Urban Planning
Isa Piri
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 5-14
Abstract
Extended abstract
Modernization is the basic theme of the modernity project and is the reason of enlightenment in the different fields of thought, art and aesthetics. Two primary processes of the modernity project were the beginning of modern urban planning: ‘destructive creativity’ and ...
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Extended abstract
Modernization is the basic theme of the modernity project and is the reason of enlightenment in the different fields of thought, art and aesthetics. Two primary processes of the modernity project were the beginning of modern urban planning: ‘destructive creativity’ and ‘creative destruction’. Perhaps the best literary example of physical renovation and modern urban planning is Goethe’s Faust and it is the best tragedy of growth and development. Physical quality of a city and socio- cultural relations have mutual correlation with each other. Modern urban planning caused by instrumental rationality and economic profit – oriented view enters the city land as a valued commodity in supply and demand circles. Thus, physical urban planning is replaced with social urban planning. Spatial development of Tabriz like most other great cities of Iran is rooted in modernist epistemology and ontology. The most basic tragedy of modern urban planning is the destruction and renovation of neighborhoods and historical districts, and also the replacement of population and human groups. Modern urban planning is a type of spatial action and rooted in socio- economic changes which from the 16th century has attempted to replace liberation rationality with traditional myths. Therefore, if we define urban planning as an action similar to other social fields it involves two types of action. Max Weber in his analysis of social actions discusses two types of action named instrumental rational action and value rational action. Social capital involves the dimensions of social structure that facilitate public action and supply some resources to people to achieve their goals. Three dimensions of socio- spatial dialectic is : 1- social relations formed by space; 2- social relations limited by space; and 3- social relations mediated by space. “Friction of distance” causes diverse social experiences involving routine life patterns. Physical renovation which occurs in the center of a metropolis through instrumental spatial action causes the reinforcement of physical capital of central quarters. A tragic dimension of physical renovation is produced through dialectical logic. In other words, although with widening the streets and modernization of quarters, widespread public spaces have been created for greater human interaction, by damaging previous Gothic and Baroque spaces, using modern urban planning designs, replacing of communities and neighbors has led toa reduction in neighborly relations. The research hypotheses are as follows: 1- there are meaningful correlations between physical renovation and destruction of communities in central districts of Tabriz, 2- connecting social capital in central districts of Tabriz is greater than in more modern districts. 3- the interconnectedness of social capital in central districts of Tabriz is greater than in modern districts. The research method used was descriptive – analytical. Physical renovation is the independent variable and the quality of social capital is the dependent one. This phenomenon was clearly observed to have occurred through extensive physical renovation projects in the historical districts of Tabriz. Therefore, on the basis of social capital theory, a survey was conducted regarding social relations quality of replaced social groups in new districts and suburban areas. The conclusion shows that with rising density and physical renovation in districts like Raste Kuche, Darayi, Bazaar, and Amin most population groups relocated to new districts such as Manzariyeh, Valiasr, Roshdiye, Mirdamad and Zafaraniye. Physical renovation has caused the replacement of the central district's values with modern values. In other words, widening of streets and boulevards has in fact caused the reverse action of limiting and destroying of place based and historical social capital and communities. Assessment of community destruction, bridging and bonding social capital in old and central districts of Tabriz exposed to significant physical renovation has resulted in geographical and spatial movement from the old districts to new ones as well as lesser social capital in new modern districts compared to older ones.
Urban Planning
Bahram Amin zadeh Gohar rizi; saeid tohidi rad; Roshanak Asadi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 15-26
Abstract
Land-use location planning is one of the most important urbanism issues with different scales. The choice of location planning method is determined by the kind of problem and the importance of the supposed Land-use to be location planned. For example, to choose a location from some limited options, the ...
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Land-use location planning is one of the most important urbanism issues with different scales. The choice of location planning method is determined by the kind of problem and the importance of the supposed Land-use to be location planned. For example, to choose a location from some limited options, the multi-attribute decision making methods should be used; but when there is no initial option for location planning, the multi-objective decision making method should be used. Nowadays, the use of computational techniques for location planning is inevitable. The reason is that a manager's decisions in this field are influenced by various qualitative and quantitative factors, generally in conflict with each other, so that optimization of a factor may lead to the destruction of other factors. Thus, to prevent errors in decision-making, multi-objective decision-making techniques have been considered and used in recent years. There are different methods for solving multi-objective decision making problems which are categorized into two general groups: decomposition methods and direct methods. In the decomposition methods, first, the multi-objective optimization problem turns into a single-objective problem and then the problem is solved. However, in multi-objective optimization methods, the problem is solved in a multi-objective manner. Decomposition methods comprise of the 4 techniques of Weighted sum, Goal programming, Goal Attainment and -Constraint. Each of the 4 techniques tries to simplify the problem and solve it with specific measures. To turn a multi-objective problem into a single-objective one, these methods are forced to lose some of the space decision information. To solve this issue, the problem should be solved several times, which is very time-consuming. Furthermore, each time the problem is solved with these methods, a different answer is obtained. However, direct methods are not faced with this problem and are much faster and more accurate. The purpose of this study is to introduce an efficient technique of direct methods to solve all the multi-objective location planning problems and resolve classic and decomposition methods issues. Therefore, an airport location planning problem for the one of the major cities, based on Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was considered as a case study. Based on indicators such as easy access, noise pollution reduction, visibility, and access to infrastructure, the problem was modeled as a mathematical programming problem with 6 objective functions such as the minimum distance from main roads and highways, maximum distance from industrial factories, minimum distance from power transmission lines, maximum distance from the city and traditional gardens, minimum distance from the main gas transportation pipeline, the maximum distance from residential areas around the city and a certain number of required conditions. Finally, amongst the 200 final solutions of the proposed algorithm, including different front solutions, a solution with 4 points was chosen as the optimum location for the construction of the airport. Because of greater speed and accuracy, as well as providing a decision support system, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) which is a direct multi-objective location planning problem solving method, can be considered as an appropriate alternative to the Decomposition and other traditional multi-objective location planning methods.
Urban Planning
Mojtaba Rafieian; shiva Ajilian; Aref Ahgasafari
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 27-36
Abstract
Objectives: Housing has always been considered a need in different societies.This need more than its individual aspects, is considered a collective need. With the advent of the industrial revolution which was accmanied by unprecedented population growth and increasing urbanization , the issue of providing ...
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Objectives: Housing has always been considered a need in different societies.This need more than its individual aspects, is considered a collective need. With the advent of the industrial revolution which was accmanied by unprecedented population growth and increasing urbanization , the issue of providing housing for people in need who were sent to cities in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution was introduced and by the expansion of its dimensions became more important to include in government intervention programmes. . Thus, the housing problem, as a common issue in most of the world’s cities, is how to connect the creation and planning of cities with different economic, political, social and cultural contexts. Nowadays, the limited resources of the government and rapid increase in demand for housing do not provide housing for all members of society. Hence, the framework of national development goals, especially the prioritized economic and social goals specify the housing share of low-income groups. In Iran, different policies have been planned and executed. One of these policies is the “Mehr Housing Plan”. Despite being the greatest and most highly discussed national plan proposed for solving the housing problems of low-income groups, it has caused social problems and residents’ dissatisfaction. “Mehr Housing” project focuses attention on determining role of the land price in housing prices and the action to eliminate this variable, controlling the price of housing in this way, and facilitating access of vulnerable people to suitable housing, but it has ignored a set of key issues. Therefore, the main question is how to improve residents’ satisfaction and/or what principles to employ in the policies for satisfying housing of low-income groups in order to improve residents’ satisfaction and to prevent problems in these districts. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the policies for planning low-income group housing (Mehr Housing Plan) by measuring residential satisfaction in the Mehregan Town, Mashhad and identifying its principles, sizes and variables.Therefore, surveyswere conducted according to fundamental research method and inductive and deductive analysis. Questionnaires were then used for conducting an opinion poll on the variables to achieve residential satisfaction in the Mehr Housing Plan. The questionnaire data was analyzed using factor analysis methods, regression analysis, and structural equations modeling. LISREL 8.5, PSS, and Smart PLS softwares were used.
Findings :a “holistic view” was introduced as one of the major principles in the residential satisfaction in the Mehr Housing Plan which prevented concentration on only some parts of the problems using an integrated view to problems. On the other hand, “community-driven development” allows taking advantage of local community assets and social capitals through the presence of residents in all Mehr Housing processes. This way, the measures of Mehr Housing become close to the residents’ views and finally their satisfaction is gained. In other words, the “holistic view” and community-driven development” principles are among the major policies of Mehr Housing policies; if they are considered as a basis for the measures of Mehr Housing along with “process-orientation” principle, residents will be satisfied with its outcome.
Results: Finally, the model for communication method of the principles are depicted and proposed. Finally, the influence of “community-driven development” based on the principle of a “holistic view” is discussed.
Urban Management
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Alireza Darban Astaneh; shiva pourghorban
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 37-56
Abstract
Abstract
Urbanization development, issues and specific problems in urban life have more than in the past made clear the global attention to strategies and useful solutions for optimizing the life of urban residents. Amongst such topics as urban environment, urban safety, urban planning and urban development, ...
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Abstract
Urbanization development, issues and specific problems in urban life have more than in the past made clear the global attention to strategies and useful solutions for optimizing the life of urban residents. Amongst such topics as urban environment, urban safety, urban planning and urban development, urban management is a very crucial factor. City development strategy is a new tool to help development and it can be used for comprehensive and global tidal changes response management, urban poverty reduction and local economy development. Most strategies of urban development as a participatory process follow three main objectives: improving urban management, urban economic growth and poverty reduction. Tourism development is one aspect of national development which in various countries has a great role of importance in economic, cultural, social and political aspects and is an important tool for city development strategy.
The aim of this research is to investigate the role of city development strategy in city planning management to gain tourism development and economic and social prosperity on Hormoz Island. To achieve this goal, the following questions were raised:
1- Can strategic planning guarantee the development of Hormoz Island?
2- Can union of Hormoz Island and Qeshm Free Zone with an integrated management of Qeshm Free Zone Organization affect tourism development and prosperity of Hormoz Island?
The methodology of this research was based on descriptive, analytical and applied methods using laboratory investigation and field work method (interview and questionnaire forms) and findings were calculated by the use of SPSS software and chi square test. In addition, SWOT analysis was used for determination of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and the SOAR strategic model was used for strategic development, strength description, opportunities, aspirations result outcomes.
The development of tourism in the world needs an effectivemanagement system, strong and advanced infrastructure and improvement of required capacities. One of the most important factors in the tourism development in each region is management knowhow.
The results show that tourism development on Hormoz Island despite historical and natural attractions has had slow progressdue to a lack of required infrastructures, good management, services and social welfare. The future outlook of tourism on Hormoz Island is based on its becoming Free Zone in an efficient management system with the goal of economic prosperity and social development of the region in the three fields of historical, cultural and ecotourism – geotourism.
Document of future perspective:
Shores and Islands of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, lying on natural, cultural and historical attractions, are some of the most important locations for tourism in the region. The Fourth Economic Programme for the Persian Gulf Coast and Islands focused on tourism as tourism can be developed to create jobs, earn foreign exchange and regional development.
It is recommended that in preparing a document for future visions, Qeshm Free Zone Organization should take advantage of the pristine natural, historical and cultural capacities of Hormoz Island for the development of the tourism industry and attract more tourists to this region through Hormoz Island economic, social and tourism sectors development in the three areas of historical, cultural and ecotourism - geo-tourism. to Using comparative and competitive advantages in terms of geographical location,in addition to the conservation and management of natural and cultural resources, favorable conditions for improving quality of life will be provided. Moreover, by establishing the appropriate infrastructure for tourism, attracting foreign investment, establishment of hotels and tourism facilities, as well as the creation of a competitive market with the Persian Gulf countries in the tourism industry, Hormoz and Qeshm Islands would be introduced as a gateway for tourism in southern Iran and the Persian Gulf.
Urban Design
Azin Mostofi; Hadi Sarvari
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 57-68
Abstract
Abstract
This research attempts to shed light on land use impact on activities and pedestrian behavior. Furthermore, this paper aims to analyze the influential factors on urban street livability and vitality in order to provide a favorable basis to improve behavior diversity in urban public space. Daneshjou ...
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Abstract
This research attempts to shed light on land use impact on activities and pedestrian behavior. Furthermore, this paper aims to analyze the influential factors on urban street livability and vitality in order to provide a favorable basis to improve behavior diversity in urban public space. Daneshjou Street is a case study in this article. This street is located in western Mashhad. Mashhad is the capital of Khorasan_Razavi Province. According to pervious research, all actions undertaken to respond to human needs is considered an activity but behavior is how we do these activities. In this article, the category of Jan Gehl (necessary activities, optional activities, social activities) is used for studying behavior. According to investigation toward land use planning, we can consider frequency of use, the purpose of visits, and functional scales as essential land use properties. All these land use properties have a variety of sub-criteria. The purpose of the visit are a response to secondary needs and primary needs. Land use functional scales have neighborhood scale, regional scales, and district scales. Frequency of use includes once or more visits in a day, once or more visits in a week, once or more visits in a month, once or more visits in a year and visits at uncertain times. In this case study, we determined 5 types of land use:Commercial, Office, Open space (park), Mix-use residential and general service (gas station). This article is trying to answer the following question: "How do different land uses cause different behaviors? It seems that most urban design literature and text books have focused on the effects of different land uses on people‘s activities, and behaviors in urban public space is not studied or only narrowed to pedestrian walkways. This is a qualitative and descriptive analytic research study. The chosen methodology for the study behavior was direct observation and behavior pattern analysis and the methodology for studying land use comprised of observations and questionnaires. The sample size was 138. In Daneshjou Street, there are diverse activities and behaviors; for instance, it was possible to consider Walk to shops, Walk to do something, Transit, Walk to do a job, stand to do something or stand to wait as necessary activities and stroll, sit to eat and drink, sit to read, sit to rest and stand to eat and drink as optional activities. In addition, social activities observed included 2 people or more talking to each other, Cultural events and buying from venders. In Daneshjou Street, Mashhad, the frequency of necessary activities, optional activities and social activities were 29.5%, 33.7% and 36.8%, respectively.. Thus, social activities occurred more frequently than others activities in this case study. Pearson correlation test and chi square test were used for analyzing the information In conclusion, this study proves that land uses with a district functional scale, land uses with more than once a week visit frequency, and land uses responding to secondary needs could provide more variety of pedestrian behaviors in Daneshjou Street.
Urban Design
masoumeh ayashm; morteza mirgholami
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 69-80
Abstract
Abstract
The concepts of place and sense of place have attracted many contemporary researchers in the field of urban design and planning. In the past, cities had a higher ability to establish connection between humans and space. Today, however, cities consist of many spaces without identity and meaning ...
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Abstract
The concepts of place and sense of place have attracted many contemporary researchers in the field of urban design and planning. In the past, cities had a higher ability to establish connection between humans and space. Today, however, cities consist of many spaces without identity and meaning which are produced through a process of homogenization emerging from capitalist urbanization. The production of non-places and identical spaces has marginalized the identity of local places and cultures. By using inconsistent pattern with the site context, only human's temporary needs will be resolved and regardless of place concept and a sense of place, urban spaces are formed in cities. Promotion of placelessness is the only feature of this kind of urban spaces making.
This research, by studying the fundamentals of place and the sense of place, examines the question of whether an integrated urban street has a unique sense of place in all its small parts such as its sequences. Through a critical review of different place features and models for evaluation of sense of place, a new model was synthesized. This model was then been used to analyze a case study in Urmia city (different sections of Imam Khomeini Street). Division of Emam Khomeini Street to different parts are based on people’s mental images and perception of this street. Three methods were used for analyzing this urban space. In the first method, according to the writer's field observation and final model ( presented in this study), Emam Khomeini street was analyzed. In the second method, results of the questionnaire based on some spatial words that describe the quality of urban spaces were presented. In the third method, parts of Emam Khomeini Street were analyzed using land use maps and land use distribution patterns. According to the findings, different parts of Imam Khomeini Street have different identities and thus create different senses of places. in addition, the amount of land use vitality in these parts of Emam Khomeini Street supported this fact.based on the results of this study, the amount of contribution of each parts are determined according to four factors (perceptual, physical, social and functional) presented in the model. Using this item can identify which aspect needs to be upgraded or modified in each section. In other words, the overall framework for improving urban spaces is clarified. In the third sequence, perceptual, physical and social factors and in first sequence, functional factor should be modified, and these amendments can improve spatial integration.
The research method used was descriptive-analytical using various methods such as library study, documentation and presence in the environment and questionnaire for data collection (field observations and questionnaire design and interviewing). The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that different sections of Emam Khomeini Axis have different impacts on people’s sense of place and meanings of the street.
Urban Design
Naser Barati; Seyyedeh Sepideh Najafi Taroujeni
Volume 5, Issue 19 , August 2016, Pages 81-91
Abstract
The city is a set of signs and symptoms that manifest various contexts. Some of these indicators with regard to the continuation of participation in various generations, acceptance by people and exhibition of citizens’ identity and culture have changed into identity symbols. On the other hand, ...
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The city is a set of signs and symptoms that manifest various contexts. Some of these indicators with regard to the continuation of participation in various generations, acceptance by people and exhibition of citizens’ identity and culture have changed into identity symbols. On the other hand, the entrance of the city, due to the great impact on the imagination of city visitors in the first glance and in fact at the beginning of arrival is one of the most important sign placement and symbols in the structure of the city; therefore, made signs at the entrance tocities, with the passage of time, have changed to symbols that represent the integrity of the city and try to introduce it to the people. The symbol of the main eastern entrance of Qazvin city in Minudar square is an urban element recently completed. In this study, the quality of this element, as a significant urban symbol, is studied from the people’s point of view.
Based on the raised issues, the aim of this study is identifying design criteria of entrance symbols in general, as well as evaluating success of Qazvin’s monumental entrance symbol.
In order to achieve the aim of the study, this research examined the views of visitors to Qazvin’s eastern entrance square with the practical aim and descriptive- case study method. Required information on theoretical foundation was collected through literature review to identify the criteria and necessary features of the case study and the data was collected through questionnaires (half- open) as well as interviews with visitors based onquestionnaire results. In this study, two groups of people were questioned. The first group were the main ordinary observers who had been divided into two sub-groups as Qazvin dwellers and travelling passengers; the second group comprised of experts in urbanism and architecture. Gathered data was analyzed by SPSS software which not only analysed statistics related to the satisfaction of visitors regarding the entrance symbol of the city but also analysed identified characteristics in theoretical foundation about the symbol.
Beauty, readability, and the introduction of the city are three main criteria in the design of an entrance symbol in a city which included several indicators. According to the survey, by evaluating indicators by observers in this study, 55% of the people accepted this monument as an entrance symbol of Qazvin in contrast to 67% of the experts who did not.. Some factors such as lack of understanding of the symbol by the people and its relationship with observers, lack of connection with Qazvin’s history and identity and from an aesthetics perspective, they found the monument unacceptable. However, the main reason for people to accept the symbol was its beauty.
