Urban Sociology
somayeh shalchi; Maryam Allah dousti
Abstract
فرهنگ یکی از مهم‌ترین مولفه‌های حیات شهرها محسوب می‌شود و سیاست‌گذاری فرهنگی شهری می-تواند در نقش محرک و تسهیل‌گر سیاستهای توسعه شهری ظاهر شود. شهر تبریز به عنوان ...
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فرهنگ یکی از مهم‌ترین مولفه‌های حیات شهرها محسوب می‌شود و سیاست‌گذاری فرهنگی شهری می-تواند در نقش محرک و تسهیل‌گر سیاستهای توسعه شهری ظاهر شود. شهر تبریز به عنوان یکی از مهم-ترین کلانشهرهای ایران در طول تاریخ همواره از ابعاد مختلف مورد توجه قرار داشته و یکی از تاثیرگذارترین شهرها بر تحولات فرهنگی ایران محسوب می‌شود. در این پژوهش سعی بر آن بوده است که سیاستهای فرهنگی شهر تبریز در چهار محور اصلی نامگذاری معابر عمومی، ساخت المان‌ها و تندیس‌ها، مواجهه با گذشته شهر و سیاستهای قومیتی، از چشم‌انداز ساکنین آن مورد مطالعه قرار بگیرد. همچنین به این موضوع پرداخته شود که ساکنین شهر تبریز سیاستهای فرهنگی شهرشان را چگونه روایت می-کنند و چه درکی از آن دارند؟ این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و با روش تحلیل مضمون(تحلیل تماتیک) انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، زنان و مردان تحصیلکرده بالای 25 سال هستند، که بیش از 10 سال در شهر تبریز زندگی کرده و آگاهی کافی در رابطه با درک سیاستهای فرهنگی را داشته باشند. نمونه شامل ۱۵ نفر (۸ نفر مرد و ۷ نفر زن) بوده که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شده و نحوه گردآوری داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه نیمه ساخت یافته بوده است. در بخش نظری این پژوهش، از نظریات لوفور و تولید فضا، بنیامین و خاطره، دوسرتو و مقاومت، میزتال و حافظه بهره برده‌ایم. یافته‌های این پژوهش در قالب هفت تم اصلی " رنج نسیان، ردپای خاطره، فروپاشی مکرر، سیاست حافظه، دیگرِی شهر، کانالیزه کردن فضا و کنشگری مقاومتی" بیان شده‌اند. یافته‌های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در سال‌های اخیر با اعمال سیاستهای از بالا به پایین و گاه نامناسب، شهر تبریز از الگوی توسعه شهری تاریخی و پیشین خود فاصله گرفته، مسیری متفاوت در پیش گرفته است. که همین امر ساکنین را با مقاومت نسبت به این سیاست‌ها و با نوعی تعصب نسبت به شهرشان روبه‌رو کرده است.
Passive Defense
Mohammadreza Pourmohamadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; Ghafour Alizadeh
Abstract
The main objective of this research is to identify and provide a solution for the vulnerable infrastructure of Tabriz city from the perspective of passive defense. Therefore, this research is a type of applied-developmental study with a descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected using library ...
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The main objective of this research is to identify and provide a solution for the vulnerable infrastructure of Tabriz city from the perspective of passive defense. Therefore, this research is a type of applied-developmental study with a descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected using library sources and a supplementary questionnaire filled by 20 experts in the fields of architecture, urban planning and passive defense. The findings of the research indicate the desirable condition of passive defense safety considerations in providing suggestions. The research planning process is as follows: 1. The quantitative model for determining the levels of the centers of gravity of the Metropolis of Tabriz shows that, from the total 32 infrastructures, 17 infrastructures are classified as vital and critical infrastructures and 15 are classified as important and maintainable centers, representing the significant number of vital and critical centers. Creating a large number of vital and critical centers instead of a single critical center and increasing the distribution of important centers in the city to promote the security of the city against military attacks are regarded as key issues in the discussion of damages and threats in passive defense. 2. According to the quantitative threat model in Tabriz metropolitan area, the threat of missile and airborne strikes were selected as the base threat: 20 centers of gravity out of the total of 32 centers are at stake of this threat, indicating the predominance of this threat on the assets of the city. Therefore, missile and airborne strikes were considered as a major threat in the modeling, network analysis and layer standardization in the GIS environment. 3. The final map of the vulnerability of the metropolitan areas of Tabriz drawn using fuzzy overlapping functions in the ARC_GIS environment with 22 effective indexes in the form of five criteria (vital arteries, crisis management centers, military and police centers, urban facilities and support centers), the basic threat of airborne and missile attacks and coefficients of the criteria and indexes obtained from the Super Decision analysis software model show that the vulnerable zones of Tabriz are classified into five levels: The area with very low vulnerability is 13.7%, the low vulnerability area is 9.5%, average vulnerability area is 23.5%, high vulnerability area is 32.3%, and extreme vulnerability area is 21% of the total metropolitan area of Tabriz, which is in contradiction to the principles of passive defense and increases the spatial vulnerability of the city. It is therefore necessary to develop a strategy based on passive defense principles to reduce the vulnerability of the city. 4. According to the average model, the nearest neighbor, the average expected distance between infrastructures of Tabriz metropolitan area is 455 meters, but the average infrastructural gap is 264 meters. The ratio of the nearest neighbor is 58%, showing the cluster distribution of Tabriz city centers. This ratio is in contradiction to the principles of passive defense and exacerbates the spatial vulnerability of the city. It is thus necessary to apply the principle of dispersion of passive defense regarding centers of gravity in Tabriz. 5. According to the SWOT model, the results of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors by studying and identifying critical centers in Tabriz metropolitan area indicate that the city’s weaknesses are more than its strengths. Therefore, drawing on the strengths, some strategies must be used to reduce vulnerabilities caused by the weaknesses and threats of the city.
Urban Planning
rasoul Babanasab; asghar zarrabi
Volume 4, Issue 13 , February 2015, , Pages 57-70
Abstract
Objectives In recent decades, a concept that has been comprehensively investigated is the concept of E-city. In a lot of developed countries and societies, E-city has been successfully implemented and recently the global approach is towards constructing E-societies. Nowadays, societies that have rapid ...
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Objectives In recent decades, a concept that has been comprehensively investigated is the concept of E-city. In a lot of developed countries and societies, E-city has been successfully implemented and recently the global approach is towards constructing E-societies. Nowadays, societies that have rapid access to information and have expertise in exchanging information are more developed. E-city is a new form of urban life which can be formed along with a real world and in complete adaptability with it. It can solve many challenges including traffic, air pollution, administrative corruption, and social inequalities faced by real cities. Furthermore, in addition to presenting a new model in cities, it can provide citizens’ and managers’ access to the wants of a developed, creative, and knowledge-based urban society. Findings The present study aims at analyzing the indices of e-citizen from the perspective of citizens in Tabriz City. This study is an applied-developmental one in terms of objective, and a descriptive, analytical, and survey research in terms of nature and method. To collect the data, documentary and field (questionnaire) methods were employed. The sample population included citizens living in 10 areas in Tabriz City. Using Cochrane’s formula, the sample size was determined as 322 individuals and for a higher confidence rate, the number of participants was increased by 10 percent bringing the final sample size to 354 participants. To determine the required questionnaire of each region, weighting method based on the proportion of the population of each area was used. To analyze the data SPSS, Pearson correlation coefficient and one sample t-test were used. The findings indicate that in terms of the quality of citizens’ access to ICT facilities and centers of E-servicing, after administering one sample t-test, the mean scores and t-value were 3.19 and 5.13, respectively. These figures indicate relatively acceptable levels of access to these facilities. The current mean scores of the indices of e-citizen (2.79) by considering infrastructure are at an acceptable level. In addition, from citizens’ points of views, the optimized use of ICT and electronic services, in the case of Tabriz City, will have a positive effect on the different social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions of sustainable urban development. After conducting one sample t-test, the mean scores and t-value were 3.71 and 19.03, respectively. In regards to the degree of citizens’ experiences in using ICT, the results reveal that more than 79% agreed with the necessity of expanding the use of ICT and creating an E-city. There is a significant correlation between citizens’ electronic preparedness and acceptance of the effects of using ICT and the expansion of e-city. The magnitude of the correlation as r=0.433 indicates a positive and increasing correlation between these two variables. Results Based on the results, information and communication technology and electronic city can have an impact on different economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions. This means that optimal use of ICT results in urban sustainable development. Since Tabriz is the capital city of East Azerbaijan Province, the largest city in the north western region and the fifth most populated city of Iran, it has many problems such as air pollution, sound pollution, traffic, energy wastage, low citizen cooperation, and providing services to citizens. Despite such problems, novel instruction methods, contents and experiences in use of IT are required to be offered to citizens; role of ICT and creation of an electronic city is considered as a valuable movement toward experiencing a better life. Therefore, in addition to paying attention to the necessity of training with modern methods and contents, citizens consider the function of ICT as a valuable application for experiencing a better life.
