Urban Design
Farshad Nourian; Behnaz Aminzadeh; Mazyar Abaee
Abstract
As it is shown in many recent research, developing evaluation of urban design projects from the design, economic, and social point of views, such projects have failed to accomplish their stated goals. Theoretically, this appears to be the result of a theory-practice dichotomy in urban Knowledge. In this ...
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As it is shown in many recent research, developing evaluation of urban design projects from the design, economic, and social point of views, such projects have failed to accomplish their stated goals. Theoretically, this appears to be the result of a theory-practice dichotomy in urban Knowledge. In this paper urban design process, the main element of urban design knowledge base is reviewed and its relation to realization of project is analyzed theoretically There has been, however, a dip in comprehensive research work about the “urban design process” since the 1990s.Although there are a number of different parameters which affect the implementation of designed urban projects, it can be said that the urban design process itself may play a major role in the end product. Hence, the question is that what could be the relation between the urban design process and on-the-ground project realization? In this regard urban design process is reviewed in theoretical context of urban design discipline and challenges of realization of projects are seen in trilogy of theory, practice and implementation. A complementary question is that whether we can manipulate the urban design process in such that the stated “design goals” can be achieved and the projects can be realized as intended To answer these questions, we first present a review of the literature on urban design process and, next, we discuss the results of our examination of a number of implemented urban design projects - using interpretative approach - in order to find clues about the manner to handle the urban design process and to solve the theory-practice dichotomy of urban design itself. This review is led to a theoretical framework which within a process is defined to increase realization of projects. The suggested process, incremental process of urban design, joined the implementation phase in classical phases of urban design process, study, analysis and design. The incremental process sees the phases neither linear nor spiral but as a coal which is depended on implementation. The suggested process, incremental process of urban design, joined the implementation phase in classical phases of urban design process, study, analysis and design. The incremental process sees the phases neither linear nor spiral but as a coal which is depended on implementation. Methodologically, the research deals with many unknown subjects and undefined parameters. Thus, it may not be possible to develop a certain theoretical framework with a clear list of measurable criteria which can meet the research goals through a classified research method. In this paper, methods which deal with are used. Our literature review results in a framework which points to a part of a relationship between the subject matters. This framework, however, is not exhaustive because our research does not rely on quantitative measurements and focuses on experiencing the subject. Such an experience clarifies the parameters and their relations through direct contact with research domain. Therefore, the research is bounded by qualitative research. Due to uncertainties of subjects, a theoretical interpretation of literature is done based on qualitative research methods to make a framework for experimental approach to the subject. Action research method has led us to calibration of the framework, making it more realistic. Methodologically this paper uses action research in a project in designing south Kan area in Tehran to describe the process of increasing realization of project based on incremental process. Also in this paper as testator documents of another project, Abbas Abad area master plan, is analyzed based on content analysis to show weakness of classic design process to reach realization of projects. Here, the master plan for Abbas Abad region in Tehran is our case. We use this project as the subject of our content analysis. This project is studied through its documents, i.e. reports, administrative letters and proceedings. Proceedings are based on meetings of cultural committee and technical committee of Abbas Abad. Next, another project – i.e. “designing south Kan area” - is used as a case study which is actually implemented on the ground. Generalization of incremental process can be explained theoretically but experimental proof of it needs more case studies and several and repeated experimental application of process. Experimental application of the method can calibrate the framework to a more realistic one. The result of theoretical explanation is the general format of the process which its several applications as a priory model can make it change though time to become a more complete model, other models or derivations of the model.
Urban Design
Seyed Mojtaba Safdarnejad; Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour; Mostafa Behzadfar
Abstract
Objectives: The rivers, through their various roles and functions, have various values and qualities for humans and human habitats, and directly or indirectly, impact on the quality of life of human beings. Lifestyle changes in societies, unawareness of rivers dimensions, and one-dimensional ...
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Objectives: The rivers, through their various roles and functions, have various values and qualities for humans and human habitats, and directly or indirectly, impact on the quality of life of human beings. Lifestyle changes in societies, unawareness of rivers dimensions, and one-dimensional attitude and development, have damaged these natural phenomena and made them unsustainable. This research attempts to remind the dimensions and importance of rivers and their active protection during development, the necessity of a comprehensive view of the river and how to use the river as the main driver of public space in the framework of urban design to transform them into sustainable space.Findings: This Developmental-applied research has selected a Fusion Research approach and has utilized library-based studies and field studies to collect data. This research, by selecting a case study method, utilizes semi-structured observation and interviews in field studies of rivers in the cities of Ardebil, Isfahan, Ahwaz and Rasht. To analyze the data, quantitative statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) were used along with qualitative analysis (tabulation, categorization, supply) and the validity of the results is verified based on the guaranteed assurance in qualitative cases, as well as the Krone-Bach Alpha in quantitative analysis. This research establishes the roles and functions/values and qualities of the river in the form of constituent components and study disciplines of environmental/ecological, physical/spatial, functional, economic, social/cultural, perceptual, psychological, legal, etc. and shows the field of studying in various sciences.Results: The results demonstrate that any river-related development should be conducted with a comprehensive view of the dimensions of the river, and the use of the river as a public space requires special conditions. Furthermore, paying attention to water and its impacts and its characteristics (the river-based approach), as the most important factor in the distinction of the river-based public places, should be considered in river-based planning by adopting approaches in the areas including activities and functions. The applications of this research include urban design, integration of river planning and management, river-based sustainable planning and sustainable regeneration of rivers.
Urban Management
sharifeh sargolzaei; mahmoud mohamdi; Reza Mokhtari. M.A.; Gholam Reza Shiran
Abstract
Following the introduction of the concept of smart city, the development of the application of new technologies in urban management and planning has been widely pursued by many organizations. Many research projects have been undertaken to identify constructs of acceptance and application of technology. ...
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Following the introduction of the concept of smart city, the development of the application of new technologies in urban management and planning has been widely pursued by many organizations. Many research projects have been undertaken to identify constructs of acceptance and application of technology. However, very few research projects have studied technology acceptance at organizational level. Among these few research projects focusing on effective factors in technology acceptance at an organizational level, very few of them have paid attention to constructs of technology acceptance in non-governmental organizations in developing countries. Therefore, the effective constructs on technology acceptance in municipality as a non-governmental organization in Iran have not been precisely identified. This can make it difficult to use technology in municipality or even render the efforts unsuccessful in doing so. As a result, conducting a comprehensive research in this area seemed mandatory. Consequently, the objective of this research was to identify the effective factors in technology acceptance in Isfahan municipality as a non-governmental organization. Because of the subject of the research and its statistical population, the grounded theory was used. This method is one of the most efficient choices in qualitative research. To do this, a semi-structured questionnaire was designed based on our review of the literature and used to interview managers and senior experts in Isfahan municipality. The results of the interviews were inserted in Atlas.ti software in the form of textual data and were analyzed by line by line method. Coding methods were employed to identify effective categories and dimensions and their inter-relations. The results showed that 23 categories are effective in technology acceptance in Isfahan municipality which can further be classified into eight major groups. These groups include background, causative, technical, encouraging, deterrent, moderating, decision-making, and finally consequential categories. The results of this study are particularly important for managers, urban planners, and researchers studying technology acceptance with a smart city approach. The findings of this study can be effective in facilitating the process of making cities smart with a focus on municipalities. Also the constructs presented in this research can be tested using quantitative methods in future research projects.
Urban Planning
fahimeh Namvar Haghighi Shirazi Fard; khalil Hajipour; Amir Hosein Shabani; mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline ...
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In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline in investment in old neighborhoods, and the reduction of capacity to keep people and decline in quality of life. With 1,700 hectaresof distressed areas, Shiraz is no exception andhas the same problem. For this purpose, urban growth management policies are used that one of these policies is Land Readjustment (LR). It is necessary to identify and classifythe legal, institutional, economic, social and local factors influencing Land Readjustment in order to have an effective and sufficient Land Readjustment. Thus,this study aims to identify the key factors influencing the land readjustment process in distressed areas and to examine the cause and effect relations through Interpretative Structural Model in order to understand the most important variables in the implementation process. This could be a guide for urban management in achieving infill development by stimulating and implementing the most important variables and, consequently, increasing the possibility of the entire land readjustment project. For this purpose, two-step Delphi questionnaire from 17 experts of urban affairs of Shiraz city have been used. Findings reveal that the two variables definingthe laws related to the residents' and owners' protests regarding the urban design, before, during and after itsexecution and enacting the laws related to the payment of the probable indemnityto the residents, if they do not want to participate are considered as ones increasing the system risk because each legislation without fairly taking into consideration the owners' interestsmay be an obstacle in the system and decreases the partnership tendency of owners and residents. Major organizational-institutional variables such as the partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes, law-abiding local government and attention to individual and social justice in the local government play an important role in the implementation of land readjustment and impact on other variables. Because these variables, in fact, link the social variables to the executable variables, and provide a framework for correct implementation, such as the bridge, to meet the people's needs.Besides, the possible partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes is one of the most effective and most impressive variables, so this variable plays a key and strategic role. This means that the key to the implementation of land readjustment in the worn-out tissues and to solve their problems is to create an intermediary entity to hear the demands and opinions of the people. Also, other strategic variables in land readjustment in worn-out tissues are attention to individual and social justice in the local government, strategic view and flexibility of the local government, defining the tangible and approachable targets and assessing appropriately the land price before and after the execution. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously examine the variables during both the design preparation and LR execution in the distressed area. All of these variables are eitherdirectly in connection with the local government or done by the local government indicating the importance of city authorities’ policy-makingand employing experienced and expertlabor force.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Mehdi Azizi; Bahare Bahra
Abstract
Abstract: Urban development with the development of inner neighborhoods is an attempt to restore urban life to the deteriorated areas of cities. In order to facilitate this process, planning and implementation of flagship development has been considered as one of the policies used to urban neighborhoods ...
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Abstract: Urban development with the development of inner neighborhoods is an attempt to restore urban life to the deteriorated areas of cities. In order to facilitate this process, planning and implementation of flagship development has been considered as one of the policies used to urban neighborhoods regeneration and provide the necessary basis for the residents and attention to different dimensions of development. Regeneration of historical and deteriorated areas of cities has been noted in recent urban planning literature worldwide. Inefficiency is a distinguished problem in historical and deteriorated urban areas where the possibility of updating and spontaneous changing has disappeared. Similar to many other countries, current process of extension of urban deteriorated area in Iran indicates that problems will be complicated, if we do not apply any precautionary measures, suitable policies, planning and action plans. In this regard, one solution has been implementation of flagship developments. One of the main objectives of flagship developments is to achieve urban regeneration goals; an approach that is used as a comprehensive strategy for applying some positive changes in one place that have signs of deterioration. It considers quality improvement, with integrated goals of economic, social and physical topics. This strategy is used in order to improve a place that is in the process of decaying and deteriorating, but advocators of flagship development have unanimity in this subject, which one zone of urban won't achieve regeneration without such projects; Because, flagship developments caused a series of reactions that will be finished to regeneration of urban fabric. On the other hand, it is not true that we hope to achieve development in the vast area of urban just by relying on this project because many projects in all around the world could not achieve their main goal that was regenerating a decaying fabric. Since Throughout the urban regeneration process, from the stage of problem identification to implementation of projects and the review of the decision-making process, it is possible through evaluation; therefore, the present study, with the elaboration of mobility and development indicators, has developed into an appropriate and generalizable structure for assessing the impact of flagship development and catalyst projects after implementation at the neighborhood level. It evaluates the effects of an example of these projects in the Gudal Mosalla neighborhood in the historical city of Yazd. After finding 25 evaluation indicators related to urban regeneration and flagship development from valid world literature and practical experiences and analysis of secondary data on 93 urban blocks of the Godal Mosalla neighborhood in SPSS21 software, the final results were obtained. As a research method in this study, the method of regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of each index on each factor and the matrix of impact assessment that named Leopold – Makhdoom was used to evaluation after the implementation of the flagship development and the neighborhood regeneration. The research findings show that the project of the Faculty of Arts and Architecture of Yazd has some effects on the physical parameter, then the residential parameter and eventually on the activity parameter at the level of the Godal Mosalla neighborhood and this project can be verified by providing corrective options as a positive flagship development.
Urban Scape
Mohammad Azad Ahmadi; Mehrdad Karimimoshaver; Saeid Alitajer
Abstract
The appearance of a city can, to a large extent, influence the creation of good or bad feelings depending on the structure and characteristics of the physical elements of the city. Citizens will remember a city with an image of urban spaces, especially its streets and squares, or some views, and it is ...
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The appearance of a city can, to a large extent, influence the creation of good or bad feelings depending on the structure and characteristics of the physical elements of the city. Citizens will remember a city with an image of urban spaces, especially its streets and squares, or some views, and it is their experience of the city's physical environment that creates this image. In this regard, the visual perception of the physical spaces of the city from other senses has a greater effect on creating different emotions in citizens. Appropriate urban views can play an effective role in the formation of clear and legible perception in people as well as in having desirable feelings of the city. Also, different perspectives can have different visual effects on the citizens of a city. So far, many studies have been carried out on various aspects of Urban Views; however, this research analyzes urban views and impacts on citizens, and seeks to identify urban views and visual impacts, and how to categorize and explain them, as well as identify conditions and the factors that create and influence the urban views and their visual impacts.Urban views generally have two major impacts on citizens in the form of likes and positive or dislikes and negative emotions. Accordingly, in this study, it was attempted to categorize urban views effects in general and finally, research theory was extracted with their help. Due to the nature of this research, the main approach of the research design is a qualitative approach and it has been done by grounded theory method based on Corbin and Strauss approach including open coding data analysis, axial coding and selective coding. There are many reasons to apply the qualitative research in this research, the most important of which are the nature of research questions, the lack of previous theory on the classification of urban views, the comprehensiveness of the nature of research and stepping into the world of the participants and the observation of the subject from their point of view, the achievement of new discoveries in this field, and the development of empirical knowledge in this field. At first, the researcher selected the sources of information and the sources of observation and then used the participants to explore and complete the final model. Data were collected from library and field studies, interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. The statistical population and the participants were selected through theoretical sampling, in which sampling continues until the data are saturated, and library and field studies, interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Participants in this research included residents and experts of Sanandaj. The results of the research showed the selective categories of view effects and emotional responses including excitement, relaxation, pleasantness and communication. Also the causal conditions that create urban views, the contextual conditions, and the intervening conditions and their effects were obtained. The relationship between these categories and the outcome of the research was formulated and presented in a comprehensive model. Also, the final core category was summarized in the phrase "City is a homogeneous or heterogeneous network of diversity of urban views to upgrade or diminish citizen's emotions."
Urban Ecology
Siamak Shakibaei; Sanaz saeedi
Abstract
The quality of designing public open spaces as a resort for leisure has an important role in the satisfaction of individuals. Feelings of pleasure and satisfaction will occur when a person has reached a relative level of physical and mental (environmental comfort) and is free from constraints. Also one ...
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The quality of designing public open spaces as a resort for leisure has an important role in the satisfaction of individuals. Feelings of pleasure and satisfaction will occur when a person has reached a relative level of physical and mental (environmental comfort) and is free from constraints. Also one of the factors of satisfaction is environmental comfort due to climatic hierarchy. However, urban microclimate is one of the factors that is needed to design urban spaces and public open spaces in order to achieve environmental comfort and satisfaction. In this regard, the Shohada Square of Mashhad has also lost its environmental comfort as a public open space surrounded by commercial and administrative buildings and a specific spatial structure, as well as conflicts with urban microclimate issues.Therefore, in order to investigate the Shohada sq. in order to create environmental comfort with the help of urban microclimate, a questionnaire with closed questions (in the Likert spectrum) was tested on a sample size of 112 people. In this regard, the research methodology is based on analytical method with the help of inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis test) and analysis with Sketch software and finally rhino analysis (umi plugin) to understand the microclimate factors is in line with the comfort of square. The results of this study indicate that that Shohada Square as a public open space that has a great potential in terms of location and location and despite the fact that this space has a strong historical background and a deep historical aspect to the metropolis of Mashhad as a historical cultural document of the city and has a direct relationship with the holy shrine, neglecting the lack of a proper relationship between its surrounding construction with the wisdom of urban microclimates, and also neglecting the field space itself in relation to sub-climates, degrading and greatly degrading environmental comfort. It has become citizens and even pilgrims, and it has become a dead field.Therefore, it should be stated that by promoting and paying attention to such indicators as the comfort level of the Shohada, the degree of shadowing effect on the comfort of the field, the amount of leisure time in the field, the degree of influence of old identity on the willingness to spend time in the field, Impact of land use on the willingness to spend time in the field, the impact of climate and field space on the willingness to spend time in the field, the lack of urban facilities to address the radiation problem, and ultimately the desirability of field flooring can be achieved by environmental comfort on the basis of urban micro climate. Reached. After summarizing the observations and analyzes obtained from the software, it can be concluded that by upgrading the above, along with changes in thermal adjustment and shading in the longitudinal sections of the field and the central sections, the maximum relaxation and satisfaction of citizens can be achieved when using The space of the field was achieved.
Urban Scape
Bahador Zamani; Shirin Eslami
Abstract
Townscape is a complex phenomenon in physical and perceptual terms of the environment being created by various layers of form, function, and meaning through the interaction with the human mind and playing an important role in promoting the visual and perceptual capabilities of urban spaces; Although ...
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Townscape is a complex phenomenon in physical and perceptual terms of the environment being created by various layers of form, function, and meaning through the interaction with the human mind and playing an important role in promoting the visual and perceptual capabilities of urban spaces; Although looking at and reading the city merely as townscape will not be responsive to the complex urban problems, the attention to the townscape as a basic and necessary tool (but not enough) for reading the city text in order to respond to part of the urban issues and the rights of citizenship is necessary. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the visual and spatial quality of Qom's Imam Khomeini Square based on the view of the experts, seeking to answer the main research question as: Based on the criteria and sub-criteria derived from Simon Bell's Landscape Analysis Technique, how each of the four sides of Qom's Imam Khomeini Square is evaluated? In order to achieve this aim, a descriptive-analytical research method was used based on an assessment of the current situation according to the data collected using observation, photography, SWOT and AHP techniques based on the framework proposed in the "Simon Bell Landscape Analysis Technique".In order to weigh the criteria and sub-criteria of this technique, the average expert viewpoints of thirty urban experts in the form of a questionnaire and evaluation matrices within the AHP hierarchical structure was used. The rate of inconsistency in the judgments of experts was less than 0.1 indicating the consistency and logical validity of the experts' viewpoints. According to research findings, in townscape analysis of Imam Khomeini Square based on the selected framework, the spatial organizing pattern was evaluated 43.9%, the structural organizing pattern with 38.3%, and the ordering organizing pattern with 17.8%. Overall, the evaluation of townscape organizing patterns in the eastern side was highest at 44.4%, in the northern side 29.4%, in the western side 16.4%, and in the south side 9.8% of the normalized score. As such the south side of the square is prioritized to be redesigned.
Urban Architecture
nazanin dehnad; Jamaledin Mahdinejad; BAGHER KARIMI
Abstract
The success of public spaces depends on the extent to which it is used and the human presence. The place has always been associated with human existence and it has created some kind of interaction in place, leading to the formation social relationships and the socialization of the public outdoor spaces. ...
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The success of public spaces depends on the extent to which it is used and the human presence. The place has always been associated with human existence and it has created some kind of interaction in place, leading to the formation social relationships and the socialization of the public outdoor spaces. In recent decades, failure to preserve and promote community life in some outdoor spaces has undermined the importance and role of space. Also, the failure to use public outdoor spaces criteria for the socialization of spaces has led to empty spaces being pushed out. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the criteria that create and promote socialization in public outdoor spaces in order to promote such spaces at different scales. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting the quality of public outdoor spaces, residential environments and its impact on building user interaction and answering the question of how people's presence in these spaces contributes to the socialization of the outdoor spaces and the factor that contributes to space success. Therefore, four shared public outdoor spaces on residential scale in six municipalities of Shiraz were selected. This study was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics through survey method and questionnaire. The sample size is 488 inhabitants of residential complexes. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS software. After analyzing and categorizing the dimensions at the level of location theory and extracting the seven factors affecting the quality of social spaces and socializability, which included safety and security, flexibility, permeability, activability, social interaction, location identity, and perceptions of the environment in how users interact with the environment, four results were obtained. First, the creation of dynamic spaces; second, the creation of public spaces; the third, cohesion and interaction; the fourth, enhancing the mutual understanding of the behaviors of the environmental behaviors, the quality of public outdoor spaces can be enhanced.
Urban Sustainability
Zahra Babaei frooshani; Yones Changalvaiee
Abstract
In this study, wind data from Isfahan Meteorological Station in the mean warmest day (30 July) and coldest day (30 January) of the year 1396 for CFD studies on wind distribution in three urban configurations (traditional, raster and high-resolution discrete). ) At the local scale that represent the general ...
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In this study, wind data from Isfahan Meteorological Station in the mean warmest day (30 July) and coldest day (30 January) of the year 1396 for CFD studies on wind distribution in three urban configurations (traditional, raster and high-resolution discrete). ) At the local scale that represent the general shape of the morphology of Isfahan city species, CFD numerical simulations were performed in Envi-met and Design Builder software to visualize the wind energy result of each urban texture. Finally, three different urban contexts were compared and analyzed with several parameters related to urban morphology and wind environment. The simulation results show that: 1) traditional textures based on numerical max wind velocity and direction of the software on the warmest day equal to 26.26 and the coldest day equal to 2.68 m / s as well as general analysis on geometry The texture obtained from the influential morphological indices showed that the traditional texture was completely designed on the basis of stability. Textural morphology indices have shown that urban planners and tenants can optimize energy consumption and the efficient utilization of urban wind streams by applying urban morphology principles. 2) Maximum numerical results of wind velocity and direction in raster texture on the warmest day 2.73 and the coldest day 2.80 m / s and the high-discrete peak on the warmest day 4.26 and the coldest day 4.08 m / s, respectively. Clay on the geometry of the two new textures showed that modern urbanism has grown less well-adapted to the natural environment, including climatic conditions and indigenous culture. 3) The large differences between different characteristics of urban morphology and the different impacts of wind energy flows in the three different contexts indicate the significant impact of urban morphology on potential wind currents, also through analysis we found that urban morphological indices correlate with the potential index of wind currents. Significantly, and with the help of these morphological indices, we can accurately and easily compare the output of wind energy flows across different urban contexts with respect to an efficient energy approach, 4) Finally the study results can be used as A Practical Guide for Evaluating the Impacts of Urban Wind Flows and their Interactions On urban morphology also the proposed methods in this study can be used as a maximum analysis for applied measures to reduce the negative effects of wind flow on urban management in Isfahan.
Urban Ecology
Yaser Khoshbakht; Hossein Medi; Maryam Azmoodeh
Abstract
The importance of finding urban open spaces in sustainable cities and striving to improve the quality of urban environments and increasing the activity of open urban spaces, it is imperative to develop efficient urban design approaches consistent with climate. Local micro-climates affect the thermal ...
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The importance of finding urban open spaces in sustainable cities and striving to improve the quality of urban environments and increasing the activity of open urban spaces, it is imperative to develop efficient urban design approaches consistent with climate. Local micro-climates affect the thermal comfort of the environment, which is one of the most important factors in the desirability and dynamics of urban open spaces. On the other hand, local micro-climates have a close relationship with the physical elements of the environment such as the geometry and layout of urban blocks. The aim of this study was to compare and compare the effect of conventional urban block geometry and to find the factors affecting the thermal outdoor comfort in hot and cold seasons in Hamadan. The research method in this study included field measurement and computer simulation (ENVI-met software) of five conventional geometries of city blocks with sky-view factor (SVF), orientation and different layout (Single North-South Blocks, East-West Single Blocks, North-South Linear Blocks, East-West Linear Blocks and Central Yard Blocks) as five urban micro-climates evaluated in one The hottest days of the year according to the summer revolution and one of the coldest days of the year with the winter revolution. The average of the four factors of air temperature, average radiation temperature, relative humidity and wind flow rate were extracted as the most important factors affecting outdoor thermal comfort in the central space of the target blocks. To evaluate the results more accurately, the predicted mean vote (PMV) and physiological equivalent temperature (PET) indices are used as the most comprehensive methods for estimating outdoor thermal comfort. According to the results of the analysis of the data obtained from the software, the summer revolution increased the shading of the forms and consequently reduced the average radiation temperature and also increased the wind flow velocity in the central space of the forms which had a direct effect on the air temperature and conditions. Ambient heat helps to improve thermal conditions. On the other hand Conversely, in the winter revolution, thermal conditions are improved by increasing the average radiation temperature and decreasing wind speed. In general, the results of thermal comfort indices show that central courtyard blocks improve summer thermal comfort due to more daytime shading and in winter due to a severe decrease in cold wind flow rate than other forms. Although central courtyard blocks are better than other blocks mentioned in this study, the lack of wind speed in summer and reduced winter sun exposure are some of the weaknesses in this form. It seems that by eliminating these weaknesses an optimal form can be achieved in the urban blocks for the city of Hamadan. Such studies can help architects and urban designers achieve the best urban geometry to achieve high quality open spaces in the future development of cities.
Urban Planning
Seyed Reza Azadeh; Jamal Mohammadi; Hamid Taher Neshat Doost
Abstract
ObjectivesThere are growing concerns, worldwide, about interdependencies between city life and mental well-being. Perceived stress is one of the mental disorders induced by urbanization. Today, the built environment and neighborhood's quality in which residents live, is realized as the main source of ...
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ObjectivesThere are growing concerns, worldwide, about interdependencies between city life and mental well-being. Perceived stress is one of the mental disorders induced by urbanization. Today, the built environment and neighborhood's quality in which residents live, is realized as the main source of stress. In addition, the recent researches in the context of psychology suggest that city life is stressful. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the relationship between neighbourhood's quality and perceived stress. In this regard, two neighbourhoods were selected in Isfahan. MethodsIn this study two questionnaires have been used. First questionnaires is the built environment quality questionnaire, written by researchers, and the other is perceived stress scale (PSS-14). Two neighbourhoods were selected for study. The survey was conducted via face-to-face structured interviews and yielded a total of 434 valid samples. Eventually, 203 peoples in MoftAbad neighbourhood and 231 peoples in Mardavij neighbourhood have participated in completing the questionnaire. The data has been analysed using normal and partial correlation coefficients and linear regression. ResultThe descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables in study neighborhoods have been compared. The evaluation of environmental beauty, in the study neighbourhoods indicate that MoftAbad and Mardavij is, averagely, scored 0.78 and 2.98. The functional attraction in MoftAbad and Mardavij, in average, is 0.77 and 2.81, respectively. The median scores of physical form and environmental comfort variables in MoftAbad are 0.71 and 1.58, and in Mardavij are 2.94 and 2.92. In fact, all environmental variables of MoftAbad neighbourhood quality are scored significantly lower than Mardavij. Totally, the final score of built environment quality in MoftAbad is 0.96 and in Mardavij is 2.91. According to results, in association with dependent variable, it is concluded that the perceived stress level of MoftAbad neighbourhood is higher than Mardavij neighbourhood. The median score of stress in MoftAbad is 2.07 and in Mardavij is 1.04.The findings show that there is significant and inverse relation between the independent variables of research and the dependent variables. However, when we consider the controller variables, the relation is preserved but its intensity decreases.Based on results, significant level of F-statistic in all three models is 0.000. This result, which is acquired by analyzing the regression and analyzing variance, indicates that the conceptual model of research is well fitted. In MoftAbad, two variables are (environmental beauty and Environmental comfort) capable of predicting dependent variable changes. In this case, the standard coefficient of mentioned variables are -0.537 and -0.181, respectively. This statistics means that environmental beauty predicts 53.7% and environmental comfort predicts 18.1% of perceived stress changes in MoftAbad. In Mardavij neighbourhood, environmental beauty, functional attraction and environmental comfort, as well, have the most ability to predict the dependent variable. Environmental beauty, functional attraction and environmental comfort, respectively, predicts 22.6%, 28.9% and 14.3% of perceived stress changes. Moreover, in the suggested model for full sample, environmental beauty variable, functional attraction variable and environmental comfort variable predict, respectively, 45.9%, 26.8% and 24.4% of perceived stress changes.In the second phase of modelling the dependent variable changes, the relationship between built environment quality, as independent variable, and perceived stress, as dependent variable, is evaluated. Also, three models have been suggested in this phase. According to acquired results, the ANOVA analysis explains one significant F-statistic for each one of the three models. The adjusted R-squared of suggested model in MoftAbad is greater than Mardavij neighbourhood. According to this result, it can be said that the effect of built environment on stress of MoftAbad residents is more than Mardavij neighbourhood. Based on standard coefficient (Beta), built environment quality of MoftAbad predicts 67% of Perceived stress changes. On the other hand, the value of this variable in Mardavij is 46.4%. Finally, in the full sample, built environment quality determines 78.3% of perceived stress changes ConclusionIt is concluded that the relation between urban Planner and psychologists must be augmented in order to improve the variables of resident mental health through environment designing and planning.
Urban Planning
Mojtaba Rafieian; golkou giahhchi
Abstract
The beaches and surrounding areas have always been of interest to human societies. This can be attributed to the existence of two territories of land and water in these areas, which leads to the creation of competitive advantages in the social, economic, physical and other aspects. The considerable demand ...
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The beaches and surrounding areas have always been of interest to human societies. This can be attributed to the existence of two territories of land and water in these areas, which leads to the creation of competitive advantages in the social, economic, physical and other aspects. The considerable demand of the population for the exploitation of coastal areas has caused problems and disruptions in the system of these areas. These problems, as has explained by the Vice President for Strategic Planning and Supervision, have variety of aspects; like environmental, landuse, political and security, regulation and rights, etc aspects. So these areas require to integrated approach. Hence, since the early 90's in the world and after less than a decade away in Iran (late 70's), the comprehensive integrated coastal zone management plan has begun to link planning in the three national, regional and local levels.Since 1976, the concept of "environmental quality" in the field of urban studies (urban planning and design) has been expressed, which addresses all aspects of urban environments and spaces (Rafieian et al., 2013). The concept has been discussed and developed by many theorists over the past few decades. In terms of content, the last decade can be the period of maturity of the concept of environmental quality, but there are still many challenges in terms of implementation and operation.The need for the integrated and comprehensive approach to coastal areas at the micro and macro scales, as well as the multidimensional concept of environmental quality has provided an opportunity to look at coastal areas with the lens of environmental quality, identify environmental quality indicators and their priority.The method of analysis in this study is based on Structural Equation Model (SEM) and data were analyzed using SmartPlS 3 software. To test the model, data were collected from 160 questionnaires based on Likert spectrum in coastal area of Bandar-Anzali. According to Smart PLS software outputs, users of space have an indirect impact on 9 indicators of environmental quality that were derive from theoretical foundations. Desirable environmental quality zones have 9 features that "permeability" is stronger and more powerful than other features. According to this model, changes of environmental quality affects the changes of permeability of the coastal zone up to 87%. In this study, permeability is defined through four indicators. These four indicators include: no space confusion, quality of riding and pedestrian pathways, visibility of natural and valuable sights and the possibility of walking and cycling. Therefore, high quality coastal zones have the highest impact on these four indicators.After permeability, the flexibility variable is more influenced than other variables. In this research, flexibility is defined by four indices of flexibility of outdoor space, services for persons with disabilities, flexibility of buildings, and unobstructed accessibility of people to spaces. Therefore, if the environmental quality is present in a coastal zone, the four mentioned indicators are expected to will be in a desirable condition.In addition to permeability and flexibility, other known indicators in order to influence the environmental quality of coastal areas include: functional compatibility, efficiency, meaningful, proportionality, variety, presence of different group of people and sustainability. All of these variable have been identified and measured by this study.
Urban Architecture
Raheleh Abdollahi; Islam Karami; Ahad Nejad Ebrahini; Leila Rahimi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 July 2020
Abstract
Objectives: The lack of resilience of some contemporary spaces and the release of such buildings against disorders is a serious problem in the structure of contemporary cities, which has had many consequences in the field of urban planning. The short life span of the space seems to be modifiable due ...
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Objectives: The lack of resilience of some contemporary spaces and the release of such buildings against disorders is a serious problem in the structure of contemporary cities, which has had many consequences in the field of urban planning. The short life span of the space seems to be modifiable due to their coordination with the context and enjoyment of the spatial capabilities that will eventually lead to the necessary resilience in dealing with disorders. Therefore, the purpose of the present study, which designed to promote urban resilience and identity, is to investigate the effect of contextual components and space capabilities on resilience of historical bazaars in the case study.Methodology: The purpose of this research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature based on questionnaire analysis. In this study, contextual variables and space capability as independent variables and space resilience variables as dependent variables were measured. To determine the sample size using Cochran formula, 357 clients of Tabriz historical bazaar were selected as statistical sample. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated 0.899 for the questionnaire which indicates reliability of the research instrument. To analyze the data, correlation coefficients and regression analysis between variables were tested and independent t-test was used to assess the status.Findings: The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between contextualism components )physical, historical, cultural and environmental-climatic) and spatial capabilities (flexibility, adaptability, variability, reactivity) with resilient space. In terms of impact, the most impact on the resiliency of bazaar space among the four capabilities of space is related to adaptability and reactivity of space, respectively, and among the four components of contextualism is related to climate and historical context, respectively. Whereas the lowest score is related to the capability of adaptability and climatic context of space and the highest score is related to the flexibility and the historical context of the space. Therefore, factors such as accessibility, reconfiguration, reorientation, social capital, growth, local attractions, self-organization, restoration, social diversity, the coordination of form-activity, and spontaneous strategies of user play an important role in the enjoyment of environmental capabilities. As well as adapting to climate conditions, native species, traditions and collective memory play a large part in being contextualize and thereby enhancing resilience. In evaluating the effect of each of the indices on the contextualization and space capability, cultural and flexibility indices have the highest and physical and reactivity indices have the least effect. The correlation coefficients showed that the cultural and climatic contexts are in the best condition in terms of space capabilities.Results: The results showed that the historical bazaar of Tabriz is more affected by the adaptability and reactivity of spatial capabilities and then by the climatic and historical component of context. As a result, contextual components must be taken into account in addition to spatial capabilities to enhance resilience. Emphasizing both features will be effective in reducing vulnerability and increasing resiliency. Achieving resilience requires the alignment of space with context, and the ability to cope with disorders is realized by enhancing the capability of space through its inherent potential.
Urban Planning
isa piri; Leila Hashemi
Abstract
The present study is based on a dialectical approach, hermeneutic interpretation of the street renaissance as a tool in achieving renaissance strategies and human planning programs focused on improving the quality of biosocial life and improving the daily lives of citizens in urban areas. This study ...
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The present study is based on a dialectical approach, hermeneutic interpretation of the street renaissance as a tool in achieving renaissance strategies and human planning programs focused on improving the quality of biosocial life and improving the daily lives of citizens in urban areas. This study seeks to express the impact of urban open spaces on a variety of economic, socio-cultural, physical and aesthetic issues that have previously been recognized by the urban renaissance as the latest paradigm in solving the city's problematic problems. Since these realms are sometimes the manifestation of the social life of the city and a place on the crystallization of the civic thoughts of the citizens; Therefore, this study is a step towards renaissance, spatial developments, and the production and reproduction of the lost social spaces of the city and the idea arising from the theory with a human-centered approach. While data collection is documented using a questionnaire, observation and interview and indexing and analysis of qualitative data analysis by text content analysis, coding and analysis with MAXQDA software, due to the case study, quantitative analysis and analysis of quantitative findings are justified. Quality was done with Amos. The statistical population of the study is hemogenic panels from specialists. The results of the research indicate that there are potential capabilities and high potentials of the study area and, of course, the desirability of the conditions in the humanization of space, which are achieved by renaissance strategies based on the text; Therefore, this study introduces the street renaissance as a response to the promotion of these potentials, while the production and reproduction of social space will lead to social sustainability in the study area and ultimately throughout the city.
Urban Architecture
malihe taghipour; aliakbar heidari
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 September 2020
Abstract
Disregarding the quality factor when designing and architecting living complexes, besides rapid urbanization, has created numerous problems for residents, including decreased quality of life (QoL), and even threatened health status. This paper aims at evaluating architectural quality, QoL, and health ...
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Disregarding the quality factor when designing and architecting living complexes, besides rapid urbanization, has created numerous problems for residents, including decreased quality of life (QoL), and even threatened health status. This paper aims at evaluating architectural quality, QoL, and health quality as independent, dependent and mediating variables, respectively, as well as the relationship exists between them. Health quality was evaluated with three indices, including physical, mental, and social health; architectural quality was considered while embodying three criteria, including environmental, structural, and functional quality; and, finally, QoL was defined as a constant multilateral concept. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data on architectural and health quality, while data on QoL were gathered using a standard questionnaire. Participants were residents in ASATID, DERAK, and CHOWGAN residential complexes (Shiraz, Iran), all with the same social contexts and geographical locations, but different environmental and architectural indices. A qualitative-quantitative study was carried out, in which statistical methods applied for analyzing data, and the content of interviews conducted. The results confirmed that enhancing architectural quality can dramatically improve residents' QoL, mainly through promoting their health status. In other words, environmental, structural, and functional quality promotes physical, mental, and social health, respectively; and all of them improves QoL in residential complexes.Disregarding the quality factor when designing and architecting living complexes, besides rapid urbanization, has created numerous problems for residents, including decreased quality of life (QoL), and even threatened health status. This paper aims at evaluating architectural quality, QoL, and health quality as independent, dependent and mediating variables, respectively, as well as the relationship exists between them. Health quality was evaluated with three indices, including physical, mental, and social health; architectural quality was considered while embodying three criteria, including environmental, structural, and functional quality; and, finally, QoL was defined as a constant multilateral concept. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data on architectural and health quality, while data on QoL were gathered using a standard questionnaire. Participants were residents in ASATID, DERAK, and CHOWGAN residential complexes (Shiraz, Iran), all with the same social contexts and geographical locations, but different environmental and architectural indices. A qualitative-quantitative study was carried out, in which statistical methods applied for analyzing data, and the content of interviews conducted. The results confirmed that enhancing architectural quality can dramatically improve residents' QoL, mainly through promoting their health status. In other words, environmental, structural, and functional quality promotes physical, mental, and social health, respectively; and all of them improves QoL in residential complexes.
Slum Settlements
Alireza Nazarnia; Leila Zare; Fariborz Dolatabadi
Abstract
Informal settlement, as a result of rapid urbanization, created in or outside of formal and illegal skirts of cities. These areas are mostly settlement of rural migrants or poor urban dwellers. Inefficiency in housing supply system and instability the economic aspect of housing in market of cities are ...
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Informal settlement, as a result of rapid urbanization, created in or outside of formal and illegal skirts of cities. These areas are mostly settlement of rural migrants or poor urban dwellers. Inefficiency in housing supply system and instability the economic aspect of housing in market of cities are main causes in creation of informal settlements. This research insists on the strategy of incremental housing as a process in physical improvement of Chabahar informal settlements. Also, resulted in living quality upgrading in informal settlements and consequently, mixture with formal area of a city. In the resulted model for residents, besides enhancement in physical aspects, maintaining spatial structure is highlighted. It means compatibility of replaced plans with the culture of living among the residents. All these features beside the limits of the residents economic. The results show with the use of incremental housing and its varieties: subdivision, aggregation, and expansion, a decent model can be achieved. This model instead of an upside to downside type of development has a more cooperative nature. The incremental approach is based on people participating in the process of making their own houses; with regard to their type of social network and cultural habits. Research method is connected with an active attendance of researcher in the research area, and observing the inhabitants experiences. With regard to the all afore-mentioned facts, in this strategy designer has a facilitating role not more. Form one step to the end, the residents themselves decide how to subdivide, aggregate or complete the inner spaces. Thus, a sympathetically method of creating occurs among the target community.
Urban Architecture
Sevda Norozi; Ali Javan Forouzandeh
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 September 2020
Abstract
Paying attention to the participation of public space users in the process of architectural design is one of the important points. In recent years, this issue has been considered by many researchers and designers of this type of space, and in practical examples, at three levels of design, planning and ...
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Paying attention to the participation of public space users in the process of architectural design is one of the important points. In recent years, this issue has been considered by many researchers and designers of this type of space, and in practical examples, at three levels of design, planning and decision-making, participatory design solutions have been presented. Despite the existence of a specific method of participatory motivation in design, in our country, attention to this category is mainly limited to low-level methods of receiving information such as interviews and recording the opinions of users and a kind of deception is observed at macro levels of design, planning and decision making. ; So that the results obtained from these measures are limited to purely written or low level of operational intervention. The important point in this regard is the lack of proper explanation of the effective components of participation on the one hand and on the other hand the lack of effective structure of these components and its relationship with the design process. Therefore, the present article aims to explain the participatory factors by analyzing and presenting a conceptual-structural model of the effectiveness of these factors in the design process. The method of analyzing and presenting the article model is based on the deductive-review method. Accordingly, three main components of individual, social and spatial dimensions were extracted as the main influential factors in participatory design. Attention to these factors in the form of three personalities, social preferences and functional-semantic needs as conceptual characteristics of participatory design. Is presented. Among these, the intersection of these three with concepts such as sense of place (in semantic dimensions), physical and functional diversity (in socio-spatial dimensions), permeability and readability (in spatial dimension) has the most role in the levels of participatory intervention. And at the secondary level, the components of access, security and inviting (in spatial dimensions) play the next role. The secondary level of influence of the place facilitates the presence of people in public places and the primary level of influence deepens the participation in public places and creates an emotional, unconscious and semantic structure in the place.
Urban Planning
Hani Arbabi; Siyamak Alishahi; Mohammad-Hosein Sobhiyah; Sahar Taheripour
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2020
Abstract
Urban development projects have many different opponents due to their direct relationship with the people of the city as well as other stakeholders, and it is key to pay attention to stakeholder management in their success. In this regard, accurate and complete identification of stakeholders and identification ...
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Urban development projects have many different opponents due to their direct relationship with the people of the city as well as other stakeholders, and it is key to pay attention to stakeholder management in their success. In this regard, accurate and complete identification of stakeholders and identification of their priority and importance for their more successful management is of particular importance; As a result, in the present study, using the interest-power matrix as an empirical method and also social networks analysis as a rational method, the prioritization and communication of stakeholders in a project to build an intersection with multi-level crossroads in Urmia has been investigated. In this qualitative research, which was performed using a one-sample case study, documents of project and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In order to select and interview the samples studied in the statistical population of this study, which are the most important stakeholders involved in the project, purposeful sampling method and snowball technique were used, and finally 17 stakeholders were identified for the project. Data were analyzed using interest-power matrix (using brainstorming technique) and NodeXL software (for social network analysis) and showed that the main stakeholders in interest-power matrix were the municipality, people, city council and local residents, respectively. Also, the Water and Sewerage Company, the Department of Electricity and Telecommunications have the least interest and power in the project. However, in the method of social networks analysis, people, municipalities, city councils and contractors had the highest priority and suppliers, environment and Oil Company had the lowest priority. Comparing the findings of both empiricist and rationalist methods in identifying the most important stakeholders is very convergent, but in identifying the least important stakeholders, there are differences and it is concluded that there are not most effective method is to identify and prioritize stakeholders in urban development projects, and the use of empiricist methods along with rational methods can be complementary in identifying, prioritizing, and managing stakeholders, and to some extent overlap each other's shortcomings. Also, the stakeholders of the people, the city council and the municipality have the most important role to play in communicating between all stakeholders. In terms of communication power, the Ministry of Information has the most power in the project in the vicinity of the project. The response time between stakeholders and the frequency of this response is also relatively unfavorable. The results of this research can help the managers of urban transport development projects that involve a large number of stakeholders to manage them as successfully as possible.
Urban Sustainability
Samaneh Heidari; Golnaz Mortezaei
Abstract
Along with the rapid growth of urbanization and the issues of global warming, environmental pollution, the urban heat island, and climate change, thermal comfort has become one of the most influential factors in adapting the design of climate-related urban open spaces. Today, the high temperature in ...
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Along with the rapid growth of urbanization and the issues of global warming, environmental pollution, the urban heat island, and climate change, thermal comfort has become one of the most influential factors in adapting the design of climate-related urban open spaces. Today, the high temperature in human-made areas has doubled the need to pay attention to the thermal comfort of open urban spaces. In this vein, wind flow is considered as one of the most influential climatic parameters, so that the speed and movement of wind affect human thermal comfort. Isfahan's traditional architecture and urban planning is one of the most unique and local examples of the Iranian architecture, which has been forced to create many climatic solutions due to its hot and dry climatic conditions. However, in the last half century, as a result of the changes in the forms of housing space into a variety of dense multi-family housing, a new pattern has emerged in the massing models of the buildings. Due to the vastness and pervasiveness of this row housing models in Iran, it can be considered as part of the new tradition of urban planning in the country. However, due to the increase in density and the ratio of building levels, part of the self-cleaning capacity of the urban environment has been vanished, and certain construction models have become common in different climates with unfavorable climatic conditions. Now that many cities are looking for solutions to compress and mass as much as possible, the shortcomings of the previous model have become more prominent, and there is this need to find solutions to remedy the current situation, in order to reduce the possible adverse consequences in the future. Consequences that may arise from this current, such as the lack of thermal comfort in open urban spaces, increase of heat exchange between indoor and outdoor spaces, and consequently more energy loss. The Booklet for Urban Planning and Building Regulations of the city of Isfahan, as a master plan and as an auxiliary force to urban designers and planners, always tries to correct this pattern in the current situation; Therefore, in the present study, it has been tried to consider the existing directions in the booklet, and evaluate the role and extent of the effect of physical factors on wind flow in the new context of Isfahan. Due to the applied nature of this research, the method used in it is descriptive-analytical and it used documentary and field methods for data collection. Also, in order to analyze the defined scenarios, the large eddy simulation model has been used. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the present study was defined in three different phases, so that first by examining the theoretical foundations related to thermal comfort, effective physical indicators were extracted and then their overlapping with the directions in the Booklet for Urban Planning and Building Regulations of Isfahan has been studied. In the final step, by defining the probable scenarios based on row housing models of the dominant line of the new texture of Isfahan, LES has been conducted. Analysis of simulation of different scenarios confirms that among the extracted indicators, increasing the occupancy rate causes a sharp decrease in the speed ratio, while an increase in the height of the building leads to a decrease in the speed ratio, and the density has a different effect, which can be interpreted along with other principles. However, in relation to the width of the passages, the fluctuations in the ratio of speed on low-width streets are much more limited than those of high-width alleys and streets. So that at the beginning and the end of the alleys, the speed is faster than the middle sections. Therefore, in scenarios where the height of the building is defined between 10.5 to 14 meters, proper conditions are provided for urban air quality, ventilation and reducing air pollution.
parvin partovi; maryam farash khiabani
Abstract
In the last few decades, the use of the qualitative approach has become common in other academic disciplines besides the humanities. Meanwhile, urban studies and its related fields, as an interdisciplinary knowledge, have adopted many of these methods. Ethnography and grounded theory were among the most ...
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In the last few decades, the use of the qualitative approach has become common in other academic disciplines besides the humanities. Meanwhile, urban studies and its related fields, as an interdisciplinary knowledge, have adopted many of these methods. Ethnography and grounded theory were among the most popular methods in this field; furthermore, each of them meets parts of respective needs and have weaknesses for use in urban studies. For instance, the emphasize of grounded theory method is more on people and interview with them rather than observation of the context (space and environment), Ethnography, however, has no specific analytical steps and mostly takes a long time. The purpose of this study is to find a way to combine the two mentioned methods in order to reduce their weaknesses and to take advantage of this hybridization in urban studies researches. The method resulted from the review of the documents in this area is called “Grounded theory ethnography” and it has different types which presented in three categories in this article. To apply this method in the current research, relevant combinatory steps were proposed by using recent approach in ethnography and constructivist grounded theory presented by Kathy Charmaz; and finally, the study was conducted in a semi-public space (a café in the central district of Tehran) as a case study. As a result, it has become clear that by using “Grounded theory ethnography”, the neglected parts of each method were covered and a more comprehensive research to achieve its goals has been carried out.
Urban Planning
fatemah esmaeilpoor; mohammadhosein saraei; najma esmaeilpoor
Abstract
There has been a segregation of the living space of different classes in cities in relation to their socio-economic base throughout history and in all geographical areas of the world. The urban ecology perspective distinguishes cities from the three aspects of "socio-economic base", "family base" and ...
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There has been a segregation of the living space of different classes in cities in relation to their socio-economic base throughout history and in all geographical areas of the world. The urban ecology perspective distinguishes cities from the three aspects of "socio-economic base", "family base" and "ethnic-racial base" of households. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of socio-economic status of high-class classes on the high value of land in the middle part of Arak and its impact on the reconstruction of inner city neighborhoods. The nature of applied research is quantitative, and its method is descriptive and scientific. In order to investigate the causes of tendency to internal tissue and its effects on this tissue, different dimensions of questionnaire data analysis and in-depth interview were used using structural equation modeling using smart-Pls software. The findings showed that, contrary to Bergs' theory, the middle tissue around the core of the city of Arak is very attractive to the population. The high price of land in this texture is primarily due to the Prestige and originality of this texture (T value = 682/2). The easy access of this texture to the city center is another factor in the tendency to this texture and the increase in the price of land in this texture. The high value of the land in the study area has destroyed single-family housing units that are not yet very old and turned them into multi-storey apartments. The low cost of transportation was not confirmed in people's decision to choose these neighborhoods for living (T value = 1/306). Regeneratim of this tissue has changed The demographic situation of this context and the outflow of low-income classes (T value = 23/861). The output of the final matrix and the design of the interpretive structural model placed two variables of transport and social status in the dependent area, the housing price variable in the connecting area, and the variables of demographic change and user diversity in the independent area. The Prestige middle texture of Arak, the high price of land in this texture has caused Contrary to Burgess' theory - which describes the texture around the city center as a texture with depressed neighborhoods sad and ruined appearance and the place of residence of immigrants and low-income urban classes, the central texture of Arak is an attractive area for many citizens. Careful planning seems necessary to take the necessary steps to reduce the negative effects of redevelopment in the intermediate tissues of arak.
Urban Architecture
Mohammad Ebrahim Mazhari; sahar borhanifar; Vida Taghvaei; behzad vasigh; Reza Ashrafzadeh
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 October 2020
Abstract
In residential complexes, securing privacy in its two main dimensions, namely family privacy and privacy, are prioritized as effective components in ensuring the security and tranquility of residents.In fact, people's attitudes toward privacy are part of their socialization process. In order to establish ...
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In residential complexes, securing privacy in its two main dimensions, namely family privacy and privacy, are prioritized as effective components in ensuring the security and tranquility of residents.In fact, people's attitudes toward privacy are part of their socialization process. In order to establish social relations, the privacy of individuals and groups in the public arena must be considered.Creating a balance between privacy and social interaction is essential and should be considered in the light of the cultural values of each community. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective indicators of privacy on social interactions in the residential complex of 600 units in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive- analytical and In order to present a conceptual model of the effect of privacy on sociability, the qualitative research method, has been used.( Meta-synthesis method). The statistical population of this research is all inhabitants of the studied neighborhoods in Ekbatan and Atisaz residential complexes. The sample size determination has been made by the Morgan table, which is equal to 341 people . In the survey section, the questionnaire was used. For analyzing the data, SPSS software and Pearson’s correlation tests (for examining the relationships between the factors of privacy and sociability) and multivariate regression (to provide an equation to percept the impact rate of the privacy factors on the sociability of the residential space).The results indicate that privacy , by controlling interpersonal and group relationships and environmental stimuli, leads to the establishment of social relations and the reduction of unwanted harassment and affects on the environmental qualities. According to the review and ranking the impact rate of the privacy factors on the Sociability of the residential complex, , the spatial territory maintenance factor (beta coefficient 0.33) , and environment control (beta coefficient 0.023), have respectively obtained the first and the last rank, in the sociability of the Residential spaces and promoting the social interactions.
Urban Planning
mohammad hasan saeedi motlagh; naser barati
Abstract
IntroductionThe quality of perception of the residential environment as a tool for urban planners to improve and organize the environment, have the ability to provide the necessary context for the formation and promotion of social interaction. The tasks of neighborhood units and neighborhoods can be ...
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IntroductionThe quality of perception of the residential environment as a tool for urban planners to improve and organize the environment, have the ability to provide the necessary context for the formation and promotion of social interaction. The tasks of neighborhood units and neighborhoods can be described as a tool to increase social interaction, a place for citizens to meet each other, and the management and coordination of civic activities. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of residential quality perception quality indicators on online social interaction.MethodologyFor investigating effect of perceived residential quality index on continuous social interaction, this research have been used descriptive-analytic procedure and Survey method. Statistical population of the case study is Bagh-Shater neighborhoods inhabitants. Based on factors like Location, urban planning and architecture features, the sample size have been chosen. First it was found indicators and components of perceived residential quality index assessments then with using Bonaiuto, Fornara, Bonnes questioner in 2003, qualifications of perceived residential environment quality index was studied. Finally with double regression, effect of residential quality index on continuous social interaction has been analyzed.Discussion and ConclusionResults show that modelling of perceived residential quality index effects on continuous social interactions have been confirmed and explains nearly half the variations of social interaction. Among the indicators, the highest impact factor belongs to the maintenance and care of the environment, attachment to the place and urban streets respectively. Based on the results obtained Strengthen the capacity of local communities is best policy to improvement of continuous social interaction. Accordingly Empowering individuals to maintain their living Neighborhood space.
Urban Design
Azadeh Alizadeh; samaneh khosravaninezhad; Mohammad Falahati; reza akbari
Abstract
Cities are changing in the contemporary world and the most important tools for this transformation is time component and synthesis it with culture, art and technology to reproduction of urban spaces. The result is the concept of nightlife and urban night spaces. Due to the importance of time in contemporary ...
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Cities are changing in the contemporary world and the most important tools for this transformation is time component and synthesis it with culture, art and technology to reproduction of urban spaces. The result is the concept of nightlife and urban night spaces. Due to the importance of time in contemporary life and Changing time structures due to lifestyle Transformation, better use of time in urban life can be achieved in these spaces and the vitality of daily activities extending into the night time. In Yazd, night spaces will encourage the more presence in space, especially in hot seasons, and enhance the city vitality, which is currently one of the most important urban management concerns, by temporally distributing population density and keeping them in space for a longer time period. Knowing that the night urban spaces requires its own special design considerations, the aim of this study is explaining the factors and criteria that affect the night spaces design. Accordingly, after extracting effective criteria from theoretical texts and experiences, these criteria are prioritized by using the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and evaluated in Kashani St., Yazd. The most important advantage of this combined method, which focuses more on the qualitative method, is the analysis and evaluation of quantitative data in an urban space and confirming the accuracy of its results with interpretting and enriching them. In a quantitative method, in order to prioritize the criteria, the questionnaire tool and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Friedman tests are used. In the qualitative method, these criteria are analyzed by using environmental assessment techniques (field study and observation, open interviews) on Kashani Street. Based on the results, the design considerations of night urban spaces are classified into two categories: Creator factors and Supporter factors. The first is related to attraction and producing the night space and the second is related to its population maintenance and how space is used and Determines the type and quality of space experience. Creator factors include: Being, Security, Inclusiveness and Attractiveness. Supporter factors include: legibility, Being Continuous, Enclosure, Spatial enticement, Eventfulness, Visual accessibility and Safety. Creator factors are the space potential to create the night space, which is reinforced by synthesis with the Supporter factors and finally, by improving the quality of the space experience, they cause the correct performance of the night space. This proposed two-sided framework can serve as a complement to other aspects of night urban space (economic, cultural, governance, tourism etc.) and act as a guide to designing such spaces.
Urban Sustainability
seyed abdollah hakimi
Abstract
Achieving a sustainable model of financial resources to meet in the current and development costs of the city is one of the most important factors of urban sustainability, which provides the opportunity to invest in the city's infrastructure development system. One of the most important factors in recent ...
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Achieving a sustainable model of financial resources to meet in the current and development costs of the city is one of the most important factors of urban sustainability, which provides the opportunity to invest in the city's infrastructure development system. One of the most important factors in recent decades is the implementation of international agreements that will have a direct impact on economic issues. The purpose of this study is to level the factors affecting the conclusion of international contracts based on sisterhood with the approach of sustainable income of municipalities. Structural-interpretive modeling method was used to level the factors affecting the conclusion of international contracts based on sisterhood with emphasis on the sustainable income of municipalities. Therefore, 20 academic experts and municipalities were asked to identify the five components that are the most important factors in concluding contracts. Choose an international sisterhood-based international with an emphasis on sustainable revenue for municipalities in the region and prioritize each of their five selected elements based on the numbers from one (least important) to five (most important). Then, with a structural and textual relationship of the "lead" type, determine the type of relationship between the elements in the form of a pair wise comparison. The information obtained from the opinions of experts was entered into ISM software and was used to level the factors affecting the conclusion of international contracts based on sisterhood with emphasis on the sustainable income of municipalities. According to the total results, the three components of "change in management style", "domestic and foreign political stability" and "legal" are the most basic (fourth level) and five components are "attracting foreign investment", "attracting private sector investment". , "International Entrepareneurship Development", "Tourism Growth" and "Operational" are the most constructive (first level) elements of international sisterhood-based contracts, which constitute the sustainable income of municipalities.
Urban Economy
Mostafa Hosseinabadi; Mohammad Hossein Sharifzadegan
Abstract
Urban spatial planning is a collective and social action related to decisions relevant to the social use of land; it means an action that is done by the people's elected state. Thus, the state is seen as an institution that seeks to realize the public interest and compensate for market failures through ...
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Urban spatial planning is a collective and social action related to decisions relevant to the social use of land; it means an action that is done by the people's elected state. Thus, the state is seen as an institution that seeks to realize the public interest and compensate for market failures through legitimate power. But the fundamental question is, does the state really act as a benevolent institution in urban spatial planning based solely on the public interest of the city? The purpose of this study is to answer this fundamental question from the perspective of Public Choice Theory, which focuses on the state to analyze and understand the consequences of the interaction of the elements in it, emphasizing the similarities between people's choice in market and non-market decisions. For this purpose, using methodology related to qualitative analysis and after obtaining the main indicators related to each of the relevant components, based on the data extracted by experts in this field and quantification of this data by Likert scale. Applying Structural Equations Modeling of Partial Least Squares in SmartPLS software tries to analyze the impact of the components of Public Choice Theory on the decision-making and decision-taking of Tehran metropolitan planning. Based on the research findings and the path coefficients, the components of pursuing individual interests, rent-seeking and political interests have a significant and negative effect on people's decision-making and decision-taking in the spatial planning process of Tehran metropolitan. Therefore, in the end, solutions have been proposed to improve the current situation in order to better ensure the public interest and reduce the existing contradictions.
Islamic- Iranian Cities
Rasoul Abdi; mehdi saedvandi; Abdolmajid Nourtaghani
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the semantic components of semantic order of alleys in the historical context of Sari and to show the relationships between them in the form of a proposed model. The selection of alleys in the historical core of Sari as the subject of research has been due to ...
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The purpose of this study was to identify the semantic components of semantic order of alleys in the historical context of Sari and to show the relationships between them in the form of a proposed model. The selection of alleys in the historical core of Sari as the subject of research has been due to having physical-behavioral entanglement that has created a complex with a clear and recognizable identity. The historical core of Sari has a lot of social assets like many ancient urban contexts in Iran that is hidden in its fabric. So far, less attention has been paid to the relationship between behavior and urban space, so, an attempt was made to investigate this issue in this study. In order to explore the system of hidden meanings behind the current behaviors and activities in the alleys of this historical context, the combined research method (quantitative-qualitative) was used. Observation, interview and questionnaire methods were used to collect data and then exploratory statistical analysis was used to verify the components and then to constructively evaluate the theoretical model of the structural equations to develop and test the model. The results showed that a set of meanings are involved in creating the final model of alley meaning regulation. There seem to be 17 main components involved in the formation of the semantic order of the alley, which include gaining social respect and approval, social identity, children's relationships, relationships with neighbors, territory, neighborliness, altruism, self-expression, memory creation, sense of place, inner peace, personal conquest, sense of security, control of the environment, domination of place, cultural traditions and stability of social relations. These components can be categorized into four main systems: one's social status in the alley, one's inner feelings, cultural relations, and tradition.
Urban Planning
Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri; ali alizadeh Zoeram; sajedeh baghban
Abstract
The city of Shandiz in the province of Khorasan Razavi is one of the tourism destinations of the province because of its various tourist attractions. Hence, the analysis of Shandiz tourism activities is necessary for sustainable tourism development. The formation and expansion of tourism in the city ...
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The city of Shandiz in the province of Khorasan Razavi is one of the tourism destinations of the province because of its various tourist attractions. Hence, the analysis of Shandiz tourism activities is necessary for sustainable tourism development. The formation and expansion of tourism in the city of Shandiz and its surrounding areas caused some positive physical and functional changes, such as increasing and improving the quality of services and facilities and also increasing access to transportation. But, on the other hand, it tends to destroy the natural resources of the city and turn them into residential accommodations. In addition, the unplanned expansion of restaurants along the valleys has reduced the quality of natural landscapes. Contrary to indigenous architecture and the destruction of plant species, construction is another negative consequence of tourism development and its related activities in the city. Therefore, this study using the approach of perspectives and considering the various physical and functional effects of tourism development in the form of a system. In this regard, this research has been done through descriptive-analytical method and using documents, completed questionnaires and software analysis. For this purpose, 10 key variables have been selected through the Delphi method and previous studies. After defining the desirable, intermediate and disaster conditions for each of the key variables, 30 experts in the field of Urban and Tourism were asked to evaluate the impact of each of these situations on each other in the -3rd to 3rd range, so that the scenario Wizard software could analyze the progress patterns of the study area. The findings of this research show that culture and tradition are the most important variables of sustainability in the development of tourism in the city, because strengthening the traditional features of texture in a desirable scenario and destroying it in undesirable scenarios, is evaluated as the most effective assumption of each of these scenarios. However, agricultural land degradation has been identified as one of the negative consequences of tourism development. In general, the balanced construction of residential property and strengthening the traditional features of the city in the desirable future of Shandiz in 1408 has a significant role, so relying on these factors can be achieved more quickly to the desirable future of the city in the field of tourism. The results of this analysis predict a favorable scenario and two disaster scenarios among 39,366 scenarios, and the disaster scenario will be pursued if the most desirable future for the city, is not met. Analyzing the progressive scenarios of the research shows that strengthening the traditional features of the city along with preserving the link between the new and the old urban textures are two of the most important and effective factors in achieving the desired future of the city. In contrast, destruction of traditional texture and agricultural land, accelerate the catastrophe future of the city on the horizon of 1408.
Urban Scape
Bahador Zamani; Faranak Kabiri; alireza khajeh ahmad attari
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2020
Abstract
As the subway stations are the public spaces of cities, their frontages including public artworks, especially murals, are taken into account as parts of the urban townscape. The artworks of the frontages can provide a medium for interaction playing the role of visual communication system among the artwork, ...
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As the subway stations are the public spaces of cities, their frontages including public artworks, especially murals, are taken into account as parts of the urban townscape. The artworks of the frontages can provide a medium for interaction playing the role of visual communication system among the artwork, artist and the public. Therefore, recognizing the factors influencing the visual preferences of the audiences is important. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the mural’s visual elements on the perceptual-visual desirability of the frontages of the Tehran's City Theater Metro Station. This paper seeks to answer the question that how the visual elements of the murals of the metro station of the city theater affect the perceptual-visual desirability of the station frontage. To achieve this aim, a mixed method research was conducted based on collecting data through archives, observation, interviews, and visual preference technique. Among different cities, the city of Tehran was selected due to its position and the metro station of the city theater was selected among different metro stations for its location due to proximity to Vali_e_Asr Street, City Theater and Student Park. Then, 9 murals were selected among the murals of the station. The results show that perceptual-visual utility in all three groups of untrained observers (citizens), trained observers (visual arts specialists), and creators (artists), citizens and artists' opinions are close to each other. Citizens welcomed the use of creative designs with rhythms and formal contras being satisfied with both the location of the murals in terms of visibility and view-shed, and the murals relation with the frontages, but not with the works lighting. These factors were identified as the main perceptual-visual desirability factors in the studied samples.
Urban Architecture
sara Mohebinejad; Khosro Movahed; malihe taghipour
Abstract
Different factors affect the sociability of the environment, such as social, financial and objective factors.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of spatial organization on increasing the number of open spaces sociability of residential complexes.In this regard, open spaces between residential ...
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Different factors affect the sociability of the environment, such as social, financial and objective factors.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of spatial organization on increasing the number of open spaces sociability of residential complexes.In this regard, open spaces between residential complexes were selected as research beds and based on those, four open spaces patterns including linear patterns, complex pattern, mixed and single element central pattern in four residential complexes were selected as case examples . The tools of analysis in this research are the theory of space syntax. In this case, logical analyzes were performed by using mathematical relations and software analyzes derived from “Depthmap” software.In this research, the effective elements in increasing the sociability were studied, then the indices of each component were introduced and finally will be analyzed by means of proper tools. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the theoretical framework of the research choose and case samples were analyzed based on that. The results showed that spatial organization plays a significant role on increasing or decreasing the sociability of open spaces in residential complexes. Analyzes using this software showed that, unfortunately, designed spaces in open areas of residential complexes were not placed properly and should be reconsidered in their design process. Furthermore, creating a semi-public-semi-private space in an integrated complex, can lead to a more global sociability of the space. In the results of this research, the effect of the arrangement of the blocks is completely obvious. In addition, space depth rate, proper arrangement of different functions in open outdoor and being useful for all age groups are considered as effective factors in increasing the sociability in open spaces of residential complexes.
Urban Architecture
farnaz dibazar; Sahar Toofan; Siroors Jamali; nima valizadeh
Abstract
Third places are a successful example of public places and their special characteristics play an important role in the quality of urban life. Social interactions are a vital factor in the well-being of society. Therefore, it is necessary to design and create third places where cafes are a prominent example. ...
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Third places are a successful example of public places and their special characteristics play an important role in the quality of urban life. Social interactions are a vital factor in the well-being of society. Therefore, it is necessary to design and create third places where cafes are a prominent example. Cafes, as public places of service and have an impact on social justice, the urban landscape, and urban events. when a cafe has the characteristics of Neutral ground, Leveler (a leveling place), Conversation is the main activity, Accessibility, and accommodation, The regulars, a low profile, The mood is playful and a home away from home, it becomes the third place. These characteristics providing emotionally responsive and engaging activity, so result in the experience of favorable social relationships. In fact, the possibility of forming appropriate social relationships is one of the essential characteristics of third places. The environment can be a factor in strengthening and weakening these characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to design and architecture in third places in Aimed at enhancing positive traits. Samples are selected based on online surveys. The research method is correlation. The method of collecting information is observation, interview, questionnaire and written sources. The purpose of this study is to investigate the eight general characteristics expressed for the third places in the studied cafes and to analyze their impact on the social interactions formed in the studied context. First, with the help of written sources, observation and behavioral mapping of the location-based samples were studied and then according to the findings, the structural equation model and a questionnaire designed in the Likert scale were used. The results show that boundaries and distances play a role in social interactions. The characteristics of third places are present in the studied cafes and affect social interactions, but their rate of occurrence is different. The four characteristics (conversation such as core activity, intimate atmosphere, accessibility, and the regulars) have the most impact on social interactions, respectively. Other characteristics indirectly contribute to the social interactions formed in the cafes studied by affecting these four characteristics. The two characteristics of the mood are playful and Conversation is the main activity as the main activity is most influenced by the home away from home. The Neutral ground characteristic has the most impact on both Accessibility and accommodation and regular's characteristics. The results also show that privacy and distance play a role in people's willingness to engage in social interaction.
Urban Architecture
maliheh taghipour; maryam bagheri
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 December 2020
Abstract
The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can ...
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The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can be expected from any input is the affordance to that space. In this context, the bazaar, as a public space, has a significant role in the economic, social, cultural, political and other prosperity of cities and the issue of its presence is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study investigates the role of inputs' permeability qualities on the degree of attendance of people in traditional bazaar as a research issue and analyzes the factors affecting this issue in the traditional bazaar of Shiraz. The research method in this paper is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods that analyze the physical structure of space in quantitative part using field studies as well as computer tools such as Depthmap software and in the qualitative part based on field observations and interviews with users. From the bazaar, it analyzes the results of the quantitative segment as well as the factors influencing this issue. The results indicate that the three components of accessibility, spatial connectivity and neighborhood quality are the most important factors in enhancing bazaar attendance. In this regard, the possibility of visualizing the input channels from the surrounding tissue, the degree of adaptation and dependence between the uses in the rows leading to the inputs, the density and variety of these applications and finally the geometrical and spatial characteristics of bazaar entrances as the most important factors related to the quality of the permeability of the inputs. That affect the bazaar attendance of people.
Urban Sustainability
karen fatahi; nazanin nasrullahi; maryam ansarimanesh; jamal khodakarami; ali emranipour
Abstract
Open space between buildings is central in creating sense of safty, mental comfort and in developing social interaction among inhabitants. proportion and geometrical balance as well as circumstantial and environmental aspect are of vital importance for creating an eye – catching view for apartment ...
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Open space between buildings is central in creating sense of safty, mental comfort and in developing social interaction among inhabitants. proportion and geometrical balance as well as circumstantial and environmental aspect are of vital importance for creating an eye – catching view for apartment dwellers. Lack of proportion among adjacent building produces negative emotions in the inhabitants. The present research investigates open spaces in Kashan historical textures and take into account the shape, geometry, the type of open air spaces. It also assesses the impact of these aspects on the thermal comfort, the sense of security and satisfaction of environment. For this purpose 17 bussiest places-from the first of Shahryar, 1397, to 18th of Shahryar (For 18 days) were Divided into two categories: -open space public passway and central yards (interior of buildings); these two categories were the samples of this case study. After conducting the library study and being present at the sites, and finishing the field study (including: observation, data recording, collecting information of the sites), Responses of 788 inhabitants and visitors to questionaries. (about the thermal and environmental situation), climate parameters (including: temperature, humidity, airflow speed, sunlight, co, co2) were registered simultaneously. Next the dress rate and inhabitants’ metabolism was computed with Deltalog10 software, and after collecting data and analyzing them through Spss24 software, thermal comfort of respondents was determined by RayMan software. At the end, in order to determine the direct & indirect relationship of variables and to analyse the results structural equation model based on maximum verisimilitude method was used through Amos. Results showed that proportionate & orderly geometry, shape of open space directly influences the sense of security, sense of satisfaction of the texture and surrounding building, thermal comfort and indirectly influences the amount of satisfaction of the shape, the geometry of open space, thermal adaptability. Moreover, the type of open space central yard variable directly influences all variables and indirectly influences variables such as shape satisfaction or geometric satisfaction, texture, building surrounding the open space, thermal comfort, and thermal adaptab. An important point in this analysis is the key influence of the sense of security variable in creating indirect relationship among all other variables.
Urban Management
sara vosoughi; Behnaz Aminzadeh
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 December 2020
Abstract
Abstract:Congestion charging schemes implement in an increasing number of cities as a way of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution. Studies show that public acceptability plays a crucial role in the success of the schemes. According to the researcher’s findings, the factors influencing public ...
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Abstract:Congestion charging schemes implement in an increasing number of cities as a way of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution. Studies show that public acceptability plays a crucial role in the success of the schemes. According to the researcher’s findings, the factors influencing public acceptability are possibly different in various socioeconomic contexts. Given an absence of studies in Iran, this paper investigates which factors affect public acceptability of Tehran congestion charging scheme (2018-19). The Content Analysis method applied to analyze almost 350 online comment about Tehran congestion schemes news on the internet from the citizen. The finding shows that six influencing factors, i.e. justice, trust, effectiveness, intrusiveness, complexity and revenue allocation are critical in determining public opinion about the Tehran congestion pricing scheme. Results indicate that trust in (national or local) government and the extent which a scheme perceived just are the most important factors. The Low level of these factors result in citizen opposition to Tehran congestion pricing. It is considered that trust is low because Citizens believe that the scheme is implemented Just for the sake of making money for the municipality not for managing traffic congestion or reducing air pollution. Furthermore, Findings show that low-income groups and residents of the congestion area perceive the scheme more injustice because it does not meet their needs and requirements. This cause to an increase in the sense of social discrimination, especially among low-income groups. The results also show that the perceived effectiveness of the Tehran congestion pricing reduces in the second year of the implementation of the scheme. Policy makers can use these findings to consider that using more effective ways to explain the citizen about the necessity and effectiveness of the congestion scheme are important in establishing strong public support. In this regard using media’s capacity can be offered. The Discussion provides recommendations for further studies on the Tehran congestion scheme impacts on public welfare in different income groups in Tehran and the way pricing system can be adjusting to their different social economic needs and requirements.Keywords: Congestion pricing, Tehran congestion pricing, Public Acceptability, Trust, Justice, Effectiveness
Urban Planning
mehdi karoubi; Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard; soran ahmadizad
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 January 2021
Abstract
Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact ...
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Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact it is an apportunity to make more effective communication between nations and people. The aim of this research is considering a model for development of cultural tourism of Kurdistan province.this research based on its aim is development-operational and it is kind of survey descriptive one.this research is operational one because of its usage in cultural tourism attraction plan.the research method is mix method(qualitative and quantitative).first of all the researcher starts to identify the effective factors on cultural tourism development in kurdistan province based on semi structured interviews through polling the professors and managers and using research informations which are considerd the result and identified factors of cultural tourism management by questionaire of cultural tourism based on ex researches ,theoretical foundations and library studies. The statistical society in theoretical and operational parts consists of:A: all university tourism management professors in Kurdistan province and other professors in neighbourhood provinces that have a research paper about cultural tourism at least.B: tourism managers and marketing experts in tourism, handicraft and heritage organization in cities of Kurdistan province.C: travel agency managers in Kurdistan province.D: cultural tourists come in Kurdistan province.This research is an operational one and it is kind of geodesic descriptive.as first step, data gathering was done by qualitative interview then by quantitative method and using written questionnaire. We get categories based on common concepts consist of eight components of urban potential, citizens, the impact of border cities, event management. Tendency to other tourism destinations, tourism economy, public administration and advertisements.Results: Findings in this paper indicate optimal status in some components like urban potential. Citizens, the impact of border cities, event management, tendency to the tourism destinations, tourism economy but it is not correct about public administration and advertisements in Kurdistan province.
Urban Planning
Mostafa Dehghani; Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini; Esfandiar Zebardast
Abstract
Today, due to the need to use effective, open and participatory innovative solutions and use ICT capabilities to create sustainable life in cities and respond to the wants and needs of citizens, Gradually, different types of concepts have been formed under the title of knowledge-based spaces with different ...
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Today, due to the need to use effective, open and participatory innovative solutions and use ICT capabilities to create sustainable life in cities and respond to the wants and needs of citizens, Gradually, different types of concepts have been formed under the title of knowledge-based spaces with different goals and functions. Understanding the dimensions, characteristics and differentiation of these concepts will help policymakers and city managers in choosing strategies and policies and investing in these areas by preventing mental confusion and the emergence of internal contradictions and incoherent eclecticism of these concepts. So far, different types of knowledge-based spaces have been presented, but no integrated comparative study has been performed for all concepts of knowledge-based spaces that provide a clear and comprehensive picture and a deep and coherent understanding of these spaces.In this regard, the present study has been conducted with a meta synthesis approach and in the framework of a systematic qualitative review with a descriptive-exploratory purpose. This study comparatively examines the concepts of knowledge-based spaces based on the six components of development discourse,, the type of knowledge required for development, location, key stakeholders, management model and historical period. Also, the typology of knowledge-based spaces is based on two components of spatiality and the type of knowledge required for development. According to it, four types of knowledge spaces such as 1- technology based-non spatial; 2- technology based- spatial; 3- knowledge Based – non spatial; And 4- Knowledge based - spatial. Research findings show that now, concepts such as smart city and knowledge city (due to semantic inclusion) have largely replaced concepts such as digital city and virtual city, and in policy-making and planning knowledge-based spaces more Are used. The concept of knowledge city has also been considered as an umbrella for other concepts such as knowledge place, learning city and smart city.Also, the findings of the comparative study of knowledge-based spaces based on the seven components show that knowledge-based spaces have faced paradigm changes over time; Such as the transition from focusing on the limited concept of science and technology to emphasizing the broader social concept of knowledge, the transition from the discourse of economic development to sustainable and integrated development in various economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions, the transition from passive role of citizens to active participation In creating, developing and managing knowledge-based spaces, transitioning from government and centralized management of a limited number of stakeholders with specific guidelines and frameworks to governing networks based on the interaction of a wide range of stakeholders, transition from a hardware and capital-based perspective. Tangible networks and infrastructure networks from a software perspective based on intangible intellectual capital and knowledge innovation system, transition from management and planning model to increase livability standards and complexity management to grounding and capacity building Citizen engagement for long-term learning and political and cultural influence. These trends and paradigm shifts represent a kind of conceptual convergence of the features and components of knowledge-based spaces. In addition, the results of the typology of knowledge-based spaces show that the typology of these spaces is based on two components of location and type of knowledge required for development, due to the significant role of these components in differentiating different types of knowledge spaces. - Gain a deeper and more expressive understanding of these spaces.
Urban Design
shima abedi; Sanaz saeedi
Abstract
According to experts in psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the development of personality and social health of society. Wayfinding is the ability to identify location and reach a destination, moving in space environments. This issue is very important for children who usually do ...
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According to experts in psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the development of personality and social health of society. Wayfinding is the ability to identify location and reach a destination, moving in space environments. This issue is very important for children who usually do not have enough independence and experience in moving in urban environments. Urban guidelines are designed to guide children in the urban space. The research method in the present study is applied and survey. Random sampling method was performed using Cochran's formula and completing a questionnaire by 106 children aged 8-12 years. In data analysis, in order to evaluate the effect of the role of cues in Wayfinding children after data collection, the obtained information was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using Amos software. Also, in order to analyze the qualitative data, children's drawings have been studied. The results indicate that differences in children's age groups cause differences in the effectiveness of symptoms in children's Wayfinding. Also, physical elements and landmarks in urban spaces are very effective in guiding children in the study area. Among the mentioned features of 8-year-old children in the Wayfinding process, we can mention the green space and the form of buildings. Children aged 9-10 years pay attention to the physical form and differentiation of buildings in the Wayfinding process. Children 10-12 years old refer to buildings that have more color variety and buildings that have a more distinctive architectural form than other buildings. Children aged 10-12 use flagship passages and buildings in Wayfinding. Studies have shown the effect of a distinct body on children's Wayfinding behavior.
Islamic- Iranian Cities
Abbas Ghaffari; Morteza Mirgholami; Bita Shafaei
Abstract
Soundscape is a field of urban studies that deals with the quality of heard and perceived sound in urban spaces. Numerous characteristics affect the quality of soundscapes of urban spaces that the acoustical behavior of the space is one of the influential factors which depends on the environmental characteristics ...
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Soundscape is a field of urban studies that deals with the quality of heard and perceived sound in urban spaces. Numerous characteristics affect the quality of soundscapes of urban spaces that the acoustical behavior of the space is one of the influential factors which depends on the environmental characteristics of the space. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and Reverberation Time (RT) are two components that can illuminate the acoustical behavior of spaces. Determining the perceptual quality of urban soundscape is also done through subjective assessments. In this research, the effect of environmental features on the acoustical behavior of Rasteh-Bazaars in Tabriz Grand Bazaar and its effect on the quality of soundscape of Rasteh-Bazaars are discussed. Based on the objective evaluations, the acoustical behavior of the Rasteh-Bazaars and the factors affecting it have been determined, and with the subjective evaluations, the desirability of the soundscape of the Rasteh-Bazaars has been clarified. Objective evaluations are based on measuring the SPL and RT and subjective evaluations are performed based on a descriptive soundscape questionnaire. The findings show that spaces such as Rasteh-Bazaars, which are identical in form and material, exhibit consistent acoustical behavior. If this homogeneity is accompanied by physical changes such as changes in the axis of space and spatial integration as cavities, the acoustical behavior and heard sound change. The findings also show that with decreasing sound intensity, sonic comfort does not necessarily increase. Even in tranquil urban spaces where the SPL is low, with the occurrence of the phenomenon of Difference in SPL, the tranquility and quality of the soundscape decreases. In fact, simply following the standard values is not enough for sonic comfort. Findings also show that although the values of SPL and RT, which indicate the acoustical behavior of the space, are somehow involved in the perception of people from the soundscape, but alone cannot be the basis for assessing the quality of the soundscape. The environmental characteristics and qualities of the spaces such as geometric proportions, the amount of congestion and grace of supplied goods in the Rasteh-Bazaar have a direct effect on the pleasantness of the soundscape.
Urban Scape
soudabeh gholipour; Jamaloddin Mahdinezhad; Bahram Saleh Sedghpour
Abstract
Objectives:Environmental security as one of the most important components of environmental quality plays an important role in the use of urban spaces. In fact, the feeling of fear and lack of security in urban environments and consequently in parks has become a problem in today's societies. Many factors ...
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Objectives:Environmental security as one of the most important components of environmental quality plays an important role in the use of urban spaces. In fact, the feeling of fear and lack of security in urban environments and consequently in parks has become a problem in today's societies. Many factors affecting the security of urban parks can be attributed to their design and physical condition. Therefore, it is necessary to identify these factors and provide appropriate solutions to improve their condition. Urban parks need a conscious design that provide the users’ satisfaction and in their planning and designing, it is necessary to pay attention to the characteristics of the users, and this can be achieved through users’ participation. In fact, understanding people's perceptions of landscape design methods and paying attention to users' preferences and desires helps landscape designers in designing these spaces. The purpose of this study is to construction, validation and standardization of the security scale in urban parks from the users’ perspective. The research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory factor analysis. To create security related items about 250 concepts were extracted which were placed in seven categories of structure, spatial configuration, aesthetics, meaning, place control, activity patterns and ecology, and a questionnaire in the field of security was prepared based on it and questionnaire in the field of security was prepared to construct security-related items through open interview, open and central coding, and theoretical principles.Findings:Content validity were done through preliminary implementation and open interviews with users and approval of experts. In the preliminary stage, its reliability is measured using the internal coordination of the questions and Cronbach's alpha. The final questionnaire was distributed among 250 park users. The results indicate that the questionnaire is valid and standard and by entering the data obtained in SPSS 22 software and using the exploratory factor analysis technique, eight explanatory factors were obtained in users' preference. These include: artificial element design, control and surveillance, planting design, readability, physical accessibility, aesthetics, activity patterns, and space size and extent. Results:From the users' point of view, the artificial element design is a very large and significant factor and has the first rank. The control and surveillance, planting design, readability, physical accessibility and aesthetics have the second rank. The activity patterns, and space size and extent have the third rank. Also, the indices with the most important role in each factor are as follows: form and geometry indices in the artificial element design factor, access control and Lighting indices in the control and surveillance factor, natural element index in the planting design factor, navigation and marking place indices in the readability factor, access to equipment, furniture and utilities, and public lot and public transport indices in physical accessibility factor, order, and color-materials indices in aesthetics factor, behavioral sites index in the activity patterns factor and density index in the space size and extent factor.
Slum Settlements
Maryam Soleimani; minoo gharehbaglou
Abstract
One of the particular factors in spontaneous settlements in suburban areas is the behavioural patterns in residents' life and related daily activities that will affect the shape of the housing. Paying attention to the life structure and its effect on the formation of the architecture are topics that ...
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One of the particular factors in spontaneous settlements in suburban areas is the behavioural patterns in residents' life and related daily activities that will affect the shape of the housing. Paying attention to the life structure and its effect on the formation of the architecture are topics that have been addressed by various thinkers in fields such as culture and environmental psychology. The set of values and meanings of human behaviour as home culture and the realization of traditions become essential, and it is necessary to attend to it. This process is a criterion in the construction of spontaneous settlements in marginalized areas. This study investigates and identifies the physical pattern of spontaneous settlements and its construction strategies concerning the lifestyle of the inhabitants of the suburban areas of the northern part of Tabriz. In these areas, they form the place's characteristics concerning the activity's mechanism toward life structure, rather than Criteria and urban plan. However, many policies to improve the informal settlements have ignored the structure of life and, ultimately, residents' lifestyle and have tried to impose renovation programs with a top-down approach. Despite various studies, there are more fundamental questions about residents' hidden layers during their lives. Most of the reviews of marginal housing have considered regardless of the residents' life structure. This study understands how spontaneous settlements' physical pattern is formed concerning the inhabitants' lifestyle in suburban areas of the northern part of Tabriz. The approach of this research is qualitative and has been done by the contextual theory. For selecting the samples, the purposeful sampling method was used with the most variety, and we used semi-structured interviews, observations and planned samplings to collect data. In the research sample, 40 residents of these areas took part, and we tested 30 samples of houses. The results show that the organization of spaces and the physical pattern of spontaneous settlements concerning the three legitimate, Signification and domination have been more dependent on legitimate and semantic structures. In this process, the characteristics of residents' lives and the system of the physical form of the environment concerning these structures on environmental components such as neighbourhood presence, flexibility and adaptability of the body, physical scalability, integration of living space and work, Outdoor viability and widespread housing have been mentioned. These categories are essential items that should be taken into account in designing and improving suburban areas to align the body with residents' lifestyle. Besides this, this research's last achievements can be an essential step in organizing and improving the marginalized areas in line with their lifestyle. This factor will indirectly lead to a sense of belonging and sustainable settlement in these areas.
Urban Planning
Soroush Khalili; Jamileh Tavakolinia; Naghmeh Mobarghei Dinan; Hamid Soltaninejad
Abstract
In recent decades, spatial changes due to the expansion of commercial use in cities have doubled the role of spatial planning in the city. If large commercial centers are not located and built in the proper places of the city, they will create numerous environmental problems. Arg commercial center of ...
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In recent decades, spatial changes due to the expansion of commercial use in cities have doubled the role of spatial planning in the city. If large commercial centers are not located and built in the proper places of the city, they will create numerous environmental problems. Arg commercial center of Tajrish is one of the commercial complexes of Tehran. The construction of this complex has been accompanied by the cutting of old and bulky trees of Giahi garden. In the foregoing paper, the aim is to assess the environmental impacts of the construction of large commercial complexes in the country's metropolises and also to provide a compiled plan for their management and monitoring with emphasis on Arg complex. This research has been done by descriptive method with the application of environmental assessment models. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) technique has been used by the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) and finally the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has also been developed to reduce the adverse effects on the environment. From the results of RIAM and the sum of the points obtained in four Physical/chemical, Biological/ecological, Social/cultural, and Economical/operational environments with the number –737, it is inferred that the negative impacts (38 impacts) outweighed the positive ones (11 impacts). After analysis and a detailed study of each of the four affected environments, it was found that –D range band (between classes from +E to –E) with an environmental score of "–36 to –71", has the highest number of adverse effects, which indicates the severity of the negative impacts caused by the construction of Arg commercial center of Tajrish; in addition, the Physical/chemical environment has the highest number of negative components among other environments. As a final result, based on all the research done, we realize that the construction of Arg commercial center at the site of the Giahi garden has not complied with environmental principles and has not followed the indicators of sustainable development. In other words, the bed of the Arg complex and its location did not have the necessary ecological and socio-economic potential; therefore, mitigation measures for these impacts in the fields of air pollution, noise, water, waste, energy saving, biological environment, socio-economic environment, as well as fire services are provided in the form of EMP program and dedicated to the operation phase of the Arg commercial center.
Urban Planning
majid rousta; mohamad Soleimani; mozafar sarafi; mojtaba rafiyan
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 March 2021
Abstract
One of the most important challenges of today's metropolises is the existence of unhealthy and poor urban neighborhoods in the peripheries areas. A set of regeneration policies and plans to meet such a challenge over the twentieth century has sought to create a better quality of life for residents ...
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One of the most important challenges of today's metropolises is the existence of unhealthy and poor urban neighborhoods in the peripheries areas. A set of regeneration policies and plans to meet such a challenge over the twentieth century has sought to create a better quality of life for residents living in such impoverished urban spaces. Such measures, however, have been less successful. The presumption of this study is that one of the main reasons for such failures was the lack of attention to the "scale" of urban regeneration plans and schemes. Accordingly, in this study, two main questions have been posed: First, why the concept of "scale" should be at the heart of urban regeneration plans, and how such a focus can improve plans and upgrade the quality of life of urban residents? And second, the status of urban regeneration, based on the criteria and indicators considered in this study, what effects can have on the project efficiency and the quality of life of the target residents? To answer these questions, two methodologies have been used, first, the "contextual" methodology to analyze the concept of scale and second, the "survey-data" methodology to measure the quality of life. Data sources and information required in this study include censuses and questionnaires as well as documentary libraries, plans and designs, and analysis techniques including correlation and regression (to measure the quality of life) and meta-analysis (to explore the scale). The results of this study in four samples of Rasht, Hamedan, Sanandaj, and Gorgan show that there is a significant correlation between the number of reconstruction projects, primary energy and their location (independent variables) and their impact on the quality of life of the target residents (dependent variable). The existence of such a correlation means that urban regeneration programs in Iran can have a greater impact on improving the quality of life of the target residents through fundamental attention to the scale of the regeneration program.
Slum Settlements
Maryam Sajjadi Asl; , Jamileh tavakolinia; Ghourchi, Morteza; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 April 2021
Abstract
Providing housing in developing countries for urban low-income groups is one of the most important challenges to achieving development. In Iran, various policies have been adopted to provide housing for the low-income groups; But so far no attempt has been made to develop suitable housing types for these ...
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Providing housing in developing countries for urban low-income groups is one of the most important challenges to achieving development. In Iran, various policies have been adopted to provide housing for the low-income groups; But so far no attempt has been made to develop suitable housing types for these groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate the low-income urban housing policies in the construction government; Reform, compassion, prudence and hope are in the city of Kermanshah. The type of applied research and the method used are descriptive and analytical, and for data collection, library and field methods (referring to the Kermanshah Road and Urban Development Administration) have been obtained. AutoCAD software, GIS and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that during the construction period, most of the land is considered as preparation for the surrounding towns. During the reform period, the creation of millet projects became very popular. Extensive measures were taken during the period of compassion; But many projects remained unfinished. In the era of prudence and hope; The decision to fulfill the commitments of the previous government was on the agenda. This right decision caused; So that no additional costs are imposed on the government and the government remains committed to the people and the contractors. The sample t-test also shows that the average in all indicators is less than the desired value, which indicates that the policy of low-income urban housing in the period of construction, reform, compassion and prudence and hope in The level is low.
Urban Sustainability
Mohammad Mehdi Azizi; samaneh khosravani nezhad
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 April 2021
Abstract
Changing the attitude of the urban planning discipline from the of growth to sustainability paradigm, due to the inefficiency of the discipline and profession in response to environmental concerns affected by the inflamed context of the second half of the twentieth century around the world; shaped the ...
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Changing the attitude of the urban planning discipline from the of growth to sustainability paradigm, due to the inefficiency of the discipline and profession in response to environmental concerns affected by the inflamed context of the second half of the twentieth century around the world; shaped the substantial and procedural orientation of this discipline to this dominant paradigm. The result of such a change in attitude in the late twentieth century was reflected in formal and informal planning education around the world, and different orientations towards sustainability and sustainable development were formed according to the context of each country. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pedagogical orientation of the planning discipline to the concept of sustainable development and its position in the academic field; An area that trains professionals to work in the profession. The present study is fundamental research based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Also in terms of data analysis, the method used is the qualitative method and the main tool used is content analysis, and SPSS software tools and capabilities have been used. The results of the authors' surveys in 128 universities in 9 different countries showed that the predominant orientation in the teaching of sustainability is to provide "an independent course on sustainability and environmental concepts" as well as "teaching sustainability in the procedure and substance of planning courses". The results of this can be seen in the case of Iran as a developing country that strives to move towards sustainability in the opposite direction in the profession to the discipline. In Iran, the only independent course on sustainability is the course entitled "Sustainable Urban Development.This course is an optional courses and presented in 2 theoretical units. However, among all universities with a doctorate in urban planning, this course is taught only in two universities, university of Tehran and Tehran University of Arts. On the other hand, in the master's degree in planning in different sub- discipline of the curriculum were examined. However, courses with environmental content and topics are offered in all sub- disciplines; But attention to the issue of sustainability can be formally seen in the sub- discipline of urban design and regional planning in one and two optional courses, respectively. The continuation of which will practically lead to slowness and serious gaps in replacing the growth paradigm with the sustainability paradigm. However, the proper orientation of the discipline in sustainability and sustainable development education in recent years has the message that this gap will be greatly reduced in the future. This means that the appropriate orientation of the discipline (education and research) is also reflected in the profession and responds to the needs in the field in the right direction. This is especially important in training graduates who are preparing plans and programs in the future. Paying attention to sustainability and sustainable development education as one of the criteria of Green Metric ranking system can be the subject of future applied research and can be considered as a step towards sustainability and sustainable development.