نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 شاغل نیستم

2 استادیار گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی مشهد

چکیده

خوانایی کیفیتی از محیط است که به فضای شهری وضوح بخشیده و سبب می­گردد که سیمای شهر بهتر به ذهن سپرده شود. دیدگاه کوین لینچ در ارتباط با کیفیت نمایانی از کامل­ترین نظریات است و سایر نظریات ادامه دهنده این نظریه می­باشند. لینچ معتقد بود که خوانایی شهری متأثر از عناصر پنج گانه می­باشد. در واقع هنگام قرارگیری در محیط خوانا، تصویرذهنی افراد درقالب نقشه­های شناختی از محیط، به سهولت شکل می­گیرد و بر این اساس افراد به هنگام حرکت درفضا به آسانی مسیریابی نموده و حس سردرگمی نخواهند داشت. چگونگی شکل­گیری تصویرذهنی و در ادامه فرآیند شکل­گیری نقشه شناختی، به نسبت ادراک افراد از فضا درگروه­های سنی مختلف، متفاوت است و هرگروه به اقتضای سن و نیازهای خود جنبه­های متفاوتی از فضای شهری را به خاطر می­سپارد. مقاله حاضر با هدف ایجاد فضای شهری خوانا برای بزرگسالان با استفاده از تحلیل نقشه­های شناختی شهروندان و استنتاج شباهت­های ادراکی آنان تدوین گردیده است. روش مقاله از نوع توصیفی_آماری است و از روش کتابخانه­ای_اسنادی برای جمع­آوری مبانی نظری و از روش­های میدانی، ابزارهای پرسشنامه، مشاهده و تکنیک نقشه شناختی برای جمع­آوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است. گروه هدف را ساکنان، کسبه و استفاده­کنندگان از محیط با گروه سنی 64-15 سال تشکیل می­دهند و حجم نمونه آماری با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 132 نفر محاسبه شده است. به منظور تحلیل اطلاعات از روش­های آماری_تحلیلی همچون Spss و آزمون Chi Square و روی هم اندازی نقشه­های شناختی ترسیمی برای استنتاج یافته­ها استفاده شده است. یافته­های مقاله منتج از معیارها و شاخص­هایی است که در محیط مطالعه آزمون شده است و حکایت از آن دارد که ساختار ادراکی بزرگسالان به ترتیب از طریق عناصر مسیر،گره و نشانه خوانا شکل می­گیرد. اکثریت شهروندان فضای شهری را مطابق دسته­بندی اپلیارد بر مبنای نظم متوالی ترسیم نموده­اند و تنها 22 درصد از آنان ترسیم فضایی از محیط داشته­اند. همچنین ارتباط مستقیم میان عناصر شاخص در ذهن بزرگسالان در بازه­های سنی متفاوت و خوانایی محیط وجود دارد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recognition of factors affecting the readability of adults perception, Case Study: Emamie Blvd-Mashhad

نویسندگان [English]

  • fatemeh biniaz 1
  • toktam hanaee 2

چکیده [English]

Perception of urban space is the first step in communicating with the environment. This perception leads to the formation of an image of city and thus a person’s cognitive map of space. The age group, sex, as well as the level of the familiarity of an individual with the environment have a significant effect on shaping this process. In fact, perception occurs when it affects human senses. Therefore, the more distinct the urban spaces are, the more complete can be the picture formed in the minds of people. It should be noted that people of different ages have different expectations of space and remember the urban space accordingly. Therefore, it can generally be said that a more perceptible and easy-to-understand environment can be grasped easier and a more complete picture of its structure can be shaped in people’s minds.
By analyzing citizens’ cognitive maps and deducing their perceptual similarities, one can measure how the legibility of an environment influences the cognitive perception of adults of different ages. This article seeks to achieve this goal with the aim of creating a legible urban space for adults. Data collection methods in this study include: literature review, descriptive statistics, and cognitive mapping technique. The library method was used to formulate research background, theoretical principles and research framework. Field methods, questionnaires, cognitive maps and routing techniques were used to understand the cognitive perception of adults of different ages and to recognize perceptual similarities with respect to the indicators defined in the theoretical framework. In fact, with this technique, one can deduce perceptual similarities by using cognitive maps and studying the presence of five elements of Lynch – i.e. landmark, path, node, edge, district and range – in cognitive maps drawn by individuals of 15-28, 29-40, 41-52, and 53-64 years age groups. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationships between variables. The target group of the study is also 15-64 year old individuals who are either residents, businessmen or users of the environment. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula to be 132 individuals.
The findings of this study suggest that cognitive similarities between adults in the 15-64 years age group are more affected by node and landmarks, and that other Lynch elements do not play a role in shaping the adult mental image of the study environment. Also, easy routing by people in urban spaces is not only affected by order, symmetry, complexity, and guidance signs in the environment. Cognitive maps also show that the vast majority of adults have mapped the environment based on sequential order according to Appelard classification. It should be noted that there is a direct relationship between elements of the environment and its readability for adults of different ages. Studies on readability of the node element also show that the activity alone cannot cause spatial differentiation and legibility of the node. Also, the façade and elevation of buildings alone cannot enhance the visibility and legibility of an edge.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • perception
  • cognitive map
  • Legibility
  • adults age group
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