Regional Planning
fardis salarian; mahin nastaran; Hashem Dadashpoor
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. In the first part, a questionnaire of the variables affecting the sprawl that are extracted from internal and external studies is provided to the experts by purposeful sampling and then the results are analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the second part, using structured interviews with experts in the grounded theory system and using Max qda software, the interviews are reviewed, analyzed and coded. To investigate the causes of sprawl, 38 variables in 6 factors were provided to 25 experts who were selected based on purposive sampling. In order to analyze the consequences of sprawl; we used semi-structured interviews with 34 participants in the study area, the spatial consequences of scattering in the city-region were studied and 249 initial codes and 28 focal codes were determined. The most common causes of sprawl in the study area include per capita household income, land and housing trade, and land prices. In the analysis of the consequences of sprawl; The background conditions for economic development and restructuring, the causal conditions of inefficiency of the management and supervision system, the conditions of continuity including the transformation of the indigenous community and the destruction of the natural structure and the consequences of physical and spatial restructuring of the region were explained.
Urban Sustainability
Ali Asadi; saeed Salehi Marzijrani; Hassan sajadzadeh; hosein kalantari khalil abad
Abstract
Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact ...
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Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact of residential movements on the social spatial structure of the city, less attention has been paid to the issue of relocation factors and residential instability and the desire to relocate, especially in the environmental quality of residential complexes and why relocation Residential, in order to achieve the governing laws, has a special necessity and importance in urban planning, design and implementation and foresight. The purpose of this study is to discover the factors affecting residential instability and the tendency to relocate, especially in the quality of the environment of residential complexes in Arak by residents. It has been done in Arak city during the period of March 2017 to July 2016. Participants in this study were selected through a cluster random sample, and for a more detailed study, the complexes were selected as towers, multi-block and single. The results showed that causal conditions have the greatest impact in the first place and in the second place, intervening and strategic conditions affect residential stability. Causal conditions (such as design and construction of the building) are formed before the construction of the complex and other conditions One of the background conditions (such as the location of the complex in the city) after the construction of the complex is involved, which includes intervening and strategic conditions. Strategic conditions such as a sense of security and tranquility, congestion and management and intervening conditions such as neighborhood relations, cultural level and social homogeneity of residents, lack of economic capacity to move and lack of buyers due to poor building conditions (which are mostly personal and individual It is effective and different for each person) are factors that affect residential stability and the desire to move.The results also showed that the factors that create residential stability are different from the factors that create the desire and tendency to move, and the reason is that the factors that create residential stability are commented on based on facts and needs, but the factors that tend to move based on desires are ideas. Flags, ideals, and minds are expressed, and the greater the distance between the two (real desires and aspirations), the greater the desire to move. For example, in residential stability variables, the highest frequency is related to good building quality with a frequency of 286, while in the study of residential relocation variables, achieving a larger apartment with a better yard and a quieter and better neighborhood with a frequency of 227 Has the largest number.Accordingly, good building quality and cultural level and homogeneity were the first and second priorities of residents in residential stability. But the important point is the high level of reference to peace and security, proper access level, good management and economic inability to move, which have been important reasons for the respondents. Other cases mentioned include the good location of the apartment and the complex. Also, interviews with residents of residential complexes showed that access to apartments with a larger area is more important for the relocation of residents.The section on causal conditions includes structures, architecture and electrical and mechanical installations, facilities, green and open space, and the quality of materials and execution. The aim of this dissertation in reviewing this research is the architectural design, green and open space section. The architectural part consists of two parts: design and execution. The execution part includes suitable and quality materials and the manner of execution. In the design part, the factors that are very important for people in terms of residential stability and desire to move are presented in this research.
Urban Ecology
Mehrdad Karimimoshaver; mahsa samadpour shahrak
Abstract
1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per ...
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1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per person (Haashemi et al., 2016). As a result, increasing the amount of greenery in cities seems necessary. Lee et al. (2016) introduce the two factors of shading and ventilation as the main factors in improving the thermal comfort conditions in the environment by trees. Vegetation reduces the mean radiant temperature and improves environmental conditions by evaporating and controlling and reflecting daylight (Salata et al., 2017). Vegetation plays a major role in regulating weather conditions by controlling wind flow and conducting it and reducing its speed and pressure (Perini et al., 2018).Previous research has mentioned the importance of planting pattern, trees, and vegetation and their impact on the environmental and microclimatic conditions of the region. Now the question arises, what kind of tree planting pattern, among the common planting pattern, can have a better impact on the environment? Therefore, in this study, four common planting patterns of sextuple, quadruple, row, and scattered in the same conditions and with an equal number of trees were selected. 2. Materials and methodsIn this research the software of ENVI-met was used because the output of this software provides most of the parameters required for thermal comforts, such as Ta, Tmrt, wind speed, etc (Taleghani et al., 2015), and results have been validated and used by researchers (Taleghani et al., 2018). 3. Results and Discussion:To measure the data, 5 receptors in the central points of the site were selected. Data and environmental information of the receptors were extracted during the studied hours (10 am to 9 pm) and their mean was calculated for PMV index.Analysis of the data and figures extracted from the software shows that in the scattered pattern, a more uniform shadow is created in the environment than in other patterns, and also because the trees are scattered in most parts of the site, the solar access is less and more limited than other scenarios. Also, in the row pattern, ventilation conditions are easier than in the scattered pattern, and the warm wind passes through the trees more easily due to the regular arrangement. Therefore, the best planting pattern is one that creates more uniform shade and better ventilation conditions. However, the results of the scattered pattern are the same in most parts of the site, and in some cases, there is little difference between them. As a result, the pattern of tree planting in a scattered and row is better than mass planting and concentrated in certain parts of the site.4. Conclusion:The results show that in comparing the treeless scenario with other scenarios, the thermal comfort conditions change to a large extent and all scenarios create better environmental conditions than the treeless state. Also, because the row pattern in most receptors and most hours of the day has a lower average of PMV, it is the best pattern compared to others. Also, the sextuple pattern has a high index in most cases, and the quadruple pattern has a similar function to the sextuple one. Therefore, it can be concluded that the row and scattered pattern create better comfort conditions than other patterns. The results of this research can be used by architects, landscape designers, and urban designers. In this research, different patterns of trees have been compared with each other, so in future research, other plantings such as grass, shrubs, and shrubs and the effect of different planting patterns can be compared with each other.
Urban Sociology
sara farahpoor; Sina Razzaghi Asl
Abstract
Background: Urban spaces, especially in historical contexts, have undergone a transformation that is a result of de-semantic processes and new formulations of urban declined areas. A process that has led to a decline in quality and transformation of the everyday life of inhabitants in these areas. Since ...
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Background: Urban spaces, especially in historical contexts, have undergone a transformation that is a result of de-semantic processes and new formulations of urban declined areas. A process that has led to a decline in quality and transformation of the everyday life of inhabitants in these areas. Since cinematic spaces best reflect the nature of urban everyday life, looking at urban spaces through the lens of cinema, may be an approach that enables a new way of encounter with space and history.Objectives: To identify and classify urban themes and the dominant patterns of everyday life of the inhabitants of Tehran's historical fabric, through visual data and narratives of Iranian films.Method: Utilizing the method of thematic analysis in the study of Iranian cinema, this research tries to adopt a new approach on spatial transformation in this area. For this purpose, 30 films from Iranian cinema between the years of 1343-1398, were selected as the sample volume.Conclusion: Findings show that the Iranian cinema is able to provide a rich image of the relationship between the evolution of urban spaces and the patterns of urban everyday life of Tehran`s historical area. These patterns are formulated in five themes in the following titles: urban transformation, the conversion of social context in Tehran's historical area, wandering around in the city, social life of a caravanserai house and the act of resistance in urban everyday life of Tehran's historical area. It seems that in the recent decades, the represented image of everyday interactions in historical area of Tehran in Iranian films, has been severely damaged. Spaces that were once reflected as a place of everyday interactions, praxis and litigation, today are represented insecure and isolated, as a result of injecting new meaning into the urban context and manipulating with the mental image of citizens.
Urban Sustainability
hossein daneshmehr; saaied khani; vorya molasalimi
Abstract
The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. ...
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The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. For this purpose, all residents of Mehr Baharan housing in Sanandaj have been studied as a statistical population.In terms of methodology, the research is of survey-applied type, based on descriptive-correlation methods. The data required for the research were collected through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire. The formal validity of the questions was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questions was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and Pearson correlation, independent t-test, ANOVA and multivariate regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings in statistical software confirmed the research hypotheses, meaning that there was a positive relationship between the level of apartment culture, the degree of neighborhood relations, the level of familiarity with the social environment, satisfaction with residence and social capital of residents. There was also a positive and significant relationship between access to facilities and quality of urban services and infrastructure with the social capital of residents, but no significant relationship was observed in the dimension of social relations. Also, no significant relationship was observed between the type of housing and social capital of the residents and only there was a significant relationship in terms of spatial affiliation. There was a positive and significant relationship between contextual variables (residence history, income and marital status) and social capital of residents. (Spatial affiliation, social cohesion and social relations) and a positive and significant relationship was observed between the residents 'marital status, but there was a significant relationship between the variables (age, gender, occupation, education) and residents' social capital. According to multivariate regression analysis, the variables of apartment culture, neighborhood relations and level of familiarity affected the social capital of Mehr housing residents and explained about 32% of the changes in the dependent variable.
Urban Design
Faeze Rahmani Jami; Maryam Mohammadi
Abstract
The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of ...
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The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the factors affecting emotions in urban spaces and prioritize them in the selected space. In the first step, the literature reviews was done and then a conceptual model for measuring emotional response is presented. Base on this model, emotions can be measured in three physiological, perceptual and behavioral layers and based on that, the affective response of users in the urban space can be investigated. The case study of this research is a sequence of Imamat Street in Mashhad. The research was done based on a mixed method. A biometric sensor device (Empatica-E4) was used to collect data in the physiological level. Cognitive data was collected through walking interviews and videos. In addition, measuring the speed of walking in the behavioral layer was considered. The resulting data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and finally factors affecting the emotional response have been identified in this street. The factors identified as a result of the analysis in the three mentioned layers have been adapted to each other. Based on exploratory analysis through SPSS software, the factors affecting the emotional response have been prioritized. 20 people participated in this survey and shared their emotional response in selected sequence of Imamat Street which has one kilometer length. Results showed that, users’ emotional response was pleasant. According to the results of the data at the biological layer, it was found that the part with a dominant of natural character. Also the monotonous sections, inactive environments of this street and traffic limits cause unpleasant emotional response. The analysis of perceptual data showed that the presence of greenery and retails have a greater effect on a pleasant feeling. The analysis of movement speed also shows that in environment where there is attractiveness, diverse and relaxed decrease the speed of movement in the space and the desire to stay. Based on results, it was found that factors such as greenery, traffic, landuse and activity, behavioral patterns, crowd, noise pollution, etc., have an effect on the emotional response. In order to prioritize the factors affecting the emotional response in the mentioned space, the data were analyzed in the physiological and cognitive layers in the SPSS software. The results were rather same. It can also be concluded that among the factors affecting the emotional response, the effect of non-physical factors, such as natural elements, crowd, noise pollution, land use and activity have more influences than physical factors like type of flooring, facade and etc. Among these, the type of activity including exercise, the presence of a group of elderly people and the existing nature, including tall trees on the edge of the park, vegetation visible from inside the electricity organization and the presence of plants and decorative flowers in space have the more effect on the desired emotional response.
Urban Design
Marzieh Shafiei; Bahador Zamani
Abstract
Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting ...
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Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting the role of sound in urban design and planning has led to an increase in environmental disturbing sounds such as traffic congestion, leading to an unclear sonic perception among citizens. These indicate the necessity of considering soundscape studies in the design of urban environments. Therefore, In this paper, the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis as one of the most valuable historical- cultural urban spaces in Iran has been conducted, in order to answer the following questions: 1) What are the sound components affecting the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area? 2) How is the overall characteristic of soundscape in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? 3) What are the auditory imageable elements in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? In order to understand qualitative measures, first, the sound sources in the area were identified via sound walking and recording. Then, 384 questionnaires were filled out by people in the area. Sound walking has been conducted on common weekdays in spring 2022. Respondents were free to choose the desired path in the area but they had been asked to visit all of the parts of the area to have a comprehensive visit. The results of the assessments indicated that the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis is comprehensively positive from the respondent’s perception. Results also showed that the sounds of people’s conversation, people's footsteps, and birds are the most effective sound sources in defining the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area. Also, auditory imageability elements were including sound marks such as people’s conversation, people’s footsteps, and bicycle sounds. Sonic rhythms included Azan and fountains. Keynotes were people’s conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds. Sound signals included Azan, children’s play, and people’s conversation. Azan as a meaningful sound in Islamic culture and the sound of children's play as a sign of the vibrant urban space is of great importance. Therefore, it seems necessary to preserve these sound sources in the area. The people's conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds are the sonic harmony of the area. As a whole, results showed that users’ perception is the most important pillar in soundscape pleasantness.
Urban Design
ahmad shahivandi; Shirin Eslami
Abstract
Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. ...
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Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. This sense is the most important factor that can transform a space into a special place with specific characteristics and perceptions and behavior. The present article intends to measure the sense of place and to investigate and recognize its effective indicators in new urban development. For this purpose, the Qods township, located in Qom, has been selected as a case study. First, this article describes the concept of place, its sense of place, its levels, and its constituent components from various scientific fields and its experts. Then, considering the three main components of the sense of place, namely: The Physical, Function, and perception, along with the indicators and their sub-indices, in a conceptual framework to measure the sense of place in the Qods Township. This research has been conducted through a mixed paradigm and a descriptive-analytical research method. Data collection tools are library-documentary studies, With the statistical society, 245 residents of the Qods Township have been taken. Data analysis tools in the format of two descriptive and inferential analyzes using statistical methods of Structural Equation Modeling and Pearson correlation test were used in the Spss 23 and Amos Graphic software. Also, measuring the fitting of the conceptual model of research, according to the indicators of structural equations, indicate that the conceptual model of this research is desirable. Based on the research findings, among the 3 identified components, 12 indicators and 45 related sub-indicators, functional-activity, perceptual-semantic and physical-aesthetic components, respectively, have more weight in measuring the sense of place from the point of view of Qods township residents.
Urban Sustainability
Aliakbar Shamsipour; Saeed Sepasi Zangiabadi; Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to and use a combination of urban and natural factors. The Local Climate Classification (LCZs) (proposed by Stuart & Oak) 2012 includes a new and systematic classification of places for study. LCZ classifies climates according to the physical structure of the city. LCZs are individually characterized by one or more distinctive features that, for most classes, take into account land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings. Local Climate Zoning classifies the climate of urban spaces with a focus on the physical structure and surface coverage of the city. The LCZ classification has 17 different classes, each of which represents characteristics. LCZ classes are individually identified by one or more distinctive characteristics that for most classes, land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings are considered. Classes 1 to 10 pay more attention to the physical structure created by humans. Classes A to G pays more attention to the natural aspect of the city. Data and MethodsThree types of data (meteorological data, satellite images, and spatial information layers) were used for this study. Satellite images of the city of Tehran for two periods of summer and winter. Information layers of Tehran and its suburbs include land use data, land cover and building floors of Tehran, and atmospheric data of temperature, precipitation, speed, and wind direction in the 20 years of Doshan Tappeh, Geophysical and Mehrabad meteorological stations in Tehran. To create a map of the local climate classes in Tehran, the images in the SAGA-GIS environment have been converted to a spatial resolution of 100 meters. The measured area has been cut and saved in kml format and added to the Google Earth program, where the sample of each climatic class was performed. This stage is the most important and decisive stage of the research, which has been done with sufficient accuracy and patience with many samples. ResultsThe city of Tehran has a variety of local climatic classes with a variety of natural and human environments. Tehran is a heterogeneous metropolis in terms of form and performance, and because of this heterogeneity, all LCZ classes in the city are visible. The results of this study were as follows: Local climates with dense texture and medium height (Class 2), and dense and short (Class 3) are predominant. These two classes are local climates, known for their high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity; They are generally concentrated in the center and areas northeast of Tehran. inside the metropolis of Tehran, low-rise and mid-rise neighborhoods were obtained. The percentage of mid-rise buildings is much higher, which has made Tehran a mid-rise city in terms of building height. Buildings with green space between them are much less visible. Most of the city's green space is in the form of various parks in the city, which is why LCZ4 to LCZ6 are less visible than LCZ1 to LZC3. Barren lands and agricultural lands are a significant percentage of them outside the city limits. In addition, the building density of building spaces causes impermeable surface coatings, which are also an important factor in creating hot spots and stains. In addition to the above, dense urban spaces along with the narrow passage network show the sky visibility factor (SVF) and low air conditioning capacity. Barren lands with rocky outcrops and without vegetation in the mountainous strip north and east of Tehran have created different climatic classes of urban space. These zones are cooled with low heat capacity and higher altitude during the night, and their high-temperature difference with the urban space, which faces the phenomenon of urban heat island, provides the ability to form a north airflow towards the city. As the mountain range in the north of Tehran is identified as a cool and favorable urban air supply area. The south and southwest sides of Tehran are characterized by two different characteristics of the high distribution of urban centers and agricultural and garden lands. Tehran satellite urban centers receive various factories and industries that are not able to operate in the urban area of Tehran, and this has led to the formation of a local climate class of heavy industry and air pollution zone.ConclusionIn the obtained classifications, areas with the potential to form with high urban heat load, the ability to cause high pollution in the city. cool air supply and the ability to provide clean air were identified. Also, the percentage of impermeability in the city is higher than in the suburbs. So, the possibility of flooding inside the city is much higher. Areas with low sky visibility have been created in the urban area, which are the same areas that have high heat in the city.
Urban Scape
pooria saadativaghar
Abstract
The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological ...
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The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological effects) of this building on the city and its citizens. In fact, in the present study, by focusing on the feeling of oppression that is created by the tall buildings in the urban landscape and is felt by citizens on a daily basis, The effect of configuration-related parameters and landscape of tall buildings on perceptual and psychological components was investigated. In the present research, after extracting the psychological variables affected by the appearance and view of tall buildings with the library-document research method, in a survey research method, the impact of the variables related to the appearance and the visible view of the tall building in the case study of this research on Psychological variables were discussed.The results of this section showed that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the oppression of the participants who encounter these buildings increases and the satisfaction with the oppression decreases. In order to discover the underlying properties of perceptual variables, exploratory factor analysis was used and the results showed that the 16 perceptual variables were grouped into 4 qualities: pleasant, depressing, greenness and remarkable. The effect of the solid angle of the building on the depression rate of the landscape also indicated that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the landscape becomes unpleasant and depressing, but the effect of trees and vegetation on this environmental quality requires more research.In the continuation of the research, the oppression of the Zagros tower (the case study of this study) on the participants who face the tower from different streets was compared (with the international standard in this field) The results of this section also showed that (according to the mean statistics) the pictures taken from Beynolnahreyn Street, from the participants' point of view, have the lowest level of oppression and the highest level of satisfaction, and vice versa, the pictures taken from the intermediate positions of Aref, Taleghani, Jahannama, and the middle positions of Mirzadeh Eshghi and Jahannama were perceived with the highest amount of oppression and dissatisfaction, so it seems that from the perspective of the mentioned streets, the impact of the tower on perceived psychological pressure (oppression) of Participants have received less attention.This method can be used as a practical tool used by urban decision-makers in the discussion of locating tall buildings (with the aim of psychological sustainability of the urban landscape) if additional studies are carried out.
Urban Planning
Yaghob Abdali; Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki; hossein hataminejad; Ahmad Pourahmad; Mohammd Salmani
Abstract
Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently ...
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Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently gained much attention, there is so far no optimal approach for operationalizing this concept and therefore there is a need to conduct more empirical studies on what constitutes disaster resilience and how to assess it. The city of Khorramabad is prone to many risks due to exposure to surface runoff flowing from the surrounding mountains, floods, flooding of rivers that pass through the center of the city, and the inherent feature of being located in a unique valley. Researchers predict that future weather-related events will increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change.The consequences of these events, i.e. damage to infrastructure and property, as well as personal injuries and loss of life, are likely to increase. In this study, a resilience assessment focuses on the inherent characteristics and capacities of Khorramabad in the context of flash floods from surface water or from the overflow of rivers. The measurement approach is based on constructing a composite index based on six resilience dimensions social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community capital, and environmental of community flood resilience. This follows by developing a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method. The applied method is a combination of the DANP for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS tools in order to get Khorramabad's urban districts ranked based on their resilience levels. Most of the data provided for the indicators are mainly obtained from the Iranian Statistics Center as the unique reference of the country's official statistics, Other required data were retrieved from publicly available information sources of Khorram Abad Municipality, Organization of Management and Prevention of Natural Disasters, Renovation and Equipping of Iranian Schools, and Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran. The results clarify that District 23 is comparatively the most resilient district, while Districts 1, 4, 7, 13, and 17 are the lowest level of resilience. Such place-based assessments have an opportunity to track community performance over time and provide the tool to decision-makers in order to integrate resilience thinking into urban development and resilience-oriented urban planning.
Urban Transport
shahabeddin Kermanshahi; Mohsen Sadeghi; Hamid Shamanian; Maryam Momeni
Abstract
Poor integration between land use and transportation planning can lead to major problems, including wasting resources to manage inconsistencies, introducing incompatible or at least uncoordinated mega projects in the two fields of transportation and land use. This problem may affect urban management ...
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Poor integration between land use and transportation planning can lead to major problems, including wasting resources to manage inconsistencies, introducing incompatible or at least uncoordinated mega projects in the two fields of transportation and land use. This problem may affect urban management goals and its efficiency. In Iran, land use planning is done in the form of "Urban Master Plan" and transportation network development is planned in the "Transportation Master Plans." In this study, the process of preparing and approving Urban Master Plans and Transportation Master plans has been investigated, using semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in both fields. Furthermore, legal documents of approval process and also former suggestions to improve the process were reviewd. The results show that the process of preparation and approval of the plans are mainly independent, and it can be said that the coordination between these two plans is poor. In addition, by reviewing foreign experiences in this field and interviewing experts, suggestions have been made to improve the coordination between these two plans. Moreover, the suggested solutions in three categories, including 1) integration of urban and transportation master plans in the form of a single plan, 2) simultaneous preparation and approval of plans, and 3) modification of the current process of approval of transportation and urban master plans, challenges using the results of interviews are expressed. Finally, considering the severe challenges of unifying the plans and even preparing them simultaneously, in the short term, attitude change among practitioners and developing integration analysis tools are pragmatic solutions.
Urban Geography
Bahare sadat mousavi; Ata A. Kakroodi; samane Arvandi
Abstract
IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning ...
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IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkThe land surface temperature rises as a result of urbanization (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth was, the more easily the surface warmed. In majority of the temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao etal., 2021: 105314).ConclusionUrban physical expansion has influenced spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, and has led to an increase in surface temperature during the monitoring years. Results from the three cities under study over the monitoring years indicated an upward trend in earth's surface temperature. Surveys conducted in cities revealed that the geographic setting and regional factors influence the patterns of urban expansion. As a result, there were variations in the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap between the chosen cities. This difference caused by climatic, environmental and land cover conditions. According to the climatic conditions, the average greenness in areas with wetness weather (Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) was different from areas with hot and dry weather (Kashan). The reduction of surface vegetation, due to reduction in the amount of surface evaporation and transpiration so the heat and dryness of the surface increases. In all three of the studied cities, there has been a decline in the amount of greenness during the monitoring years, which may be related to the phenomenon of urbanization. The brightness index data demonstrated a rising tendency in the quantity of brightness caused by urban influences in the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Shirgah. The results of the water and wetness index have also increased during the monitoring years in the cities of Shirgah and Bandar Anzali (wet cities). However, it appears that the influence of the local climate and the sea has led to a change in temperature in Bandar Anzali. In general, with the reduction in greenness, brightness, wetness, and warmth of the earth's surface increased in Kashan and Shirgah. The vegetation cover has not decreased during the years of monitoring due to the area's proximity to the sea and high levels of precipitation, which has contributed to an adjustment of the surface temperature. From 1991 to 2021, the LST findings revealed just a one-degree increase in temperature. Because of this, an increase in vegetation may cause a rise in moisture, which in turn causes a drop in surface temperature.This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different weather conditions on changes in the biophysical properties of the surface due to urban expansion. The nominating difference of this study compared to previous studies is the evaluation of the effect of various climatic conditions changes in biophysical characteristics caused by cities physical growth.The studied cities in this research are located in different climates, the results showed that the physical development of the cities in each them during the monitoring years (1991 to 2021) had different effects on the temperature and biophysical characteristics of the surface. It shows that planning in these cities should be different according to the climatic conditions of each city, so managers and urban planners should consider the climatic conditions.Also, the design of the urban space based on the climatic conditions of each region has the great importance to control and improve thermal conditions of the urban environment. It is suggested that in future studies, climatic conditions and land cover changes due to the physical growth of cities should be considered for different cities.
Urban Planning
esmaeil daviran
Abstract
In urban researches, the study of the rhythmic effect of the use of public spaces in the city is known as rhythm mining. Behavioral settlement is a type of production and consumption of space by different social groups, which is more manifested in public spaces such as urban parks. The method of using ...
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In urban researches, the study of the rhythmic effect of the use of public spaces in the city is known as rhythm mining. Behavioral settlement is a type of production and consumption of space by different social groups, which is more manifested in public spaces such as urban parks. The method of using and allocating space in public spaces and examining its time sequence for different groups is the main goal of this research. This research, with qualitative, descriptive-analytical and exploratory research methods, has investigated the timing of behavioral camps in urban parks with the example of Baharestan and Ibn Sina city parks in Zanjan. Collecting the required data was done in the form of field sampling using a non-probability sampling method based on an accessible and unbiased sample and a continuous observation method during 6 months and a continuous interview during a month. According to the classification of indicators into three main components: structural, dynamic and social environment, the collected data were classified and divided into 14 main variables. Then, data analysis was done with the method based on qualitative tables, correlation matrix and rhythm. The results of the research show that behavioral camps based on static and group performance have a seasonal rhythm of summer and daily afternoon space consumption, and camps based on dynamic individual performance such as sports mainly use four seasons of space and daily in the morning and evening. On the other hand, the location and furniture of the camp are effective in the formation of the type of beat and the relationship of the components of the beat mainly has coherence and functional correlation.
environmental psychology
abolfazl abdolahi fard; shiva velayati; samira saeidi zarangi
Abstract
IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human ...
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IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human needs that citizens in the city want (Moeinifar and, 1392: 21). In this regard, it is necessary in urban design to strengthen the points that are valuable in terms of urban facilities for the benefit of the people, as well as the required factors and forces to pave the way for people to enter and stop in space. Therefore, public art can be used to beautify and improve the visual quality of Ardabil, eliminate architectural problems, beautify, optimize the urban environment and improve the quality of life of the city and its citizens, especially urban women.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection according to the nature of the study is a survey and a library using a questionnaire and interviews with women in Ardabil. To examine the effect of public art on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil and to answer the research question, a one-sample t-test was used. The results of one-sample t-test show that abstract art has an average (4.71), and the vitality created by this item (4.60), and the tendency to create abstract art in urban space for women (4.63). Which has the highest score among the 41 questions asked of various types of public art. In the next ranks, art embedded in space and applied art with an average (4.25), and art appropriate to the site and natural environment with an average (4.18), art (sculptures of celebrities) with an average (4.16) and finally water fountain Musical or average (4.03) has the highest level of perceived vitality of public art. The output of t-test is a single sample indicating the high level of perceived vitality of women in all kinds of public arts and elements in the urban space of Ardabil.Results and discussionIn this study, in addition to compiling and presenting a conceptual framework of the impact of Mana and Mira public arts in urban space on the perceived vitality of women based on a set of documents, the effective factors of public art on individuals (professional and non-professional women) to be determined. The results of this research emphasize the high importance of public arts on the vitality created by women. And this is possible through the existence of urban symbols and elements. Therefore, using beautiful urban elements such as Germans is one of the ways to strengthen the identity of urban spaces and vitality in women and other segments of society. Urban elements reflect people's thoughts and are rooted in the natural, historical, socio-cultural characteristics of each city. These elements must be semantic, functional, and beautiful, while at the same time instilling a sense of beauty in people, in which case they lead to identity. In this research, 13 types of general art, including (applied art, kinetic art, digital art, digital art created on the facade, sound-based art, static interactive art, dynamic-variable interactive art, passive interactive art, musical fountain, static art (sculpture) Cultural-local statues, abstract art, art appropriate to the site, and finally art embedded in natural space) in the form of 41 questions in the form of a visual questionnaire on the level of vitality created by public arts for women (professional and non-professional) in Ardabil. Is located.ConclusionIn the city of Ardabil, urban elements and public art can be seen only in a small number of sculptures of celebrities and examples of several murals. According to the results of the research, the tendency of women to create various types of public art is felt in the whole area of the city. Ardabil city has a lot of potential to create such arts that unfortunately the managers and planners of the municipality and related bodies do not pay much attention to the vitality and vitality of not only women in Ardabil but all sections of society and this is a social problem especially for half of women. is. Ardabil, which has been the center of the province for more than three decades, has a rich history and culture. In the past, the installation of statues and headstones in urban places and passages has accelerated, which not only did not have the desired result in introducing the city, but also added to the visual chaos in the city
Urban Design
Iman Ghalandarian; Golbarg Ghaemmaghami Farahani
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2023
Abstract
Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis ...
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Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis on attracting public and private participation. In current theories, the amount of participation has increased so much that the planner, in the role of facilitator and agent of people, acquaints them with their rights. This paper aims to identify the obstacles and challenges and factors affecting the implementation of small-scale participatory projects (neighborhood unit) in Mashhad, with a qualitative approach and data-based method through semi-structured interviews. The Statistical Society included three groups of stakeholders (people, urban management and facilitators) of these projects (called Mahalle Ma project). Sampling by theoretical method continued until the saturation stage. Data analysis was done using the qualitative content analysis method (type of thematic analysis) with Summative approach and MAXQDA 2018. By using the open and axial coding technique, the basic concepts of the implementation of target projects were identified. The results showed that urban management, facilitators and people as the three main stakeholders in the project implementation process create issues in each step of the design process from needs assessment to post-implementation evaluation. In the pre-implementation phase, changing in design and planning approaches by changing the urban management body and the inability of the facilitators to present a feasible plan to the municipality, as well as the negative mindset of the people towards the government bodies, creates challenges. In the implementation stage, insufficient credits allocation by urban management and lack of effective inter-organizational cooperation leads to non-implementation of the real needs of citizens and their dissatisfaction. The quality of the real and responsible participation of the citizens and the clarification of how to reach the alternatives and prioritization in accordance with the needs of the people by the facilitator team is one of the challenges of this step, which after the implementation of the plan, due to the intangible short term results, can lead to its ineffectiveness from the people's point of view.
Urban Design
Maryam Roosta; mahsa sholeh; Negin Amiri
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 May 2023
Abstract
Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated ...
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Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated in urban design researches. This research seeks to recognize the urban space based on the analysis of the richness of the olfactory and gustatory senses, and with the help of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods and by using library resources, field observations in the form of "sensory walking", conducting semi-structured interviews and quantitative survey in the form of The questionnaire has been completed. The studied example is a part of Hafez Street in Shiraz, which, in addition to having a historical identity and tourism attraction, can also be an important urban space in the qualitative encounter of citizens with the city in terms of sensory experience and sensory landscape. The findings of the research indicate the importance of "olfactory comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memories combined with taste stimulus in space" indicators in people's sensory experience. These findings show that the studied area has a more favorable situation in terms of "natural odors", "time-dependent odors" and "olfactory comfort" indicators, and there is a need to pay more attention to the indicators of "olfactory diversity" and "olfactory compatibility" in the review. be placed The findings of this research also indicate the importance of paying attention to the mutual influence of the experiences of the "smell" and "taste" senses on the dimensions of time and space and enhancing the identity and memorability of urban spaces. This research, with the aim of expanding future studies in this field with regard to the research gaps, and in carrying out landscape organization projects of urban spaces, can be cited by researchers in the field of urban planning and used by urban design and planning professionals.
Urban Planning
Bahador Zamani; Ehsan Babaei Salanghooch
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2023
Abstract
In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its ...
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In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings has sometimes led to a type of methodology with eclectic readings, which sometimes lacks and conflicts the nature of the grounded theory methodology and the primary considerations of the intended reading. Despite this, the review and evaluation of the quality of such research in the scientific fields related to the built environment, particularly urban design and planning has been done less. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to systematically evaluate the studies using the grounded theory methodology in urban planning and design in order to understand the appropriate application of the key tenets of this methodology in this field of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future applications. In this regard, the eligible studies have been selected by systematic search of papers published in reliable Persian-language scientific databases applying the systematic review method. After screening the existing studies based on the specified criteria, 44 studies published until 2019 were selected and evaluated based on the evaluation criteria of the grounded theory methodology. The results of the methodological evaluation of the conducted researches based on the grounded theory methodology showed that despite the increasing use of this method in urban planning and design research, many of these research have been unsuccessful in fully and accurately applying the principles and stages of the grounded theory methodology and its readings, and their results have been reduced to a diagram, model and conceptual framework instead of a theory as the expected achievement from the application of this method. In addition, the results of the present study showed that a number of the research only use a set of techniques of the grounded theory methodology including coding or memo writing. Neglecting important processes such as theoretical sampling, constant comparison and in-depth analysis of categories, has caused that these studies did not go beyond the level of description, and while limiting themselves to presenting descriptive themes and narratives, they rarely achieve theory building as the aim of the grounded theory methodology. Based on the findings of this paper, improving the quality of research based on the grounded theory methodology in the field of urban planning and design requires researchers with a correct understanding of the nature, characteristics and principles of the grounded theory and a deep insight of the readings of this method and their differences, in order to measure the appropriateness and justify the choice of the appropriate reading based on the aims and characteristics of the research.
Urban Management
Arastoo Yari hesar; Ali Dashti
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 May 2023
Abstract
Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and ...
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Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and in other words, the performance of urban management is a function of the decisions and policies approved by this body, so it is necessary in order to harm This body should be evaluated for performance analysis and formulation of damage removal strategies, and naturally, the most effective tool for evaluating the performance of councils is their approvals. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran in the fifth period and to analyze their contents quantitatively and qualitatively. This research is a type of content analysis research. The data required in this research has been collected by field and documentary methods. The most important reference for the required data is the comprehensive system of approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran. The statistical population of this research consists of all the approvals of the fifth term council of Tehran city. The results of this research show that the Islamic Council of the fifth term of the city of Tehran, although it has achieved considerable success and growth in terms of quantitative indicators, but the examination of the content of the approvals shows the failure of this council in carrying out the missions assigned in the Law on Organizations, Duties and Powers of Councils. is islamic A major part of the performance of this term of the council is made up of approvals that practically do not have much effect on increasing the quality of urban life, and there is a significant gap between the needs of citizens and the content of the approvals of the Tehran City Council. Also, the main focus of the Council's approvals has been on municipal issues rather than urban issues. Based on this, the suggested solutions include the focus of the council on regulatory issues up to legislation, distancing from superficial and theoretical issues, and addressing the main problems of Tehran city, and evaluating the operationalization of the council's previous approvals.