employed to rank the urban areas based on their realization of social justice indicators. Results and Discussion Factor analysis revealed that the fairness variable had the highest realization level (16.95), indicating that cooperation, benevolence, sympathy, and compassion were the most influential aspects of bioethics among Ardabil’s citizens. The equality variable ranked second (15.27), reflecting significant social justice elements such as equal opportunities, freedom, elimination of discrimination, and respect for laws. The necessity variable (13.82) took the third place, emphasizing the importance of security, participation, education, health, and equitable distribution of resources. The economic individualism variable ranked lowest (13.73), suggesting that aspects such as private property, economic freedom, and competition had the least impact on bioethical considerations. Using the WASPAS model, the urban areas were ranked as follows based on the realization of social justice indicators: Region 1 - Qi 0.5393 (slightly above average) Region 2 - Qi 0.4258 (42.58% realization of social justice in bioethics) Region 5 - Qi 0.4099 Region 3 - Qi 0.3978 Region 4 - Qi 0.3803 (lowest realization of social justice in bioethics) Conclusion This study underscores the importance of integrating social justice principles into urban planning policies to enhance bioethics among citizens. Addressing social challenges through bioethics must be rooted in justice, ensuring that both individual and collective needs are met through equitable policies and practices. The findings highlight the necessity for targeted interventions to promote fairness, equality, and social well-being across different urban areas.

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

Explaining the Visual Management Process of the Historical Urban Landscape with an Emphasis on Environmental Affordances (Case Study: Zandiyeh Area of Shiraz)

hajar Asadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.139979.4985

Abstract

The visual aspects of historical urban landscapes are often overlooked, which leads to distorted and unclear images of landscapes that are recorded in the minds of citizens. To optimally manage the visual aspects of historical urban landscapes, it is necessary to take into consideration the affordances ... Read More The visual aspects of historical urban landscapes are often overlooked, which leads to distorted and unclear images of landscapes that are recorded in the minds of citizens. To optimally manage the visual aspects of historical urban landscapes, it is necessary to take into consideration the affordances of the urban landscapes. A recent research study was conducted to explain the process of visual management of historical urban landscapes based on environmental affordances in the studied sample. The Zandiyeh area of Shiraz was chosen for the study due to the changes it has undergone in recent development and organization processes. The research aimed to answer two questions: what are the steps of the visual management process, and what is their status? What is the level of environmental affordances in the area? After conducting library studies and identifying the affordances of the environment, the studied area was networked using the "Photo Grid" technique. Experts were then asked to rate each affordance in this area based on images and their previous knowledge, using an image-based questionnaire. Additionally, various steps of the visual management process in Shiraz were evaluated. The results showed that the current situation of the historical urban fabric of Shiraz is plagued with three categories of problems: "Design and Planning Challenges," "Management Challenges," and "Challenges related to Understanding the Context." In the visual management process, the steps of "Developing Visual Protection Goals" and "Landscape Organization" are the least prioritized for action. The research determined the visual management process in historical urban landscapes, which can be used in the Shiraz historical tissue. By emphasizing the step of framing and environmental affordances, it was determined that Zone No. 5 of the Zandiyeh area (the area adjacent to Vakil mosque and bathhouse) has all the affordances at the optimal level, while Zone No. 2 (Divankhaneh area) received a lower score than other parts, which requires more attention.

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Spatial analysis of small-scale agglomeration economies: specialization and diversity of economic activities in Kazeroon city

Gholamreza Moradi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 July 2024

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.141197.5042

Abstract

The agglomeration economies have long been a subject of interest among researchers. Previous studies in this area have primarily focused on the economic aspects at the national, regional, and city levels, with limited attention given to smaller scales, particularly streets. However, in this study, instead ... Read More

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A meta synthesis approach in the field of place making studies with a biophilic approach

elnaz khalili; Seyed Muslim Seyedolhosseini; toktam hanaee; sanaz saeedi mofrad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.140601.5008

Abstract

The continued acceleration of the urbanization process around the world has led to the aggravation of environmental problems and natural environments through standard placement and according to nature-friendly solutions. At the same time, they play an important role in the overall health of urban communities, ... Read More The continued acceleration of the urbanization process around the world has led to the aggravation of environmental problems and natural environments through standard placement and according to nature-friendly solutions. At the same time, they play an important role in the overall health of urban communities, increasing different populations, such as improving air quality. Reduction of carbon and increase of biodiversity, which are the main factors in the quality of urban life in today's cities. The focus is on integrating biophilic design principles.The current research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative nature with a systematic review and qualitative meta-composite using an inductive perspective, as suggested by Sandelowski and Barroso. We conducted a systematic literature search in two Semantic Scholar databases and the Web Of Science website in recent years, with an update of 2023, and the results of each study were analyzed using inductive coding in MaxQDA software.The studies conducted are between 2017 and 2023. The most selected studies in this research belong to 2020, with 36%. The inductive codes of this research were categorized in the form of five main environmental, social, economic, functional, and physical categories and were identified according to the degree of concept similarity in the form of 12 sub-categories. According to the degree of similarity of the sub-categories, they reached 28 indicators. Our study showed that the quality of biophilic placemaking can be related to different levels of connection with nature and human understanding. The literature reports biophilicity and placemaking as independent phenomena, but our results tell a different story, showing that they are actually intertwined and related to environmental quality. This study aims to clarify the search for places that occur between people and natural environments so that future research can use new ideas called biophilic placemaking.

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Communication action in the management of urban projects (case: Zanjan urban management)

Alireza daviran

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.142281.5089

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Today, urban management is facing a multitude of physical, economic, social, and environmental challenges that no matter how many planning policies are formulated to improve them, they face difficulties in implementing them due to inter-departmental (inter-organizational) ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Today, urban management is facing a multitude of physical, economic, social, and environmental challenges that no matter how many planning policies are formulated to improve them, they face difficulties in implementing them due to inter-departmental (inter-organizational) functional challenges. One of the effective methods of urban management is to achieve the integration of thinking in the implementation and management of projects. The integration of thinking is the result of continuous communication and interaction of urban managers and experts in a transparent and practical network, the output of which is action planning. One of the approaches to achieving integration is communicative action, which is rooted in the thoughts of Jürgen Habermars. Communication action is a kind of social action aimed at achieving understanding. In this action, another type of rationality called relational rationality is proposed for governance, which combines knowledge and value and defines spatial planning as a social phenomenon. In this concept, communication is the source of discovering the truth and human wisdom is the product of interactions between people and not the result of political governance or the result of individual reflections. Communication is the source of truth discovery and human wisdom is the product of communication between people. This research, with the necessity that the main challenge of urban management today is in the formulation and writing of plans, but also in the weakness of the interdepartmental communication of different urban managements, has investigated the effect of the application of planning derived from communication action on the preparation and implementation of urban management plans in the case study of Zanjan city. Therefore, the main question of the research is that what is the main challenge of urban management in the internal and inter-organizational sectors in the preparation and implementation of urban projects? How is the action of urban management understood with each other and how can the effect of communication action be in the preparation and implementation of urban projects in different administrations? Methodology The current research is a phenomenological type of qualitative research based on an inductive interpretation method that uses the foundation context approach. According to the mobile and cyclical process of the contextual model, the main method of sampling in grounded theory is theoretical sampling, which has been considered throughout the process of data collection and conducting semi-structured interviews. In this method of sampling, the number of research subjects is not predetermined and sampling continues until a new concept is obtained through interviews and theoretical saturation is achieved. With these conditions, the sample size includes about 45 mid-level managers and experts from 10 executive institutions with continuous communication (roads and urban development, municipality and city council, governorate, water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, engineering system) of Zanjan, who were using a questionnaire. Descriptive and semi-structured interview, required data were obtained. Due to the limitations of the audio and video recording of the interview (mainly due to the reluctance of the interviewees to document the questions), it was tried to build the necessary trust and collect the data without mentioning the name and authority. The method of analyzing the data collected in the database model was such that first the data was open coded, then with axial coding, and finally, the selected category and main concepts were extracted. In such a process, the paradigm model resulting from causal, contextual, intervening, strategic and finally consequential conditions was drawn and explained. To ensure the validity of the research, the technical audit method was used. So that the work steps were confirmed by two experts and familiar with the process of qualitative database analysis. Results and discussion The resulting conditions resulting from the codes, concepts and categories obtained from the database model with paradigms based on causes, context, mediation and strategy in the urban management of Zanjan city show that managers at different middle and high levels depending on the organizational position, basically action and communication interaction They focus on dry administrative structures and prioritize organizational interests. This method of management is more complete with the feeling of fear of losing or demoting responsibility (post, position), the feeling of being reprimanded or being questioned, and it lowers the managerial position to the level of Habermas's instrumental action (that too incompletely). As a result, the consequence of this approach is the formation of the city based on individual thoughts or exclusivity and the formation of citizens' dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the result of the formation of effective communication between city managers can be seen in the qualitative development of some parts of the city, such as the Sabzeh Maidan complex, the sidewalk, the reopening of Zainbiye Street, the completion of the sewer network, the reduction of the time for examining requests for detailed plan changes, the active implementation of national housing plans, strengthening and reforming He saw the city electricity network. Conclusion The mentioned conditions of the evaluation of communication activism in the urban management of Zanjan show that the consequential effect of hindrance: one-sidedness, individualism, reduction of specialization, loss of sense of work belonging, loss of trust and confidence and as a result, reduction of social and organizational capital, moment-oriented management and conforming to temporary solutions and There has been dissatisfaction among citizens. On the other hand, the implementation of communicative activism in some administrations has led to the creation of a sense of belonging and increasing the social capital of managers and employees, and with the development of synergy and pluralism based on active understanding, it has reduced the challenges of managing and implementing urban projects.

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Explaining the effects of physical, visual and environmental indicators on urban health in the city of Qom

Ali Mahdi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.142075.5078

Abstract

The importance of the issue of urban health has made the concept of the urban heart in more than 40 countries of the world to be centered on the issue of eliminating environmental inequalities. Therefore, for many governments, increasing awareness of environmental effects on human health has become one ... Read More

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Qualitative analysis of social sustainability in Mehr housing in the new city of Golman Urmia: from poverty ghetto to modern marginalization

Afshar Kabiri; Javad Jahangirzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142227.5086

Abstract

The increasing growth of the urban population in the country in the past few decades has turned the lack of housing into the main problem of the urban society. The Mehr housing project was implemented as a social policy in the field of housing with the aim of providing low-cost housing for the low-income ... Read More The increasing growth of the urban population in the country in the past few decades has turned the lack of housing into the main problem of the urban society. The Mehr housing project was implemented as a social policy in the field of housing with the aim of providing low-cost housing for the low-income sections of society and controlling housing prices in the last decade. The formation of the new city of Golman with the implementation of the Mehr housing project not only has undeniable positive aspects, and it made a segment of the society the owner of a house, which was not possible to own a house with today's economic equations, but the neglect of social and cultural aspects despite Spending huge expenses in economic and financial terms, the result is the formation of residential complexes that are homogeneous in physical-physical terms but heterogeneous in terms of culture and socially unstable. This research is designed with the aim of qualitative analysis of social sustainability in Mehr Shahr New Golman, Urmia, based on a questionnaire-analytical strategy. According to its nature, the method of conducting the research is a qualitative method of the ethnographic type, the tool and technique of collecting information was interviews and direct observations of the researcher. The statistical population of the research was the residents of Mehr houses in the new city of Golman, and according to the nature of the research, 22 people were determined by theoretical sampling based on the theoretical saturation criterion. After analyzing the content of the interview, the concepts and categories were documented and analyzed with reference to the emic perspective of the respondents and the ethical perception based on the researcher's observations and theoretical knowledge. The findings of the research indicate the social instability in the dimensions of weak neighborhood identity, weak social capital, concentration of poverty, feeling of exclusion and social inequality, normative vacuum and weakness of apartment living culture, spatial separation, cultural inhomogeneity and dissatisfaction with the quality of life. Despite owning a house, it is among the respondents that ignoring such a situation will turn this city into a ghetto of the poor and modern marginalization.

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The position of citizenship education in urban development plans (Exploration case: development plans of Harandi neighborhood in Tehran)

mitra azimi; mohsen afshari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.141805.5067

Abstract

In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively ... Read More In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively face these challenges in the future. Experts believe that moving towards sustainable development and continuity of development trends in cities and localities requires the presence of informed, educated and responsible citizens. Therefore, in many countries, they have started providing citizenship education from kindergartens and schools, and through the development and implementation of development plans, especially at the neighborhood level, this type of education is being pursued comprehensively. to represent Harandi neighborhood of Tehran, located in district 12 of the municipality, despite having a historical record and also providing special services in the network of economic activities of the city, is considered one of the focal points of social damage in Tehran. In order to reduce these damages, more than 18 development projects have been implemented so far. Examining these plans shows that, despite the importance and role of citizenship education in reducing the harms and problems of urban life, all aspects and aspects of it have not been considered by the planners. Now, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure and evaluate the category of citizenship education in neighborhood projects from the point of view of its existence and effectiveness. This research is of a qualitative type and while analyzing the content of the documents, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 municipal managers, employees of the active community councils in the neighborhood and experts in the urban area, and all data were analyzed using the Maxqda software. have been analyzed to provide a more accurate picture of the place of citizenship education in the development plans of Harandi neighborhood. The output of this research shows that, in addition to the need to pay attention to the structural differences of Harandi neighborhood with other neighborhoods in Tehran, the development of this neighborhood and the reduction of its damages require a special revision in local development plans based on the indicators of citizenship education.

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The flexibility indicators of Madies (water channel) on the housing configuration system in Isfahan city

Nasim Leilieyoun; Ahmad Danaeinia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142089.5079

Abstract

The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of ... Read More The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of residential units. This element, during changes that primarily occurred after the 1960s, has gradually become a barrier to the development of urban-local spaces. The aim of this research is to clarify the characteristics of Madi flexibility and its impact on the housing configuration, thereby revealing the necessity of re-linking housing architecture with this vital element. The research combines quantitative and qualitative methods and is based on observation and analysis methodologies. Data were collected in two phases: library studies and field surveys, aimed at finding the housing pattern and how residential units are organized, with results extracted based on two methods of inference and content analysis. Basic information was obtained through aerial photographs from the 1960s and analyzed using software such as AutoCAD, GIS, and Depthmap. The findings indicate that the housing configuration system is shaped based on four indices: building pattern, area, the ratio of built space to open space, and spatial integrity and coherence. The most compatible housing construction pattern is the single-row construction and fully constructed, followed by U-shaped and L-shaped patterns. Regarding the area index, residential plots with an area of 200-500 square meters and subsequently 500-1000 square meters, and in the index of built-to-open space ratio, areas with values between 0.70-0.96 have the highest flexibility. As for the index of spatial integrity and coherence, the maximum index includes the axis of Madi, passages connected to Madi, and passages connected to the main streets bordering the neighborhood. The results show that Madi architecture is in complete connection with the city and the neighborhood, representing the most important natural pattern influencing the formation of residential units and creating interconnection throughout the neighborhood. In order to create or strengthen this pattern, housing design based on the four enumerated indices plays a significant role. Conversely, neglecting these indices will have numerous negative effects on the housing configuration and the system of neighborhoods.

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Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City)

Aliakbar Salaripour; Mani Talebi Soumesaraie

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142096.5080

Abstract

Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City) Extended abstract Introduction Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both ... Read More Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City) Extended abstract Introduction Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both urban management and citizens in the planning and implementation process. The lack of a long-term perspective on the profound effects of urbanism education, the low level of belief and trust in continuous learning, and the gap between educational environments and operational areas, are the main reasons for addressing the issue of critical urbanism pedagogy in Rasht creative city as a research study environment. Theoretical Framework Analysis of theoretical concepts and approaches related to "critical urbanism pedagogy" such as “Critical Urban Pedagogy”, “Urban Critical Literacy”, “Critical Urban Learning”, “Critical Pedagogy of Place” and “Critical consciousness” show that after identifying common global concerns, a specific language is needed to develop urbanism pedagogy. This grammar is based on understanding the socio-cultural issues of the society under study, and accordingly, raising public awareness of citizenship rights and commitment to social justice based on urban planning-oriented education is essential. In the continuation of this process, explaining socio-cultural conflicts and accepting the current situation leads to a review of pedagogical approaches. After that, strengthening critical awareness in spatial dimensions can be effective in improving urbanism pedagogy, insofar as this goal can be achieved by improving educational environments and creating a citizenship space based on urbanism knowledge and experiences. Methodology The research method is qualitative and using the grounded theory approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted and based on this, 102 open codes, 29 axial codes and 8 selective codes were analyzed. The sample size includes 15 experts from NGOs, university professors, education officials and urban management. The Rasht creative city is a member of the UNESCO global network, as the field environment of this research, and for UNESCO is very important that manage creative human resources to achieve sustainable development goals based on education. Results and Discussion The conceptual-executive model of "Critical Urbanism Pedagogy" of the Rasht Creative City, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research, has 5 main stages that require sequential steps, including these stages: 1. Identifying problems and with the "Critical Urban Literacy" approach; 2. Accepting and adjusting social and cultural conflicts with the "Critical Urban Education" approach; 3. Modifying ineffective pedagogical approaches with the "Critical Global Citizenship Education" approach; 4. Transforming implementation models by strengthening accountable and critical institutions with the "Critical Urban Learning" approach; 5. Developing learning environments with stakeholder participation and accountability with the "Critical Pedagogy of Place" approach. Conclusion The final result shows that reforming the executive structures and improving the quantity and quality of content in mainstream education is necessary, but not sufficient, and in order to transform the pedagogy of critical urbanism, achieving learning environments will have a more effective and efficient result. To this end, producing content with various tools in urban and virtual spaces, holding effective educational events with the participation of all stakeholders, and providing various physical infrastructures through investment incentives, government, or directing charitable urbanism actions are the executive suggestions of the research. Keywords Critical Urbanism Pedagogy, Rasht Creative City, Learning Environments, Creative city Management, Conceptual-Executive Pattern. Highlights  Rasht Creative City has material, spiritual and social capital to develop “Critical Urbanism Pedagogy”;  Recognizing and accepting socio-cultural conflicts to correct ineffective approaches in the development of urban planning education;  Expanding critical awareness of the power mechanism in maintaining and developing urban spaces in the process of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy;  Developing learning environments and publicizing urban planning education by providing infrastructure, producing content, holding events, tool-building and capacity-building in urban and virtual spaces.

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Prioritizing the components of promoting a sense of belonging to place in urban Behavioral Spaces Based on citizens' subjective perception(Case study: Western side of Imam Khomeini Street, Ardabil)

nasrin mohammadi; Rouhollah Rahimi; Vahid Vaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142717.5116

Abstract

Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban ... Read More Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban planning has rarely addressed the emotional bond between citizens and their surroundings. Imam Khomeini Street in Ardabil, as a historic urban space, exemplifies a location that requires redefining the components of place attachment and strengthening its role in fostering social connections among citizens. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors enhancing the sense of attachment in behavioral settings based on citizens' mental maps in urban spaces. The research employed a mixed-method approach, including structural equation modeling (SEM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), alongside qualitative and quantitative analyses to achieve this goal. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with 384 citizens and 15 experts in architecture and urban planning. The findings from factor analysis revealed that the components of behavioral settings fall into three main categories: preserving identity and increasing place attachment, enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures, and improving the mental image of urban facades. According to the results, the criterion of enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures had the most significant impact on citizens' mental maps. These results suggest that paying attention to the historical, identity-based, and cultural characteristics of the study site, along with creating unique spaces through appropriate design patterns and addressing citizens' needs, can help increase the sense of place attachment in urban spaces. Strategies related to the visual and functional qualities of spaces, understanding citizens' desires, and situating appropriate functions in suitable locations were found to have the greatest influence on fostering place attachment among citizens. These strategies, emphasizing the identity-based and cultural attributes within the spatial framework, can significantly enhance citizens' experiences of urban spaces. By providing an analytical framework for prioritizing the components of place attachment in urban spaces, this research can assist urban planners and designers in considering citizens' preferences and improving urban spaces based on the real needs of residents.

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The role of power in reproduction of informality in urban planning: discourse analysis of acquired rights in the revision of the Urban Renewal project in Samen District

Farshad Nourian; sara vosoughi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.141880.5073

Abstract

A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept ... Read More A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept that forms the basis of the state's bureaucratic practices. More recently, there has been a shift to expand the concept of power beyond the state and to challenge the idea of law as purely objective and neutral. According to this growing de-centered approach to informality, this article examines dynamic interconnections between law and power to shed light on the social and practical construction of law as a fundamentally indeterminate concept in urban governance, where a multitude of networked actors, both inside and outside the government, largely shape processes and outcomes. Relying on the Foucauldian Reading of Power relations and truth discourses, this article outlines how power relations can shape legality discourses in the context of controversial decision-making in urban planning. In this sense, through a Foucauldian discourse analysis of acquired rights in the revision of the Urban Renewal project in Samen District, the article provides an empirically grounded discussion that renders the power/law nexus visible. The data originated from 15 narrative in-depth interviews, 200 official documents (including planning documents, official correspondence, approvals, and reports of official meetings), as well as 130 unofficial documents (including press reports of official interviews, official meetings, official speeches, reports of official websites of the institutions). The analysis shows that the power struggles within and beyond the state produce various discourses of (il)legality, which provide different answers to critical questions such as who is entitled to interpret the acquired rights, what the definition of the acquired rights is, and Whose interest the acquired rights respond to?. As a result of the long-lasting disputes among four discourses on the acquired rights (extralegal, extended, reconciliatory, argumentative), the vast deregulation that was informally adopted to manage project investment was finally authorized in formal urban governance. The findings of this study demonstrate that informality is not necessarily the ungovernable realm outside of formal planning. This study shows that power dynamics create competing discursive claims of legality, which justify the subject positions who have the authority to determine what is legal, legitimize the elaboration of the notion of the law, and rationalize legal decisions based on serving the public interest or not. Rather than following established bureaucratic processes based on written law, these competing discursive claims of legality shape formal decision-making. In these processes, power reshapes the legal notion of law and redefines formality/informality boundaries within urban planning and governance. This complex interplay of power and law demonstrates that informality, often viewed as a violation of urban planning laws, can gradually become a regular part of urban planning. This process which can be named "informality from within formal urban planning" challenges the formality/informality binary that equates planning with law and informality with the absence of law.

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Analyzing the transformation of location-based urban uses in the era of virtual space: a case study, the libraries of three main universities in Zahedan

Amirhamzeh Shahbazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143060.5131

Abstract

Introduction Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, ... Read More Introduction Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, the increase of digital tools, and the access of individuals and institutions have caused the production and dissemination of scientific and cultural products in recent decades, especially in the first decade or two of the 21st century. This has caused an amazing transformation. Because the preparation and publication of paper scientific and cultural products are done by individuals and institutions themselves and in a digital way, instead of publishing institutions. In the meantime, the request of citizens for quick, low-cost, timely, and complete access to information has resulted in an emerging phenomenon called "research without visiting the library" based on communication and information technology, the global Internet, social networks, and virtual space. Methodology This applied research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and a sample size of 480 people (doctoral, master's, and bachelor's students) with a researcher-made questionnaire and two-stage random sampling in Zahedan city (University of Sistan and Baluchistan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan). The validity of the data collection tool has been confirmed by university professors and reliability is based on Cronbach's index (0.752). The sampling method was a simple random method. Analysis models include U-Mann-Whitney and Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model, Cramer's V, and Kruskal Wallis statistical inference model, Sign. test and Chi-Square and Crosstab, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk non-parametric statistical inference model. Results and discussion The findings showed that the traditional position of libraries as a cultural urban use with a certain population threshold and a certain functional sphere of influence is facing a significant decrease. 58% of students said they never went to the library or they rarely go. 44% of students consider the position and role of libraries to be too much or too much to decrease. In addition, there is an inverse and significant relationship between students' access to scientific databases such as Scopus, SID, and Science Direct and their belief that the position of the library is decreasing. The relationship between visiting the library and having a computer, printer, modem, and smartphone was analyzed. The results showed; that the degree of ownership or access to a desktop-laptop computer, printer, modem, or smart mobile, has an inverse relationship with the perception of the location of the library. 39% of students did not have any equipment; on the other hand, 75% of students who had complete equipment consider the position of the library as a decrease. In the supplementary analysis, it was determined that the amount of students' use of the Internet for academic research is directly related to the decrease in the library's position (with a significance level of 0.002 in Cramer's V statistical inference model), students who have used the Internet very little, 35% and students who have used the Internet a lot, 69% consider the position of the library to be low. In addition, contrary to the expectation that it was thought that the higher the level of education of the students and towards postgraduate education; The rate of their visits to the library increases; not confirmed The results of the first hypothesis test with non-parametric statistical inference "sign test" (suitable for non-normal data; and single group) with an error level of 0.033 showed that the library position is decreasing. The results of the second hypothesis test regarding the relationship between the number of students visiting the library and their level of education were rejected with Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model with a significance level of 0.16. The results of the third hypothesis test. It indicates a significant relationship between the number of students visiting the library and the characteristics of their field and faculty. Kruskal-Wallis's non-parametric statistical inference model was used to test the hypothesis. Conclusion Based on the principles of urban planning, the library is a place-oriented urban use (specifically at the neighborhood, district, and city levels) and time-oriented (specific working hours and closing hours); therefore, the location of the library has three characteristics. First, it has a specific population threshold. Second, it has a certain radius of action and sphere of influence. The third one is open and serviced only in certain time frames and hours. But the cyber revolution has caused the library to be fixed and determined without being dependent on place and time and the radius of its function; To perform its functions with the coverage of unlimited access, in the field of influence and the radius of unlimited access, in the immediate time frame, 24 hours and all 365 days of the year. The findings of survey research in three major universities (University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan) showed: that the better the students had the equipment to access cyberspace and typing and publishing, the other hand, students without these facilities considered the position of the library to be decreasing and declining. The degree of students' access to Elsevier and ScienceDirect scientific databases is inversely related to their assessment of the library's position. The results showed that the function and position of the library is permanent and rooted. However, the form of providing services is significantly and rapidly abandoned from the triple determinism of "location-oriented, compliance with the population threshold within a certain physical influence radius, time-oriented" and is intensified with the expansion of artificial intelligence. These findings make both urban planners and trustees of (university) libraries aware of the rapid process of transformations. It is suggested that research be done in the field of public libraries and for all citizens to achieve more results and the possibility of generalizing the findings.

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Conceptual Framework of Social Interactions in Urban Open Spaces: A Meta-Synthesis Analysis of Presence, Sociability, and Environmental Quality Concepts

mehrdad hedayatian; Alireza Einifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142266.5094

Abstract

Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. ... Read More Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. However, domestic studies in architecture and urban planning primarily examine social interactions through three main concepts: "presence," "sociability," and "environmental quality," without clearly articulating the conceptual and structural relationships among these concepts or aligning them explicitly with international theoretical frameworks. This study aims to revisit and clarify these concepts within a comprehensive conceptual framework. Initially, through keyword analysis and a systematic review of global theories, the components of social interactions were categorized into five groups: physical, activity-based, perceptual, contextual, and technological, arranged according to David Canter's place model. Subsequently, employing PRISMA guidelines and the meta-synthesis method, 32 selected domestic articles were analyzed and coded using MAXQDA software. Findings indicate that "presence" primarily aligns with physical-environmental components such as facilities, accessibility, environmental comfort, and spatial organization; "sociability" corresponds closely to activity-behavioral components, including group activities, social interactions, and collective events; and "environmental quality" is specifically associated with perceptual-psychological components like attractiveness, sense of security, psychological comfort, and environmental meaning. Additionally, contextual and technological components play moderating and facilitating roles in enhancing social interactions. The final analysis demonstrates that these three concepts, through mutual interactions, provide an integrated and practical framework for understanding and enhancing social interactions in urban open spaces. This framework offers a theoretical foundation for designing more socially engaging public spaces and sets a groundwork for future research on the social quality of urban environments.

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Exploring the components of low-carbon urban tourism: a meta-synthesis approach

esmaeel ghaderi; boshra mohajer

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143031.5135

Abstract

Low-carbon urban tourism, as one of the prerequisites for sustainable development in Iran, holds special significance due to the environmental challenges stemming from greenhouse gas emissions in urban destinations. This type of tourism is introduced as an innovative solution to mitigate environmental ... Read More Low-carbon urban tourism, as one of the prerequisites for sustainable development in Iran, holds special significance due to the environmental challenges stemming from greenhouse gas emissions in urban destinations. This type of tourism is introduced as an innovative solution to mitigate environmental impacts and improve the quality of life for both residents and tourists. The present study examines low-carbon urban tourism by utilizing the meta-synthesis method, a qualitative approach for integrating and analyzing previous studies. Employing this method is essential, as the existing information in this field is scattered, and a comprehensive and coherent perspective is critical for policymaking and planning. Given the lack of comprehensive and systematic approaches to managing low-carbon tourism in urban destinations, this paper aims to pave the way for the development and implementation of low-carbon urban tourism. The research objective and main question focus on identifying the key components of low-carbon urban tourism to provide a comprehensive framework for policymaking and management in urban destinations. The proposed conceptual framework of this study, based on the analysis of 79 research articles on low-carbon tourism and low-carbon urban destinations, encompasses macro-level factors (including policymaking, economic, environmental, technological development, and legal aspects) and micro-level factors (such as low-carbon tourism service supply, demand, and destination management). The findings reveal that achieving low-carbon tourism requires collaboration and coordination across different levels and adopting a systemic perspective that integrates macro- and micro-level factors. This research, by presenting a comprehensive framework, assists policymakers and urban managers in designing and implementing related programs, potentially leading to increased tourist satisfaction, reduced environmental impacts, and the realization of sustainable development in urban destinations.

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