نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد مهندسی سواحل بنادر و سازه های دریایی، کارشناس مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه پیام نور واحد شیراز، ایران.

2 دکتری شهرسازی، رئیس برنامه ریزی و آمایش سازمان مدیریت و برنامه ریزی استان فارس، مدرس شهرسازی و معماری دانشگاه پیام نور و دانشگاه آزاد شیراز، ایران.

10.34785/J011.2021.936

چکیده

طی سالیان اخیر رشد سریع شهرنشینی در مناطق ساحلی و بروز فعالیت­های متعارض در آن، فشارهای زیست محیطی گزافی را متوجه این اکوسیستم حساس کرده است. از جمله این شهرها، شهر ساحلی بندر دیلم واقع در استان بوشهر بوده که به گواه آمارهای رسمی، طی سال­های 1335 تا 1395 رشد هفت برابری جمعیت را تجربه نموده است. این پژوهش که از لحاظ هدف پژوهشی کاربردی است، با استفاده از داده­های کمی و با روش توصیفی_تحلیلی به مطالعه رشد بی­رویه افقی شهر ساحلی بندر دیلم در یک دوره 10 ساله پرداخته است. پس از مطالعه بر ادبیات مروری، در قدم نخست به بررسی پراکنده­رویی در شهر دیلم با استفاده از تحلیل مدل آنتروپی شانون پرداخته شد و در گام بعد به وسیله مدل هلدرن میزان رشد افقی بی­رویه شهری تعیین گردید. در ادامه برای نخستین بار با به کارگیری سیستم تحلیل رقومی خطوط ساحلی (DSAS) در مطالعه رشد کالبد شهری، نرخ رشد کالبدی شهر در دوره 10 ساله به دست آمده و در نهایت با کسر سهم رشد بی­رویه افقی از رشد کل کالبد شهر، ساخت­وسازهایی که منجر به پراکنش شهر شده بودند، به کمک نرم­افزار ArcGIS10، در قالب نقشه مشخص گردیدند تا اندازه بهینه شهر در صورت مقابله با رشد بی­رویه افقی معین گردد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که شهر دیلم، میزان قابل توجه 14/80 درصد از بیشترین پراکندگی ممکن را دارا بوده و 1/37 درصد از رشد کالبدی شهر (در بازه زمانی این تحقیق) مستقیماً منجر به پراکندگی کالبدی در آن شده است. همچنین شهر در قسمت شمالی و جنوبی به ترتیب دارای نرخ رشد کالبدی 08/19 و 11/23 متر در هر سال با انحراف معیار 5/4 و 1/4 بوده که به ترتیب میزان 08/7 و 57/8 متر در هر سال منجر به رشد افقی بی­رویه آن شده و 12 و  54/14 متر در هر سال ناشی از رشد جمعیت بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Formulating Optimal Size of Cities with Urban Sprawl pattern considering current Trend of Growth (Case study: The Coastal city of Deylam)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Meysam Rezaee 1
  • Seyed Hamidreza Tabibi 2

1 M.Sc., Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University (PNU)-Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran.

2 PhD. Spatial planning director of the Management and Planning Organization of Fars province, Iran

چکیده [English]

After the Industrial Revolution, advancement in industry and technology was coupled with population growth, and rural-urban immigration caused the extreme expansion of cities. Moreover, the rapid growth of urbanization in coastal areas and conflict of interest between the stakeholders has imposed extreme ecological pressure on this fragile ecosystem, which indicates the contrast between cities and coastal environments. According to records from the Statistical Centre of Iran, the coastal city of Deylam, Iran, located in Bushehr Province, has been struggling with population and immigration growth during the past six decades. Since the common expansion pattern of coastal cities is linear, where they are distributed along the coast, any attempt against the urban sprawl of coastal cities will clearly benefit the coastal ecosystem. In this research, the urban sprawl of Deylam was investigated for an approximate time span of ten years using quantitative data and a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, the prevalence of urban sprawl in the area under investigation was first verified using Shannon’s entropy method. Subsequently, the share of horizontal urban growth, which has faced Deylam with urban sprawl, was specified using the Holdren model. Next, the rate of horizontal growth for the period of investigation was calculated for the first time through application of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System to a study of horizontal urban growth. Eventually, the optimum size of Deylam  for the investigation period was obtained through subtraction of the share of growth calculated by the Holdren model from the total growth of the city, provided then through maps generated using ArcGIS 10. According to the calculations made using Shannon’s entropy, Deylam was expanded extensively at the beginning of the investigation period (i.e., February 16, 2005), undergoing 80.14 percent its maximum possible urban sprawl. Moreover, 62.9 percent of the urban growth of the city in the investigation period resulted from the population growth, based on the Holdren model; therefore, 37.1 percent of the total growth is responsible for the urban sprawl of the city. The results demonstrated that Deylam has experienced growth rates of 19.08 and 23.11 m/year at its northern and southern edges with standard deviations of 4.5 and 4.1, respectively. At the northern edge, the growth rate of 7.08 m/year is due to the urban sprawl, and the 12-m/year rate has resulted from the population growth.  Along the same lines at the southern edge of the city, the growth rate of 8.57 m/year is due to the urban sprawl, and the 14.54-m/year rate has resulted from the population growth. The western and eastern edges of Deylam have not developed during the investigation period, because there have been natural barriers in these parts. Since the presented framework, implemented in this study, is easy to apply, and the procedure of calculation is clear, it may provide contributions in projects involving prevention of urban sprawl.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rate of Urban Growth
  • Urban Sprawl
  • Horizontal Growth
  • DSAS
  • Coastal City of Deylam
ABEDINI, A. & KHALILI, A. 2017. Evaluating Urban Dispersion using Spatial-Temporal data, case study: Urmia City. Motaleate Shahri Quarterly, 25, 63-76. [in Persian]
ATHARI, S. K. 2000. Towards the efficiency of government intervention in the Urban Land Market. Eghtesad Maskan Quarterly, 18. [in Persian]
AZIZI, M. M. 2004. Density in urban planning: Principles and criteria for determining urban density., Tehran, Daneshgah Tehran Publication. [in Persian]
BAGHERI, B. & TOUSI, S. N. 2018. An explanation of urban sprawl phenomenon in Shiraz Metropolitan Area (SMA). . Cities, 73, 71-90.
BECK, R., KOLANKIEWICZ, L. & CAMAROTA, S. 2003. Outsmarting smart growth: Population growth, immigration, and the problem of sprawl. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies.
DURANTON, G. & PUGA, D. 2015. Urban land use. In Handbook of regional and urban economics Elsevier, 5, 467-560.
EBRAHIMZADEH ASMIN, H., EBRAHIMZADEH, E. & HABIBI, M. A. 2010. Analysis of the factors regarding the Physical Expansion and Urban Sprawl of Tabas after the earthquake, using Holdern Entropy Model. Joghrafia va Tosea Journal, 19, 40-46. [in Persian]
EBRAHIMZADEH, E. & RAFIEI, G. 2009. An analysis of the Physical-Spatial Expansion Pattern of Marvdasht City using Shannon and Holdern Entropy models and presenting its optimal future Expansion Pattern. Pazhoheshhaye Joghrafiaei Ensani Journal, 69. [in Persian]
GALSTER, G., HANSON, R., RATCLIFFE, M. R., WOLMAN, H., COLEMAN, S. & FREIHAGE, J. 2001. Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept. Housing Policy Debate 12, 681-717.
GHARKHLU, M. & ZANGENEH SHAHRAKI, S. 2009. Understanding the Physical-Spatial growth pattern of City using Quantitative Models (Case study: Tehran city) Joghrafia va Barnameh Rizi Mohiti, 20, 19-40. [in Persian]
GHORBANI, R. & AL., E. 2014. A review on new patterns of Urban Planning, Tehran, Forouzesh Publication. [in Persian]
HEKMATNIA, H. & MOUSAVI, M. 2006. Application of the model in geography with an emphasis on urban and regional planning, Tehran, Elm Novin Publications. [in Persian]
HERDIANSYAH, H. 2019. The process of adaptation related to physical environmental and social interaction systems changes on coastal morphodynamical. J. Phys.
HEROLD, M., COUCLELIS, H. & CLARKE, K. C. 2005. The role of spatial metrics in the analysis and modeling of urban land use change. Computers, environment and urban systems, 29, 369-399.
HESS, G. & AL., E. 2001. Just what is sprawl, anyway. Carolina Planning, 26, 11-26.
KAMANROUDI, M., PARIZADI, T. & BIGDELI, M. 2016. The Spatial Expansion process of Settlements around Tehran Metropolis (Case study: Islamshahr-RobatKarim urban area). Motaleate Shahri Quarterly, 21, 51-64. [in Persian]
KAY, R. & ALDER, J. 1999. Coastal Planning And Management (1st ed.), London, E & FN Spon.
KIWISARI, A. 2001. Scattered in the City. Rah va Sakhteman Journal, 30.
LEE, J., KURISU, K., AN, K. & HANAKI, K. 2015. Development of the compact city index and its application to Japanese cities. Urban Studies, 52, 1054–1070.
MAHMOUDI, K., SAYEHBANI, M. & MORADI, A. 2015. Introduce a new Computational Module for the Shoreline Digital Analysis System to identify Suspicious Data in Shoreline Change Data. Mohandesi Darya Journal, 21, 83-94. [in Persian]
MOBARAKI, O., MOHAMMADI, J. & ZARABI, A. 2013. Presenting the optimal pattern of Physical-Spatial Expansion of Urmia city. Joghrafia va Tosea Journal, 32, 75-88. [in Persian]
MOHIT ANDISH PAYDAR, C. C. 2009. Development plan and sphere of influence (comprehensive plan) of Bandar-e-Deylam City. . Department of Housing and Urban Development of Bushehr Province. [in Persian]
MOMENI, M. 1998. Geography Database in Iran, Volume One: Urban Geography., Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Publications. [in Persian]
MORADI MASIHI, V. 2005. Strategic Planning and its application in Urban Planning of Iran, Tehran, Pardazesh va Barnamerizi Shahri. [in Persian]
MORADI ZARGAR, R. & SHIRAZI, G. 2015. Investigating the relationship between Smart Growth and Urban Sprawl in the direction of Sustainable Development. International Conference on Geography and Sustainable Development. Tehran: Safiran Farhangi Mobin Institution. [in Persian]
MOUSAVI, E. 2005. The role of Geographical factors in the Physical Development of Izeh city. Master of Science, University of Isfahan. [in Persian]
NAZMFAR, H. & MONTAZER, F. 2016. The pattern of Horizontal Expansion of the City, its causes, Typology, Characteristics, Dimensions, Consequences, and background in Iran. The 3rd Scientific Conference on New Horizons in Geography and Planning. [in Persian]
NEUMANN, B., VAFEIDIS, A. T., ZIMMERMANN, J. & NICHOLLS, R. J. 2015. Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding- A Global Assessment. PLoS ONE 10.
NIKPOUR, A., SHEYKH VEYSI, F. & REZGHI, F. 2016. Physical assessment of City Form (Case study: Azadshahr). The 2nd International Congress on Earth Science & Urban Development. Tabriz: Kian Tarh Danesh Company. [in Persian]
PARHIZGAR, A. & DIVSALAR, A. 2005. The Eco-city and its effects on the Sustainable Development of Coastal cities
Joghrafia va Tosea Nahieaei, 4, 1-25. [in Persian]
PARSI, H. & FARMIHANI FARAHANI, B. 2014. Analysis of the phenomenon of Urban Sprawl in the range of large cities. Motaleate Shahri Quarterly, 10, 49-62. [in Persian]
POURMOHAMMADI, M. & JAME KASRA, M. 2011. An analysis of Unbalanced Development pattern of Tabriz Tahghighat Joghrafiaei Quarterly 26, 31-54. [in Persian]
RAHNAMA, M. R. & ABBASZADEH, G. 2006. A comparative study to measure the degree of Distribution/Compaction in the Metropolises of Sydney and Mashhad. Joghrafia va Tosea Nahieaei, 6, 101-128. [in Persian]
RAHNAMA, M. R. & ABBASZADEH, G. 2008. Principles, Foundations, and models for measuring the Physical Form of the City, Mashhad, Jahad Daneshgahi. [in Persian]
RAHNAMA, M. R. & REZAEIAN, B. 2014. Measuring the Distribution and Compaction of the Shape of Iranian Metropolises using Quantitative models. Motaleat Joghrafiaei Manategh Khoshk, 16, 87-107. [in Persian]
SAFAEIPOUR, M., AMANPOUR, S. & BASTAMINIA, Z. 2011. Analysis and Study of the role of Migration in the Physical and Spatial Development of Yasuj city (during 1966-2006). Negareshhaye No Dar Joghrafiyaye Ensani Journal 4, 145-158. [in Persian]
SAZEHPARDAZI IRAN, C. E. 2008. Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Mohandes Moshaver Journal, 39, 33-46. [in Persian]
SEYFODINI, F. 1999. Urbanization Trends, The Issue of Big Cities. Pazhoheshhaye Joghrafiaei Journal, 36, 75-80. [in Persian]
SEYFODINI, F., ZIARI, K., POURAHMAD, A. & NIKPOUR, A. 2012. Specifying the Distribution and Compactness of Amol urban form with the approach of sustainable urban form. Pazhoheshhaye Joghrafiaye Ensani Journal, 80, 155-176. [in Persian]
SHEKOUHI, H. 1994. New Perspectives in Urban Geography, Tehran, Samt Publication. [in Persian]
SHEYKHI, T., PARIZADI, T., REZAEI, M. & SAJJADI, M. 2012. Determining the Physical Form of Isfahan using the Gary and Moran Model. Pazhoheshhaye va Barnamerizi Shahri, 9, 117-134. [in Persian]
STATISTICAL CENTRE, O. I. 2016. The 2016 General Population and Housing Census of Iran. [in Persian]
TABIBIAN, M. & ASADI, E. 2008. Investigation and Analysis of Scattering factors in the Spatial Development of Metropolitan areas. Nameh Honar Journal, 2, 5-23. [in Persian]
TAVALLAEI, S. 1995. The City and Environmental Consequences. Tahghighat Joghrafiaei Quarterly, 33. [in Persian]
THIELER, E. R., HIMMELSTOSS, E. A., ZICHICHI, J. L. & ERGUL, A. 2009. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 4.0 - An ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change. USA: U.S. Geological Survey.
WILLIAMS, K., BURTON, E. & JENKS, M. 2000. Achieving the compact city through intensification: An acceptable option? The compact city a Sustainable urban form? , E & FN Spon.
WILLIAMS, K., BURTON, E. & JENKS, M. 2004. Achieving Sustainable Urban Form, Pardazesh va Barnamerizi Shahri Company.
ZAMBON, I., SERRA, P., SAURI, D., CARLUCCI, M. & SALVATI, L. 2017. Beyond the ‘Mediterranean city’: socioeconomic disparities and urban sprawl in three Southern European cities. Human Geography, 99, 319-337.
ZANGANEH SHAHRAKI, S., MAJIDI HERAVI, A. & KAVIANI, A. 2012. A comprehensive description of the causes and factors affecting the Horizontal Distribution of cities (Case study: Yazd City). Tahghighat Karbordi Olum Joghrafiaei, 25, 173-193. [in Persian]
ZANGANEH SHAHRAKI, S., SHAHI AGHBALAGHI, A. & DOROODINIA, A. 2015. Horizontal Expansion of cities and the role of Urban Development Plans (Case study: Meshginshahr City). 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development. Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran). [in Persian]
ZANGIABADI, A. 1997. Spatial analysis of Physical Development pattern of Kerman PhD, Tarbiat Modarres. [in Persian]