Motaleate Shahri

Urban Planning

An Analysis of Urban Resilience Against the Covid-19 pandemic (Case Study: Kermanshah)

Mohammad Reza Haghi; ehsan heidarzadeh

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 3-16

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.716

Abstract

Highlights - The development of the Internet and electronic services contributes to the sustainability and resilience of cities against epidemics. - Provision of neighborhood-scale land uses, especially green spaces and sports, is the first priority in the city of Kermanshah, Iran in the face of epidemics. - ... Read More Highlights - The development of the Internet and electronic services contributes to the sustainability and resilience of cities against epidemics. - Provision of neighborhood-scale land uses, especially green spaces and sports, is the first priority in the city of Kermanshah, Iran in the face of epidemics. - The approaches of integrated urban management, digital cities, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital have a key role in promotion of resilience in Kermanshah. Introduction The worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 since the end of 2019 can be considered as one of the biggest challenges in recent decades, which has caused the issue of epidemic diseases to assume a prominent position in the atlas of natural and artificial hazards. The high rate of spread, high mortality rates, and severe damage to various economic and social sectors of societies indicates the importance of considering this key issue. According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus epidemic is a global crisis that is unique in contemporary history in terms of spatial extent, onset rate, and complexity. Therefore, the present study has sought to answer the following question: which urban resilience variables are associated with higher priority in the struggle against epidemic diseases in the city of Kermanshah, Iran? Theoretical Framework A community’s resilience to potential contingencies is determined by the degree to which it can access the required resources and its capability of organizing itself both in advance and when needed. Accordingly, a resilient community is one that functions prudently in reduction of risk, preparation for the various effects of risk, and acceleration of recovery from hazardous events. Following the outbreak of Covid-19, it became clear that urban resilience extends beyond climate, landscape, ecology, and natural disasters. To raise the capability of an urban environment, therefore, such shocks need to be absorbed without significant changes in its structure or function. Hence, urban planners must seek to answer such questions as why urban planning has been inactive in control of the coronavirus epidemic crisis, and whether the concentration and distribution of population and activity has made city dwellers more vulnerable to diseases, terrorist attacks, and artificial and natural disasters. The answers to these questions are essential because there is ample evidence about the influence of urban form and design on the prevalence of epidemics. Methodology The present applied research involved interpretive description. The required information was collected in two ways: through library studies and questionnaires. For collection of data and identification of the initial variables through a review of various study sources, nineteen variables were finally selected for evaluation. After the variables were compiled, the studied sample was analyzed by the elite. Since the Micmac software was used to analyze the data, the questionnaire involved a matrix of cross-adjustment effects, and was validated by experts. The data input to Micmac were obtained using the Delphi method and a questionnaire distributed among fifteen experts familiar with the conditions in Kermanshah (ten people with doctorate degrees and five with master’s degrees). In order to increase the validity of the data, prerequisites were considered such as explanation of the conceptual model based on the latest scientific research, the experts’ acquaintance with the case study, reception of the experts’ feedback about the final results, and independency of the experts. Results and Discussion The present study analyzed the influence of urban resilience against epidemics on the basis of nineteen variables. The findings demonstrated that the following variables had the greatest direct and indirect impacts on the other variables involved in resilience in Kermanshah in the face of Covid-19: the infrastructure for remote provision of professional, administrative, academic, and medical services, access to green and open spaces and recreation-and-sports land uses, access to services and neighborhood scale uses, capacity of urban facilities and equipment such as the electricity network and Internet, and unified, integrated management in crisis conditions. Moreover, the two variables capacity of neighborhoods for walking and cycling and enhancement of local communities’ public participation and social capital exhibited a two-dimensional nature in the issue of resilience in Kermanshah. This means that these variables are affected by others while greatly influencing them. Conclusion Based on the factors identified as drivers, suggestions should be made for their promotion. Therefore, four macro approaches were mentioned as priority plans through adaption of the driving factors to what had been proposed in previous studies, including integrated urban management, the digital city, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital. In fact, one can implicitly achieve urban resilience against epidemic diseases by placing such approaches at the forefront of the urban planning system. The four proposed approaches are important because the synergy of measures taken in the public and private sectors is expected to improve and prevent waste of time and financial and human resources, aided by integrated urban management. Enhancement of the role of the digital city is important not only for provision of tools for identification and control of carriers of disease but also for better reduction of physical contact through telecommuting capacity, e-learning, online shopping, etc. Orientation toward the neighborhood is also considered significant as it reduces long inter-neighborhood commute by meeting citizens’ daily and weekly needs on a neighborhood scale. In addition, if urban neighborhoods are properly designed, achievements such as pedestrianization and access to green and open spaces will be realized, which will play a key role in residents’ mental and physical health during quarantine. The impact of social capital is also important because epidemics can be managed only through the people’s empathy and collective will. In fact, as the disease spreads among the people, their support and participation can undeniably help to control it.

Urban Planning

Examining the effect of Geometric index of Street (H / W) on the thermal performance of housing (Case Study: Hamedan residential buildings)

HOJJAT GHIYASVAND; mohamadjavad saghafi; hossein medi

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 17-34

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.334

Abstract

Highlights -The street geometry index (H/W) is highly effective on the thermal performance of residential buildings. -The lower the value of the index (H/W) on the streets of a cold-climate city, the lower the energy consumption of the building. -Changing the pattern of occupancy level of an urban ... Read More Highlights -The street geometry index (H/W) is highly effective on the thermal performance of residential buildings. -The lower the value of the index (H/W) on the streets of a cold-climate city, the lower the energy consumption of the building. -Changing the pattern of occupancy level of an urban building, to reduce the level of shadow and increase the level of solar radiation wall, improves thermal performance. -Increasing the depth of the yard in the southern pattern of the city of Hamadan, Iran reduces the consumption of thermal energy in a building. Introduction The relationship between building density and energy consumption involves a complex interaction between climate factors, location patterns, the way urban open spaces are located, and the adjacency of the buildings of which they are composed. Therefore, this study investigated the thermal performance of residential buildings based on the patterns of residential blocks in Hamadan Province, Iran using the concept of minor climate and thermal islands influenced by density regulations. It aimed to evaluate the effect of these regulations on energy consumption. A comprehensive collection of thermal simulations were conducted based on the climate of Hamadan and a statistical analysis for examination of the effect of height on the energy consumption resulting from increased urban density. Theoretical Framework A criterion used for measurement of the energy consumption of buildings is the micro-urban climate resulting from the density regulations (H/W). These regulations can affect the access of buildings to sunlight and, thus, the energy performance of buildings. Density regulation indices include two categories: middle-scale and micro-scale. The middle-scale category involves an H/W criterion for measurement of the impact of the outdoor environment. The micro-scale category involves criteria for changes in the building volume geometry, including the surface-to-volume ratio (S/V), ratio of surface exposed to direct sunlight to total surface (Ssn/Ssh), shadow area (Ssu/Ssh), substructure (Ssu/A), volume (Ssu/V), and ratio of window surface to the total wall surface (WSR), which changes as height varies. Methodology The methodology involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the simulation stage, two modes were considered to specify the effect of H/W on energy consumption. First, fixed height and variable street width were considered in the modeling for examination of the effect of the street width index, and fixed street width and variable height were then considered for examination of the height index. For analysis of the findings of the statistical methods, correlation, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used. The relationships between energy consumption and the variable of street width and each of the indicators of the variable of height were investigated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. For investigation of the simultaneous effect of all the indices of the independent variable on the dependent variable (energy consumption), multiple regression analysis was used to specify which geometric factor exhibited the greatest impact on energy consumption. Analysis of variance was used for comparison and evaluation of the mean differences between the groups. For validation, two methods were used: experimental (involving field measurements) and comparative (involving a comparison of the results of different software). Results and Discussion The results obtained from the correlation analysis revealed that there is a close direct relationship in all residential blocks of northern patterns between H(fix)/W(6m-36m) and annual energy consumption, while there is no correlation in southern patterns. The relationship between H(4f-10f)/W(fix) and annual energy is direct in northern patterns but inverse and slightly effective in southern patterns. As the H(fix)/W(6m-36m) ratio decreases, cooling energy consumption increases sharply (inverse correlation), and heating and total energy consumption decrease sharply (direct correlation). In this analysis, energy savings are greater on a wider street than on a narrower street, and fixed-height buildings exhibit lower annual energy consumption on a wider street. Positive correlation (high intensity) and negative correlation with heating energy (low intensity) is established between the geometric characteristics of residential parts (S/V, Ssu/S, Ssu/V, Ssu/Ssh, and Ssn/A) and cooling energy consumption. Wider streets receive more sunlight than narrower ones, so those with lower geometric indices exhibit better thermal performance and greater reduction of heating energy consumption. Conclusion Building density and its indices are influential in northern patterns, and increase in height and pathway width contributes to the reduction of energy consumption. Therefore, the geometric index of an urban street is effective in northern patterns, and a rise in height through an increase in the horizontal distance between buildings affects the reduction of energy consumption. However, the value of the index (H/W) is lower on the urban passages of the cold climate of Hamadan (deep urban valleys), and the energy consumption of the building decreases as the absorption of solar radiation increases. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most indicative energy consumption factors in the patterns included the geometric index (H/W), the number of sunny surfaces (Ssu), the ratio of shadow (Ssh) to the substructure (A), and total surface area (S) . The proposed model (involving a change in the occupancy level of the initial model) exhibited the most optimal thermal performance with decreases by 42.9% in cooling energy and by 4.73% in total energy. Acknowledgment The article has been derived from the Ph.D. thesis entitled "Determination of housing deployment pattern considering the influence of climate factors on the inside thermal comfort whit an energy management approach (case study Hamedan)", which has been defended by the first author under the second author’s supervision and the third author’s advisory at the Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University.

Urban livability

A comparative study of livability in new and old parts of the cities (Case Study: Urmia city)

Aram Khezerlou; Asghar Abedini

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 35-48

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.107

Abstract

Highlights - The highest weight concerned the indicator of building quality, and the lowest pertained to the area covered by sewage. - The rate of livability is higher in the old part of the city of Urmia, Iran than in the new part. - The rate of livability is in better conditions in the old part ... Read More Highlights - The highest weight concerned the indicator of building quality, and the lowest pertained to the area covered by sewage. - The rate of livability is higher in the old part of the city of Urmia, Iran than in the new part. - The rate of livability is in better conditions in the old part than in the new part based on the indicators of access to the main thoroughfares, average land price, population density, access to sports and recreational use, access to medical use, access to academic and cultural use, access to commercial use, number of literate people, and number of employees. - The rate of livability in the new part is in good conditions compared to that in the old part based on the indicators of building quality, area covered by sewage, and access to green spaces. Introduction The increase in the development of urban population and replacement of concern for quantitative standards by consideration of qualitative approaches has led to a rise in the quality of urban life and urban livability, where the role of officials and urban management is important, along with the need for a comprehensive study of various dimensions in the city. Following the rapid population growth as a result of migration and the unplanned expansion of the city of Urmia, Iran, the capital of West Azerbaijan Province, and the consequent problems, the need for a comprehensive effort to save the city and improve the quality of life therein has been highlighted more than ever. In response to these problems, various theories and approaches have been proposed, one of which is the livable city approach. Given that livability is a complex, multidimensional concept, and its patterns are completely different from one region to another, no comprehensive model has been presented so far of the effects of livability indicators in the old and new parts of cities in the current conditions and the relationships between them. Therefore, this comparative study was intended to investigate the extent of livability in the old and new parts of Urmia based on the relevant indicators. Theoretical Framework Livability is defined as the quality of life experienced by the inhabitants of a city or region. Kennedy and Bai believe that the concept of livability is defined by terms such as the well-being of the society, and represents the characteristics that turn a place into one where people always want to live. Methodology In this descriptive-analytical applied research, data collection was conducted through library studies, available articles, field studies, and census information released in 2016 by the Statistical Center of Iran. Thus, after the resources relevant to livability were studied, twelve indicators were selected from among various effective factors to obtain the research output, given the availability of data on Urmia. These indicators include access to medical use, access to commercial use, access to sports and recreational use, access to green space use, quality of buildings, area covered by sewage, access to academic and cultural use, number of literate people, population density, average land price, number of employees, and access to the main thoroughfares. Given that each of the indicators effective in specification of livability has a different coefficient of importance (weight), the opinions of the elite were used in this article to determine the weights of the indicators. To weigh the indicators according to the BWM method, thirty questionnaires were developed with contents based on their pairwise comparison in terms of the preference of the best indicator over the others and the preference of the other indicators over the worst. In the next step, the questionnaire data were entered into the GAMS software and calculated and analyzed. A weight of 0.081 was calculated with the value of lε obtained for the thirty questionnaires, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. For a spatial analysis, the information layers of the indicators were first digitized and edited in the GIS software, and the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method was multiplied by each of the indicators through conversion of the information layers into a raster and their classification. Using the weighted sum, the indicators were then combined for measurement of livability in the old and new parts of Urmia. Results and Discussion The calculations of the weights of the twelve indicators in the Gomez software indicates that the highest weight concerns the average land price indicator, with a significance coefficient of 0.169, and the lowest weight pertains to the area covered by sewage, with 0.015. The average value of λε obtained for the thirty questionnaires was 0.081, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. Conclusion The results of combining the twelve livability indicators for the old part of Urmia show that 2% of this part lies in the zone with very low livability, 13% in low livability, 32% in medium livability, 35% in high livability, and 18% is in very high livability. In the new part of Urmia, 7% lie in the zone with very low livability, 21% in low livability, 39% in medium livability, 29% in high livability, and 4% in very high livability. Furthermore, livability is better in the old part than in the new part based on the indicators of access to the main thoroughfares, average land price, population density, access to sports and recreational use, access to medical use, access to academic and cultural use, access to commercial use, number of literate people, and number of employees. On the other hand, livability in the new part is in good conditions compared to that in the old part based on the indicators of building quality, area covered by sewage, and access to green space use.

Urban Economy

Investigating the Factors Affecting Urbanization Rates in Iranian Provinces: Spatial Econometric Method

Bakhtiar Javaheri; Salah ebrahimi

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 49-60

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.599

Abstract

Highlights - Iran has been going through one of the fastest-growing urbanization processes in the world, where about 75% of the population lives in urban areas today. - The variation in urbanization rate in the provinces of Iran has fluctuated from about 48% to 95%. - Agriculture and industrialization ... Read More Highlights - Iran has been going through one of the fastest-growing urbanization processes in the world, where about 75% of the population lives in urban areas today. - The variation in urbanization rate in the provinces of Iran has fluctuated from about 48% to 95%. - Agriculture and industrialization are the most important variables explaining urbanization in Iran. Introduction In the recent decades, the proportion of the world’s urban population has increased. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the proportion of the world’s population residing in urban areas has risen from about 14 percent in 1901 to about 50 percent in 2000. The rapid growth of urbanization in the world began after the Industrial Revolution in European countries, and was then observed in developed and developing countries. In Iran, the process of urbanization and urban population growth was faster than in developing countries. During a period of about 50 years (1970-2020), the urban population in Iran grew by about 37%. There are a wide range of factors and reasons for explanation of the rapid urbanization in Iran. A reason for the growth of urbanization in Iran is the migration of rural population to urban areas, which has resulted from industrial policies, agricultural sector growth, wage gap between urban and rural areas, and employment opportunities in services and industry in urban areas. Theoretical Framework Urbanization began during the Industrial Revolution, and the term is used to refer to the growing number of people living in urban areas. It is not simply about an increase in the number of urban dwellers, but also about a change in the structure from rural to urban in terms of industry, employment, living conditions, and public social services. On the other hand, urbanization refers to the process of population expansion on urban scale, and includes economic, social, and geographic changes. Rapid urbanization is one of the most prominent features of global development today. In general, urbanization can be defined as a process of transition from a dominant world of rural and agricultural activities to a dominant urban world based on non-agricultural activities. Depending on their orientations, social scientists point out different explanations for the existence of cities. Developments in industry, agriculture, and services provide the main explanations for the rate of urbanization in the literature on urban economics. Moreover, wage differences between urban and rural areas, the general rate of prices in urban areas, and educational expenditures have been factors affecting the rate of urbanization in theoretical and experimental studies. Methodology In this study, the spatial econometric approach was used for analysis of the model. Spatial econometrics is a subfield of econometrics that deals with the interactions between geographic units. Units can include postal code, city, municipality, district, province, government, judiciary, country, etc., depending on the nature of the study. Spatial econometric models can also be used to explain the behavior of economic agents and other geographic entities, such as individuals, companies, and governments, if they are interconnected through a network. Given the advantages of the spatial econometric method, this study aimed to investigate the effects of factors affecting urbanization in thirty provinces of Iran during the 2006-2017 period using a spatial econometric panel data method. Results and Discussion In this study, the Eviews and Stata software was used for analysis of the data. The results of the stationary test indicated that the model variables were stationary. Based on the Moran test results, there was a positive spatial autocorrelation in the study data. Other results also confirmed the the spatial Durbin model compared with other models. The results of the Chow and Hausman test also confirmed the superiority of the panel data to the pool data and of the fixed effects to the random effects. Other results demonstrated that the added value of agriculture, industry, and service had significant positive effects on the rate of urbanization in each province and the neighboring provinces. These results indicated that the development of the agricultural sector and the use of new technologies, and thus the increase in the productivity of the agricultural sector, led to the release of part of the labor force working in the agricultural sector in rural areas and their transfer to urban areas and employment in the service sector. The higher wage rates in the service and industry sectors also functions as a recruitment factor, attracting the liberated labor force from the rural sector to the urban sector, which was also demonstrated in this study. In contrast, the increase in the price index of the urban sector, which increased the costs of migration from rural to urban areas, could function as a repellent factor with adverse effects on migration from urban to rural areas. This was similar to the increase in the area of agricultural land in rural areas, which could hinder or delay the transfer of rural population to urban areas. Another factor that played a key role in urban-to-rural migration was the rural unemployment rate, which could encourage the unemployed to migrate to urban areas. Conclusion The results of this research demonstrated that the variation in urbanization rate cannot be analyzed in one dimension, and a set of factors effective in the process of urbanization development in Iran need to be considered in the analysis, including a range of economic and geographic factors. In recent years, the focus on cities and regions has been resumed, but this focus on the role of cities and regions does not necessarily resemble the prevailing belief in the early twentieth century that the benefits of aggregation are driving growth in large cities and rich countries. Today, the driving forces of urbanization are different in different countries and even different regions of a country. The results of this study demonstrate that the Iranian economy needs a planned urbanization with a powerful policy for development of the agricultural and industrial sectors for the overall development of urbanization in Iran. Another proposal is to set the government as the main policymaker. In the first place, the government, the most important player in the society, must adhere to the rules in which it plays an important role. Secondly, the government’s policy orientation must be clear to all economic actors.

Urban Management

Introducing “the use case diagram “of community empowerment process in cybernetic space in order to improve the public participation in urban regeneration of areas suffering from decline in Isfahan

khatere amiri; mohammad Masoud; darioush moradi chadegani; negin sadeghy; faramarz Safi-Esfahani

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 61-74

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.717

Abstract

Highlights- The e-empowerment process is effective in the promotion of citizen participation and urban regeneration of neighborhoods in the city of Isfahan, Iran suffering urban decline.- The use case diagram of the e-empowerment process of Isfahan residents in areas suffering urban decline shows ... Read More Highlights- The e-empowerment process is effective in the promotion of citizen participation and urban regeneration of neighborhoods in the city of Isfahan, Iran suffering urban decline.- The use case diagram of the e-empowerment process of Isfahan residents in areas suffering urban decline shows the relationship between users and their activities.- Requirements engineering was used for provision of the use case diagram of Isfahan urban decline e-empowerment. IntroductionAreas suffering urban decline are involved with an intertwined combination of physical, social, and economic problems that intensify various dimensions of urban decline (including economic decline, social decline, physical decline, and environmental decline) and reduce the quality of life for residents.Thus, sufficient motivation is provided for urban management and planning systems to intervene in these areas. A new method of intervention is to apply the urban regeneration approach.Based on public-private partnership, this approach leads to regeneration of dynamic urban spaces, in order to sustain and improve the quality of urban life. Accordingly, urban regeneration has put the community empowerment process on the agenda in order to increase the level of citizen participation of the residents of these areas so that they can solve their problems.The community empowerment follows to increase the residents’ shares in decision-making for the living environment in interaction with decision-makers and politicians. With the development of the information and communication technology (ICT), the interaction between politicians and residents is facilitated. Therefore, this article seeks to provide the e-empowerment use case diagram for implementation of cybernetic space for residents of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan.Theoretical frameworkThis article introduces the following three concepts.A: Areas suffering urban declineThese areas are places with worn-out urban infrastructure, service, and access, unable to meet the needs of their residents. Due to the low income of the residents of these areas and the insufficient motivation for investors, improvement and renovation is difficult to achieve in these areas. The decline in these areas includes economic, social, physical, and environmental aspects.B: Community empowerment in cybernetic spaceThe process of community empowerment seeks to increase residents’ control and the resulting collective gains.This process follows from the decentralization of power, and attempts to upgrade residents’ power of decision-making about their living environment. The capabilities of cybernetic space facilitate the implementation of community empowerment in this field, which is known as e-empowerment. It facilitates communication between citizens and decision-makers for participation with awareness.C: Use case diagramThe diagram of communication between users and their activities in cyberspace is based on the information and communication technology (ICT). This template is a visual representation of the process implementation using the actions, tasks, and activities of the users of that process, which shows the hierarchy of activities in order to solve a problem, produce a product, or provide a type of service to a target population.MethodologyThis research is conducted in four stages, as follows.A. Analysis of the severity of urban decline in its four types in Isfahan, using the text analysis method (involving texts derived from programs and reports concerning the approvals of areas suffering urban decline).B. Requirements elicitation, including the following:a) analysis of the stakeholders involved in the regeneration of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan, using the power-benefit matrix method, which utilizes a structured questionnaire for professionals.b) introduction of a community e-empowerment process particular to residents of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan and use of the social survey method based on behavior measurement and Likert scale measurement, utilizing a structured questionnaire for residents.c) introduction of the implementation mechanism of the community e-empowerment process for residents of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan using expert panel methods and interviews (involving questionnaires without a special structure for experts).C. Requirements analysis using expert panel methods and interviews (involving questionnaires without a special structure for experts).D. Presentation of the use case diagram’s process of community e-empowerment, dedicated to residents of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan using the visual paradigm software.Discussion and findingsThe findings demonstrate that an appropriate e-empowerment process for residents of areas suffering urban decline in Isfahan involves the steps of e- education) with the characteristics of e-empowerment(, e-learning, awareness, e-consultation, and e-involvement. The effective users in this process include residents, facilitating experts, technical experts, instructors, support experts, and decision-makers.ConclusionUsers of the e-empowerment process (including residents, facilitating experts, technical experts, instructors, support experts, and decision-makers) communicate with each other in cybernetic space within the framework of a use Case diagram by performing the following activities and processes:A- participation and membership in virtual groups and communitiesB- going through the stages of community e-empowerment (teaching the empowerment process, assessing the skills of citizens, holding awareness-raising sessions, establishing and enhancing communications and interactions, creating a spirit of demand, and undertaking responsibility)C- information and mutual opinion announcement D- provision of decision-making skills and fundamentals.AcknowledgmentThis article is Retrieved from the Ph.D. Thesis in the field of urban planning entitled "The application of cybernetic space capacities to design community empowerment model urban decay areas Isfahan " by the first author with the guidance of the second author and the third author The fourth and fifth have been defended in the Islamic Azad University Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch.

Urban Ecology

Investigating urban environmental behaviors: focusing on the environmental literacy (Case Study: Mashhad city)

pariya dorri; Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri; Mahdieh Rezaei

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 75-86

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.928

Abstract

Highlights- Citizens’ environmental literacy greatly affected their environmental awareness and knowledge.- The collective environmental behavior of men was greater than women’s.- There was a significant relationship between awareness, knowledge of concern, and environmental behavior.- There ... Read More Highlights- Citizens’ environmental literacy greatly affected their environmental awareness and knowledge.- The collective environmental behavior of men was greater than women’s.- There was a significant relationship between awareness, knowledge of concern, and environmental behavior.- There was no relationship between the indicators of environmental literacy and age.- There was a significant relationship between academic degree and environmental awareness. IntroductionThe issue of social responsibility for the protection of the environment at all levels of the society is explicitly emphasized in Article 14 of the General Environmental Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The city of Mashhad is the second most populated city in Iran after Tehran. A city like Mashhad, with a population of nearly five million people, is typically faced with environmental problems such as extremely high temperature, demanding waste management, noise and air pollution, traffic congestion, water shortage, and drought. Expression of environmental problems is a concern, and requires the cooperation of experts and the public to find solutions. Researchers have come up with a variety of solutions to environmental problems, most of which are technological, but they are interested in changing people’s lifestyles and behavioral solutions today due to the high cost of these projects, because environmental hazards result from human intervention. The present issues can be overcome only through changes in human attitudes and behaviors. Citizens with pro-environmental behaviors feel most responsible for the urban environment and the preservation of its natural, historical, and cultural values. The aim of this study was to investigate environmental literacy and its relationship with background variables and the aspects of citizens’ environmental literacy in Mashhad. MethodologyThis cross-sectional survey adopted an individual unit of analysis. The population involved the citizens of Mashhad in 2021. A sample of size 689 containing residents in the thirteen municipal districts of Mashhad was selected using the systematic random sampling method, and parameters such as citizens’ awareness, knowledge, concern, and environmental behavior were measured as dimensions of environmental literacy. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which was completed with reference to the respondents. For assessment of its reliability, a pre-test questionnaire was completed by a sample of fifty people for elimination of probable defects and calculation of reliability. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient between 0.70 and 0.84 indicated the proper reliability of the questionnaire. Moreover, formal validity was used in this study. The hypotheses were tested once the data were analyzed using correlation and comparison methods in the SPSS software.FindingsThe results of this study indicated the high level of citizens’ environmental literacy in terms of awareness and knowledge, while the respondents’ score in environmental concern and behavior was only slightly above average. The respondents’ individual environmental behavior ranged between moderate and high. Their environmental behaviors in the public sphere were significantly lower than average and close to low levels. The collective environmental behaviors of men are greater than those of women, but individual environmental behaviors are greater in women than in men. None of the indicators of environmental literacy was related to age except environmental behaviors. The average environmental behavior index was 3.17 for the 18-24 age group, 3.29 for the 25-44 age group, and 3.31 for the 45-64 age group, and the average environmental behavior index for people aged sixty-five years and older was reported to be 3.32. This indicated that the environmental behavior index increased slightly as age rose. The chi-squared test results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between citizens’ academic degrees and the environmental knowledge index in Mashhad. In other words, environmental concerns increased as academic degree rose. Finally, there was a significant direct relationship with low intensity between environmental awareness, knowledge, and concern and environmental behavior.DiscussionThe results of the study indicated a relatively poor tendency among the citizens towards environment-friendly behaviors, especially in the public sphere. Although the examined population was mentally concerned about the environment, the concern did not provide them with enough energy and motivation to take an action, for whatever reason. Environmental awareness can change only individual environmental behaviors, which is possible in a small space such as a family and impossible or trivial beyond that. Citizens consider the responsibility of protecting the environment outside their personal spaces, such as a house, car, or workplace, as a responsibility of the relevant municipal institutions, and hardly participate in voluntary activities aimed to protect the urban environment. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase citizens’ environmental literacy, and environmental education should be different for different age, occupation, academic, and gender groups. The capacity of non-governmental institutions to attract participation and cooperation among organizations should be used to promote responsibility in environmental behavior.AcknowledgmentThis article is taken from the doctoral dissertation entitled “Designing and validating a model for attracting public participation in the development of environmental literacy of the citizens of Mashhad”, which down in Payame Noor University of Tehran.

Analysis of social interactions in the historical Bazaar of Tabriz with an emphasis on the physical aspect of space (Case Study: Saray-e Amir and Saray-e Dodari)

Azita balalye oskui; parastoo jafari

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 87-102

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.403

Abstract

Highlights - Social interactions, among other things, affect peoples’ attraction to public spaces. - Permeability, flexibility, and accessibility are the spatial structural factors that directly impact social interactions in public spaces. - The main goal of the formation of the Space Syntax ... Read More Highlights - Social interactions, among other things, affect peoples’ attraction to public spaces. - Permeability, flexibility, and accessibility are the spatial structural factors that directly impact social interactions in public spaces. - The main goal of the formation of the Space Syntax Theory is to describe the social rationale behind the basic layers of spatial configuration. - The spatial plan has a direct impact on interactions in the space. Introduction Man is intrinsically a social being whose surrounding space constitutes his social relations. The extent to which the environment affects man’s performance has always been a major concern for environmental designers. Marketplaces are highly important in this regard as thriving, bustling public places. The urban space combines social relations and the structural context, which meets man’s collective functions and conveys a semantic load. It is not made simply for being seen and walked through, as it also helps form social relations among various people in the community. The urban space involves the pleasure and enjoyment of various social groups and their active, continued social presence therein. The marketplace structure has served as the heart of Islamic-era cities in the attempt to meet man’s basic needs, including economic, religious, social, and tourism-pilgrimage needs. It provides a good example for investigation of the reasons for high social interaction and how these interactions are affected by the architectural context. This article seeks to answer the following questions: How does structure impact the social interactions in the historical bazaar of the city of Tabriz, Iran? How does the bazaar structure contribute to the improvement of social interactions in Saray-e-Amir? How does the bazaar structure reduce social interactions in Saray-e-Dodari? Theoretical Framework This research aims to identify the structural components affecting the interactions in the marketplace and investigate the role of Tabriz’s bazaar as a living, dynamic example of traditional Iranian marketplaces in the interactions occurring there. A review of the literature indicates that Space Syntax can help examine these issues, and an investigation of the components obtained from previous research may serve to help investigate the relevant factors. The components include permeability, flexibility, accessibility in the space syntax, flooring, furniture, spaces for stopping and sitting, visibility, etc. These are structural factors affecting social interactions, which can be investigated with various spatial techniques. As suggested in the literature, the term syntax bears contextual meanings; in other words, it is defined in association with relevant terms. If a building is considered as an object composed of a spatial-communication system, this system will be represented by a plan that manifests the function of syntax in the architectural space. Methodology This research uses both descriptive-analytical and survey methods to investigate social interactions and the effects of structure thereon. Upon specification of the components of the marketplace space syntax and social interactions, the study investigates the impacts of the marketplace on the interactions. It provides a comparative examination of various activities of a set using particular space syntax (depth map) software to select and control the three components of permeability, accessibility, and flexibility in the form of integration. Then, the study uses a questionnaire to examine the effects of the structure on the interactions in the marketplace. In this method, each of the components extracted from previous research is investigated separately in the two bazaar spaces using a valid, reliable questionnaire. As mentioned above, the bazaars include Saray-e-Amir and Saray-e-Dodari, which differ in terms of function and geometric characteristics, and experience different interactions. Results and Discussion Research findings on space syntax suggest that the extent of each selection, integration, and relationship component in Saray-e-Dodari covers a broader spectrum than those in Saray-e-Amir, demonstrating the greater relationship between the former bazaar and other parts of the marketplace. This relationship is poorer in the latter bazaar. This is because Saray-e-Amir is situated at the beginning of the marketplace, while Saray-e-Dodari is located in the middle between various parts. It is demonstrated that the higher the rates of relationship, selection, and interaction in Saray-e-Dodari, the greater the spatial accessibility, permeability, and flexibility. The questionnaire results based on the space users’ views also indicate higher social interaction rates in Saray-e-Amir than in Saray-e-Dodari. Conclusion It is concluded based on the results that the three components of relationship, interaction, and control, which constitute factors improving social interactions from a space syntax perspective, directly impact accessibility, permeability, and flexibility. An investigation of all the three main components of space syntax suggests that centralized spaces and entrances impact the improvement of traffic, concentration of the users, centrality of these two in the decrease in user attraction, and creation of reclusive spaces for social interactions. Furthermore, a review of the structural factors indicates the positive effects of appropriate flooring, visibility, readability, and use of natural elements on the extent of social interactions, as the components of appropriate furniture, accessibility, and pause space differ in the two bazaars, which indicates the changing level of interaction there.

Urban Planning

Typology of Knowledge-Based Spaces

Mostafa Dehghani; Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini; Esfandiar Zebardast

Volume 11, Issue 42 , May 2022, Pages 103-117

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2021.357

Abstract

Highlights - The expression knowledge city has been considered as an umbrella term for other phrases such as place of knowledge, city of learning, and smart city. - Knowledge-based spaces have shifted from a focus on the limited concept of science and technology to an emphasis on the broader social ... Read More Highlights - The expression knowledge city has been considered as an umbrella term for other phrases such as place of knowledge, city of learning, and smart city. - Knowledge-based spaces have shifted from a focus on the limited concept of science and technology to an emphasis on the broader social concept of knowledge. - The current model for planning knowledge-based spaces involves capacity-building for long-term learning and political and cultural influence. - Knowledge-based spaces range from technology-oriented to knowledge-oriented and from non-spatial to spatial. Introduction Different types of concept have been formed gradually under the title of knowledge-based spaces with different goals and functions due to the need to use effective, open, participatory innovative solutions and employ ICT capabilities to create sustainable life in cities and respond to the wills and needs of citizens. An understanding of the dimensions and characteristics and a capability of differentiating these concepts will help policymakers and city managers to choose strategies and policies and invest in these areas. This is realized through prevention of mental confusion, emergence of internal contradictions, and incoherent eclecticism of the concepts. On the other hand, the sustainable development of cities has been challenged by global trends such as the increasing urbanization, transformation of cities into places of mass-energy consumption, and production of various environmental pollutants. However, there has been an increase in the need to use effective, open, participatory innovative solutions to create sustainable life in cities and the concern for knowledge-based spaces as a result of the efforts made by cities to attract skilled, entrepreneurial, creative people. Theoretical Framework The existence of different concepts concerning knowledge-based spaces, such as digital city, information city, smart city, wired city, learning city, and knowledge city has led to confusion in attempts to distinguish their meanings. This conceptual confusion is due to the lack of understanding of the dimensions, characteristics, and instances of these concepts, and is a major obstacle against the efforts to persuade policy-makers and city managers to invest in these areas. This ambiguity causes planning strategies and policies to be inconsistent with the institutional environment and governance system or strategies and policies to be fraught with internal contradictions and incoherent eclecticism. In the attempts to address this issue, typology and comparative studies based on specific criteria and components contribute greatly to a better understanding of different types of knowledge-based space. So far, various types of knowledge-based space have been proposed (Castells & Hall, 1994; Dodge et al., 1998; Shiud, 2001; Nam & Pardo, 2011; Nikina et al., 2016; Carvalho et al.; Wenden, 2017; and Lara et al., 2016). Moreover, some researchers have compared two or more knowledge spaces (either directly or implicitly) (Strategy, 2012; Jojaru & Peso, 2013; Yigitjanlar & Lee, 2014; Koch, 2017; Chang et al., 2018; and Yigitjanlar & Inkinen, 2019). However, no integrated comparative study has been performed so far for all concepts of knowledge-based spaces to provide a clear, comprehensive image and a deep, coherent understanding of these spaces. Therefore, the present study seeks to develop a coherent framework to provide a new typology for a better understanding of the types of knowledge-based space. Thus, the aspects and features of distinguishing concepts, trends, and paradigm shifts in knowledge-based spaces become apparent through identification and classification of the main sources pertaining to each space and examination of the definitions and the process of formation and conceptual evolution of each concept and feature and the dimensions and instances thereof. Methodology The present meta-combined systematic qualitative review is conducted to pursue a descriptive-exploratory purpose. In addition to creating a new theory, meta-composition can be used to develop conceptual models or expand understanding of existing knowledge, especially to discover similarities and differences concerning concepts and ideas about a phenomenon. It can involve seven steps, including examination of research questions, systematic review of texts, exploration and selection of appropriate texts, extraction of textual information, analysis and composition of qualitative findings, and quality control and presentation. In the present study, the seven stages proposed by Sandlowski and Barroso (2007) are considered. Results and Discussion This study comparatively examines the concepts of knowledge-based spaces based on the six components of development discourse, type of knowledge required for development, location, key stakeholders, management model, and historical period. Moreover, the typology of knowledge-based spaces is based on the two components of spatiality and type of knowledge required for development. Accordingly, four types of knowledge space are identified: 1- technology-based non-spatial, 2- technology-based spatial, 3- knowledge-based non-spatial, and 4- knowledge-based spatial. The research findings demonstrate that concepts such as smart city and knowledge city (due to semantic inclusion) have largely replaced concepts such as digital city and virtual city, and are currently used more widely in policy-making and planning knowledge-based spaces. Conclusion The expression knowledge city has been considered as an umbrella term for other phrases such as knowledge place, learning city, and smart city. Moreover, the findings of the present comparative study of knowledge-based spaces based on the above seven components indicate that that knowledge-based spaces have gone through paradigm changes over time, such as the transition from a focus on the limited concept of science and technology to an emphasis on the broader social concept of knowledge, the transition from the discourse of economic development to sustainable, integrated development in various economic, social, environmental, and institutional dimensions, the transition from citizens’ passive role to their active participation in the creation, development, and management of knowledge-based spaces, the transition from government and centralized management of a limited number of stakeholders with specific guidelines and frameworks to government of networks based on the interaction of a wide range of stakeholders, the transition from a hardware, capital-based perspective involving tangible infrastructure networks to a software perspective based on intangible intellectual capital and knowledge innovation systems, and the transition from management and planning models aimed at increasing livability standards and complexity management to citizen engagement grounding and capacity-building for long-term learning and political and cultural influence. These trends and paradigm shifts represent a kind of conceptual convergence among the features and components of knowledge-based spaces. In addition, the results demonstrate that the typology of knowledge-based spaces is based on the two components of location and type of knowledge required for development, given the significant roles of these components in the differentiation of various knowledge spaces,–calling for a deeper, more expressive understanding of these spaces.

Urban Design

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

a l; ا س

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Urban Design

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

m kh; m m; f j; k a

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Urban Planning

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

z m; h sh; a r

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Urban Planning

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

Urban Planning

Identification of Factors Influencing Land Readjustment Process in Urban Distressed Areas (Case study: Shiraz City)

fahimeh Namvar Haghighi Shirazi Fard; khalil Hajipour; Amir Hosein Shabani; mahmoud mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 January 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.915

Abstract

In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline ... Read More In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline in investment in old neighborhoods, and the reduction of capacity to keep people and decline in quality of life. With 1,700 hectaresof distressed areas, Shiraz is no exception andhas the same problem. For this purpose, urban growth management policies are used that one of these policies is Land Readjustment (LR). It is necessary to identify and classifythe legal, institutional, economic, social and local factors influencing Land Readjustment in order to have an effective and sufficient Land Readjustment. Thus,this study aims to identify the key factors influencing the land readjustment process in distressed areas and to examine the cause and effect relations through Interpretative Structural Model in order to understand the most important variables in the implementation process. This could be a guide for urban management in achieving infill development by stimulating and implementing the most important variables and, consequently, increasing the possibility of the entire land readjustment project. For this purpose, two-step Delphi questionnaire from 17 experts of urban affairs of Shiraz city have been used. Findings reveal that the two variables definingthe laws related to the residents' and owners' protests regarding the urban design, before, during and after itsexecution and enacting the laws related to the payment of the probable indemnityto the residents, if they do not want to participate are considered as ones increasing the system risk because each legislation without fairly taking into consideration the owners' interestsmay be an obstacle in the system and decreases the partnership tendency of owners and residents. Major organizational-institutional variables such as the partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes, law-abiding local government and attention to individual and social justice in the local government play an important role in the implementation of land readjustment and impact on other variables. Because these variables, in fact, link the social variables to the executable variables, and provide a framework for correct implementation, such as the bridge, to meet the people's needs.Besides, the possible partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes is one of the most effective and most impressive variables, so this variable plays a key and strategic role. This means that the key to the implementation of land readjustment in the worn-out tissues and to solve their problems is to create an intermediary entity to hear the demands and opinions of the people. Also, other strategic variables in land readjustment in worn-out tissues are attention to individual and social justice in the local government, strategic view and flexibility of the local government, defining the tangible and approachable targets and assessing appropriately the land price before and after the execution. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously examine the variables during both the design preparation and LR execution in the distressed area. All of these variables are eitherdirectly in connection with the local government or done by the local government indicating the importance of city authorities’ policy-makingand employing experienced and expertlabor force.

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Urban Architecture

The Role Of Spatial Organization On increasing The Number Of Open spaces Sociability Of Residential Complexes

sara Mohebinejad; Khosro Movahed; malihe taghipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 December 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.754

Abstract

Different factors affect the sociability of the environment, such as social, financial and objective factors.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of spatial organization on increasing the number of open spaces sociability of residential complexes.In this regard, open spaces between residential ... Read More

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Urban Architecture

Investigating the Influence Quality of Inputs on bazaar Attendance (Case Study: Shiraz Traditional Market)

maliheh taghipour; maryam bagheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 December 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.119

Abstract

The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can ... Read More

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Urban Planning

A model for the development of cultural tourism in kurdistan province

mehdi karoubi; Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard; soran ahmadizad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 January 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2020.868

Abstract

Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact ... Read More Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact it is an apportunity to make more effective communication between nations and people. The aim of this research is considering a model for development of cultural tourism of Kurdistan province.this research based on its aim is development-operational and it is kind of survey descriptive one.this research is operational one because of its usage in cultural tourism attraction plan.the research method is mix method(qualitative and quantitative).first of all the researcher starts to identify the effective factors on cultural tourism development in kurdistan province based on semi structured interviews through polling the professors and managers and using research informations which are considerd the result and identified factors of cultural tourism management by questionaire of cultural tourism based on ex researches ,theoretical foundations and library studies. The statistical society in theoretical and operational parts consists of:A: all university tourism management professors in Kurdistan province and other professors in neighbourhood provinces that have a research paper about cultural tourism at least.B: tourism managers and marketing experts in tourism, handicraft and heritage organization in cities of Kurdistan province.C: travel agency managers in Kurdistan province.D: cultural tourists come in Kurdistan province.This research is an operational one and it is kind of geodesic descriptive.as first step, data gathering was done by qualitative interview then by quantitative method and using written questionnaire. We get categories based on common concepts consist of eight components of urban potential, citizens, the impact of border cities, event management. Tendency to other tourism destinations, tourism economy, public administration and advertisements.Results: Findings in this paper indicate optimal status in some components like urban potential. Citizens, the impact of border cities, event management, tendency to the tourism destinations, tourism economy but it is not correct about public administration and advertisements in Kurdistan province.

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Urban Design

Investigating the effect of urban signs on routing children in a case study of Sajjad neighborhood of Mashhad

shima abedi; Sanaz saeedi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 January 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.970

Abstract

According to experts in psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the development of personality and social health of society. Wayfinding is the ability to identify location and reach a destination, moving in space environments. This issue is very important for children who usually do ... Read More

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Slum Settlements

ow-income urban housing policies from the era of constructive government

Maryam Sajjadi Asl; , Jamileh tavakolinia; Ghourchi, Morteza

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 April 2021

Abstract

Providing housing in developing countries for urban low-income groups is one of the most important challenges to achieving development. In Iran, various policies have been adopted to provide housing for the low-income groups; But so far no attempt has been made to develop suitable housing types for these ... Read More

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Urban Planning

The Impact of Information and Communication Technology and the covid Pandemic on Urban Studies: A Systematic Review

Nikoo Medghalchi; Hossein Bahrainy; Mojtaba Rafieian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 October 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.657

Abstract

The advent of the information age in the 20th century Due to the great changes in the field of information and communication technology, the prevailing approach to maximizing the solution of urban problems and saving these technologies has advanced urban planners, designers and policy makers. Despite ... Read More The advent of the information age in the 20th century Due to the great changes in the field of information and communication technology, the prevailing approach to maximizing the solution of urban problems and saving these technologies has advanced urban planners, designers and policy makers. Despite the novelty of these developments, the speed of its growth and extensive development has provided a wide range of interactions between different sections of urban studies. Coinciding with its growing trend, the corona virus has been spreading around the world since December 2019, re-examining the role of information and communication technology. Due to the lack of internal research (about 17 articles) in relation to information and communication technology and the city and the existence of a gap in this relationship, and the importance of paying attention to this area in urban studies, the purpose of this article is to identify, extract and provide interactive space. And is a research between the development of information and communication technologies on the subfields of urban studies, in order to introduce, classify topics, approaches and methods, as well as to use the results of research. In this regard, using the method of systematic review research, the content of published foreign scientific research was reviewed and analyzed. This started with searching for valid articles and by studying the abstracts and research results of more than 150 articles and monitoring them, and finally selecting 93 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The articles are published in English between the 30-year period 1990-2020. Monitoring, reviewing and extracting the key points of the articles will finally lead us to the following 8 categories, including 1) urban policy, 2) electronic participation, 3) smart city, 4) structure and spatial organization of the city, 5) travel behavior, 6) Digital divide, 7) Public space, 8) Competitiveness, and 30 sub-axes, each of which presented authors, work methods and research findings. Recent studies show that the spread of coronavirus has multiplied the use of information and communication technologies, and this will definitely change the intensity of its impact on the city and urban planning and design more rapidly. Therefore, this article is presented in order to explain the various dimensions of this issue.

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Urban Sociology

Socio- spatial Segregation in Iran: Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Analysis

Narges Ghodsi; mahin nastaran; Vahid Ghasemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 October 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.175

Abstract

Urban segregation, as an inherent feature of cities, refers to the social distancing and residential separation in an ‎urban context. Segregation becomes a problem when it prevents certain groups of people from accessing ‎services, activities and spaces. The interdisciplinary nature and intertwined ... Read More Urban segregation, as an inherent feature of cities, refers to the social distancing and residential separation in an ‎urban context. Segregation becomes a problem when it prevents certain groups of people from accessing ‎services, activities and spaces. The interdisciplinary nature and intertwined dimensions of this phenomenon ‎have led researchers across various disciplines to study it over the past few decades. In spite of a large number ‎of studies undertaken, there is a lack of coherent conceptual framework in this area. Therefore, the present ‎study aims to clarify research gaps in the conceptual field of segregation by reviewing Persian articles and ‎presenting a regular format of them. This research has applied a qualitative research methodology using basic ‎text techniques including systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. For this purpose, fifty selected ‎Persian articles that were published in the period 1375-1400 have been reviewed based on their structures and ‎contents. The findings categorize the selected articles based on the main question (what, why, how) in the form ‎of 5 main thematic axes. Also, the evolution of the concept of segregation has been divided into four general ‎periods: early, middle, late (current period) and future. Based on it, a definition of socio-spatial segregation has ‎been provided. The results of this comparison indicate that urban segregation as an interdisciplinary, ‎multidimensional and contextual subject has socio-economic, physical-spatial and political-managerial ‎dimensions. In the current research conditions of Iran, it needs research Qualitatively focusing on topics such as ‎conceptual modeling, and modeling the measurement of segregation (in explaining what), identifying and ‎examining the underlying factors affecting segregation, including the structure and configuration of cities (in ‎explaining why), as well as identify and examine policies and trends affecting segregation (in explaining how) by ‎considering all its dimensions. This way, we will be able to reach a better understanding of the nature of this ‎concept and investigate spatial patterns of segregation over the time in an urban context.

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Urban Design

Evaluating the representation of urban spaces in Iranian cinema films

sara salehi; Hassan sajadzadeh; Mohammad Saied Izadi; kasra ketabollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 November 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.332

Abstract

Cinema is a novel platform for re-reading the relationship between the body and the mind of the contemporary city. Assuming little attention to successful, humane and spatial urban spaces in Iranian cinema and on the other hand the importance of the director's role in using the correct criteria for showing ... Read More

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Urban Design

Develop a graphic reading model of urban furniture with emphasis on improving the sense of place

mona mehranfar; Jamaleddin Soheili; reza afhami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2022

Abstract

In the current era in the field of environmental graphics, attention to environmental graphics and the creation of new experiences to induce a sense of place, little attention has not been paid and environmental graphics in this area is facing stagnation and inactivity due to lack of knowledge and sufficient ... Read More

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Urban Tourism

Explaining the urban branding model in order to develop tourism: Yazd city as the case study

Mohammad Bagher Nadi; reza akbari; Mohsen Rafian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 January 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.452

Abstract

Today, urban branding is considered as a way to increase the attractiveness of the city, which differentiates cities by shaping or changing the mental images of the audience. This important, despite the many positive consequences - mentioned in the present research model - and the high potential of Iranian ... Read More Today, urban branding is considered as a way to increase the attractiveness of the city, which differentiates cities by shaping or changing the mental images of the audience. This important, despite the many positive consequences - mentioned in the present research model - and the high potential of Iranian cities for urban branding, according to library and field studies in our country and in the form of official branding plans has received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to create a model to facilitate urban branding for tourism development and due to the high potential of Yazd for urban branding - including that based on library and field studies, the present study has 17 diverse brands and so far it didn't have the official urban branding plan - this city has been selected as a study case. The method of the present study is qualitative and tries to extract the model from semi-structured interviews with professionals, academics and elites using Grounded Theory. The interviewees were selected using the chain reference technique (snowball) and in the twelfth sample, some theoretical saturation was formed, but the research process continued until the fourteenth interview. The results of the study indicate that "the need for global competition in cities", "economic problems and the need to pay attention to tourism and urban branding" and "high potential of Yazd city for tourism development and urban branding" are among the causal conditions of the research and makes the need to study the issue. This research also shows with a set of Strategies such as: "Forming a special working group on branding in Yazd", "Attracting the participation of public institutions in the development and implementation of branding projects", "Training managers and employees to better implement urban branding projects" and " "Holding national and international celebrations and events for brand development" can be effective in tourism development through branding in Yazd city and the consequences of them are given in the end.

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پدافند غیرعامل

Comparative Studying the Vulnerability of Checkered and Semi- Checkered Texture of Salmas City against Earthquake from the Perspective of Passive Defense

Hossein Mahdizadeh; Ghader Ahmadi; Mohammadreza Pakdelfard; Mahsa Framarzi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 January 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.323

Abstract

ObjectivesThe present age is the age of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in various dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and socio-security crises on the other. Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause ... Read More ObjectivesThe present age is the age of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in various dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and socio-security crises on the other. Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause many deaths, physical injuries and diseases. Out of 70 types of natural disasters registered in the world, 13 types have been registered in our country. The issue of passive defense today is not defined as a mere research topic but as a vital requirement for governing any country, both in times of crisis and in times of non-crisis, in order to preserve its material and spiritual values. Due to its special geographical and political position, the land of Iran has always witnessed many natural and unnatural disasters (wars, etc.) throughout history and has suffered a lot of financial and human losses. More than 90% of the country's cities are vulnerable to 5.5 magnitude earthquakes. According to official statistics for the past 25 years, more than 6% of the country's casualties have been caused by earthquakes. Therefore, the theoretical and practical position of defense and defense against the crisis in this area is very important. Given these issues, the application of passive defense and attention to its principles in urban planning can greatly reduce the destructive effects of such crises. Meanwhile, the checkered city of Salmas with a population of 91239 people as a middle city in the space organization, in the "relative earthquake risk zoning in Iran" from the study of the National Physical Plan of Iran, is located in a region with high relative risk. Due to its location on a fault, the history of the devastating 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 1309, this city has made it important to observe the principles of passive defense in urban planning. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of modeling the vulnerability of checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city against earthquakes from the perspective of passive defense.MethodologyThis research is an applied research according to its purpose and has an analytical nature according to the method of work. Data collection was done through library studies, existing articles, field studies and census information of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016. Thus, after studying the documents and resources related to passive defense, effective vulnerability indicators were extracted from the perspective of passive defense, and then according to the availability of effective indicators in determining vulnerability for the city of Salmas, 14 indicators Selected from various influential factors to achieve the research output. These indicators include building density, area of plots, distance from fault, population density, quality of buildings, age of buildings, structure of buildings, facade of buildings, distance from rescue centers, distance from open urban spaces, distance from hazardous centers, texture area Worn is the distance from the main thoroughfares and the pattern of the urban fabric. Considering that each of the effective indicators in determining the vulnerability of the coefficient has a different importance, so in this article, the opinions of the elites have been used to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of the indicators. To weight the indicators according to the BWM method, 10 questionnaires whose content is based on a pairwise comparison of indicators, which is based on the preference of the best index over other indicators and also the preference of other indicators over the worst indicator. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were entered into GAMS software and calculated and analyzed. The weights calculated with the value of λε obtained for 10 questionnaires were 0.097, which due to its proximity to the number zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. In order to perform spatial analysis, the information layers of the indicators are first digitized and edited in the GIS software, and by converting the information layers into rasters and Standardize them with Large and Small Fuzzy functions and Boolean logic, the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method is multiplied in each of the indicators. Using the weighted sum combination of indicators to measure the vulnerability, the checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city has been dealt with separately.FindingsCalculating the weight of the indicators in GAMS software shows that the highest weight is related to the urban texture pattern index with 0.164 and the lowest weight is related to the building facade index with a significance coefficient of 0.030. The average value of λε obtained for 10 questionnaires was 0.097, which due to its proximity to zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. The results of combining the indicators in the checkered texture of Salmas city show that in the checkered texture, there are 4866 parcels in very low vulnerability zone, 2719 parcels in low vulnerability, 2862 parcels in medium vulnerability, 3435 parcels in high vulnerability and 430 parcels in very high vulnerability zone. In the semi-checkered texture, 611 parcels are in very low vulnerability zone, 2598 parcels are in low vulnerability zone, 3669 parcels are in medium vulnerability zone, 5350 parcels are in high vulnerability zone and 3057 parcels are in very high vulnerability zone.ResultsIn general, it can be said that the level of vulnerability in checkered texture is less than semi-checkered texture.

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Urban Scape

Explaining the hidden language of the modern metropolis of Tehran by analyzing the selected Iranian movies in 2016

nazila rashidpour; Mohsen Habibi; Manouchehr tabibian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 January 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.166

Abstract

the metropolis plays an important role in contemporary society. It features prominently in the public imagination as the very site of modernity and capitalist economy that has been encoded to convey the preferred meanings, Then the metropolis, can be understood as an amalgam of objects of cultural production. ... Read More the metropolis plays an important role in contemporary society. It features prominently in the public imagination as the very site of modernity and capitalist economy that has been encoded to convey the preferred meanings, Then the metropolis, can be understood as an amalgam of objects of cultural production. To understand the metropolis is – to some extent – to understand our present age. The metropolis as a patchwork quilt of traces of human existence could not presents itself beyond the limitations of any strictly positivistic outlook and it needs semiological and phenomenological models like reading and experiencing. The metropolis, then, might be read as a text, its forms deciphered and its meanings understood.it means the metropolis itself does not exist, and can only be understood through its various manifestations. Mindscape and Spatial images as the result of a combination of different factors such as literature, art, media, myth, narrative, etc. plays an important role at experiencing and understanding the city. as German cultural theorist Siegfried Kracauer said Wherever the hieroglyphics of any spatial image are deciphered, there the basis of social reality presents itself. What we see on the surface, so any Marxist-inspired cultural theorist would argue, is the product of deeper underlying forces, and in order to understand these forces we need to interpret the surface level. The unconscious nature of surface-level expressions reveals the hidden logic behind these phenomena.In this research for explaining the hieroglyphs of the modern metropolis of Tehran in representing the mysterious language of the city, quantitative and qualitative content analysis method was used. According to findings, we can claim It was not possible to experience the metropolis of Tehran through movies. Films made in Tehran have not been successful in introducing the physical space of the city in the sense that Balzac and even Zola intended. Modernity has manifested itself in a negative sense and The city has become a haven for the darkest aspects of modernity. At last it is important to know that the city must be read by those who seek to create, shape, and transform it. Their reading of the city crucially conditions their writing of the city text, its buildings, its streets, its street furniture, etc.

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Slum Settlements

Application of Futuristic Approach (Informal Armature) in the Regularization of urban Spontaneous Settlements (in Sanandaj city Situation)

Kayomars Irandoost; Milad Doostvandi; Kasra Ashouri; seyed mohamad Ghanezade

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 February 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.391

Abstract

Urban Informality is one of the survival options of low-income urban groups that inefficient formal sector and planning systems have not provided their housing. So housing and the informal sector result from formal discourse and have been formed simultaneously with formal planning. Formal planning systems ... Read More Urban Informality is one of the survival options of low-income urban groups that inefficient formal sector and planning systems have not provided their housing. So housing and the informal sector result from formal discourse and have been formed simultaneously with formal planning. Formal planning systems and dominant discourse see this phenomenon as a great challenge and against it, various approaches have endeavoured. Such as neglect, elimination and forced eviction, site and service, public housing and new participatory methods to Upgrading and empowerment and regeneration; most contemporary upgrading approaches have been inefficient in regularizing this phenomenon for various reasons, and at the same time, the rapid development of new slums has shown the inefficiency of urban governance. Meanwhile, some planners are looking for realistic approaches to organizing through foresight and integration with the city, including David Gouverneur, who has proposed an approach called Informal Armature (IA). This approach is a forward-looking design and management that accepts the reality of the growth of informal settlements. Its purpose is to find a middle ground in informal and formal development, accompanied by top-down intervention while accepting the people's views in these settlements (bottom-up).There are some proceedings for the implementation and success of the IA approach:• acceptance of informality in policy• provision land with public and private sector participation• training of staff to implement IA and attention to design components (corridors, patches and custodians).In this paper After introducing the Informal Armature (IA) approach, its application in Iran and Sanandaj has investigated. This paper used data from the population and housing censuses of Iran (1976 to 2016) , aerial images and GIS software, and some previous research. The results show that due to the informal urban dynamics in Sanandaj in the form of three spatial layers and informal reproduction, it is instrumental in paying attention to a futuristic perspective on informal development in the framework of the IA approach.This approach seeks to connect the corridors around the city with the means of design and the potential for informal expansion, and to integrate spontaneous settlements with the city, providing housing for the poor and basic infrastructure. Provide spontaneous urban settlements of the future and thus avoid many current challenges. IA's approach seeks to organize informal growth around cities with the potential for informal expansion with a predictive and forward-looking view, which seems to be practical and beneficial in the context of Iran's urban development.

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Urban Architecture

A planning and Design Framework to Improve Children’s Independent Mobility in Shared Spaces of Residential Complexes; A Case Study of Tehran

Masoumeh Mirsafa; zeinab Talebi; Mansoureh Kianersi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 February 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.001

Abstract

Introduction: In recent decades the social conditions of cities have changed and imposed a dramatic impact on the freedom and independence of children in the public realm. Moreover, many parents are caught in ‘social traps’, and further limit their children’s independent movement in ... Read More Introduction: In recent decades the social conditions of cities have changed and imposed a dramatic impact on the freedom and independence of children in the public realm. Moreover, many parents are caught in ‘social traps’, and further limit their children’s independent movement in their neighbouring areas. As a child's first independent outdoor experience, this paper attempts to study the shared spaces of residential complexes and identify the qualities of shared spaces that can contribute to and improve Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) Theoretical Framework: CIM is at the heart of children’s ability to be present in the public, play in the neighbourhood without adult supervision or accompaniment, interact with others and develop their social circles. It provides various opportunities for social interaction and hangouts among children and contributes to their sense of identity. Therefore, CIM is considered as an important quality to children’s physical, social, and cognitive development. Interpersonal characteristics, sense of community and social environment as well as the quality of the built environment are among the main factors to influence CIM.Methodology: The research employs ground theory methodology to construct theory from data systematically obtained from various groups of stakeholders, including children, parents and caregivers, planning and design professionals. 107 participants including 53 children, 38 parents and caregivers, and 16 professionals were interviewed to obtain data saturation. Due to the importance of the physical qualities of the environment, direct field observations were also carried out in 15 selected residential complexes in Tehran. The qualitative data analysis was processed through MAXQDA software through which 74 concepts, 25 axial codes and 9 categories were extracted. Integration and optimization of codes and categories were performed and their relationship with the core of the research was determined.Results and Discussions: the results of data analysis show that the causal and intervening conditions of children’s independent mobility include inadequacy of legal framework, inefficiency in implementing plans as well as their monitoring and evaluation systems. Moreover, the qualities of the social environment where children live have an impact on CIM, so that the social acceptance and awareness of the community can play a role in promoting CIM. The results further reveal that improving the physical qualities of the environment including keeping children safe and secure from all possible risks and threats, planning playful spaces, facilitating access to nature and green spaces are among the strategies to improve the social atmosphere within the residential complex in favour of greater independent and free present of children in shared spaces of residential complexes. As a consequence children will enjoy higher degrees of mental and physical health. Conclusion: Social traps and lack of responsive quality control and evaluation system for child-friendly residential complexes emphasizes the necessity to develop a qualitative framework to promote opportunities for children’s independent mobility and unsupervised play in shared spaces of residential complexes while fulfilling parents’ expectations from the qualities of the built environment to permit CIM within shared spaces of the residential complex.

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Urban Management

A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of land developer in Tehran's Building Management System

Gholamreza Kazemian; Hosein Aslipour; Arash Taqipour Akhtari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 March 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.002

Abstract

"Urban Building" is the act of creating a physical space to advance urban functions and the city's spatial organization is formed in solidarity with its continuity. In this regard, managing the spatial-physical development of the city is one of the missions of urban management; By rejecting the gap between ... Read More

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Urban Design

The Effects of Physical - Spatial Measures of Urban Streets on Pedestrians Emotional Responses Using EEG

Esmat Paikan; Mohammad Reza Pourjafar; Ehsan Ranjbar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.003

Abstract

The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. The main part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. because emotions is one of the main components of social behavior, and the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand ... Read More The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. The main part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. because emotions is one of the main components of social behavior, and the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception.Nowadays, mental health problems and the emphasis on increasing social interactions have led to more and more attention to the subject of emotions, but among the studies, the impact of physical-spatial factors has received less attention.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of physical-spatial measures of urban street on emotional responses of pedestrians, by placing the person in a pseudo-real environment. On the other hand, this study makes possible the use of a new neural measurement tool in urban studies and evaluates its accuracy. The present study has been performed experimentally by simulating 18 tests of different types of urban streets. Two methods of personal reporting (SAM) and electroencephalography (EEG) were selected to measure emotion. After confirming the data extracted from 50 subjects by General Health (GHQ) and Stroop test, data analysis was performed by quantitative-statistical method.The results show the shape and form of the street, the size and c enclosure of the street space, the presence of a spatial and physical element that creates attention and emphasis in the street, permeability in the spatial structure of the street, rotation along the street and perspective change along the path, two and three-dimensional wall street rhythms, the shape and form of the corners of the street intersection, all affect on the levels of emotional pleasure, arousal and control. But physical Indentations and protrusions have no effect on arousal, and visual permeability has no effect on pleasure. In addition, the results showed that the EEG data extracted from the headset (MindWave MW001) used in this study could well capture the emotions of individuals, thus being a good potential tool for evaluating environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban planning.Also, the results of the present study, which show the psychological effects of urban design of a street, help to select and design the appropriate elements and physical characteristics of the space, to increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions, and ultimately improve the mental health of citizens.

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Urban Planning

Identification of the effective components to improvement of the quality of urban public spaces for children, based on the conceptual model of the right to the city.

Zahra Tamjidi; Zahra sadat saiedeh Zarabadi; Farah Habib

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.004

Abstract

The right to the city is an issue of a social,political,cultural and legal nature,which,based on the concept of citizenship,demands a legal set for all residents to use the urban spaces in a transparent and fair manner. Children,in terms of physical and mental special conditions,have differences with ... Read More The right to the city is an issue of a social,political,cultural and legal nature,which,based on the concept of citizenship,demands a legal set for all residents to use the urban spaces in a transparent and fair manner. Children,in terms of physical and mental special conditions,have differences with adults, but in our country less attention is paid to their problems in the city and they are faced with many problems such as lack of sense of belonging to the place. therefore,improving the quality of urban spaces for children to create a sense of belonging in them,seems necessary.The purpose of this article is to investigate the concept of the right to the city by emphasizing the presence and increasing the sense of belonging of children to the urban spaces.This research is of qualitative type and has been done with grounded- theory approach.The method of data collection is documentary study and semi-structured interview.Nvivo software was used to analyze qualitative data and coding. Based on documentary studies and using the meta-synthesis method , the theoretical framework and a basic conceptual model of the right to the city for children are presented.The main components accordingly are: Spatial access,social inclusion,urban governance and diversity and vitality. Meta-analysis method is used to explain the final components. According to the questions raised in the interview process, 455 referrals were provided. By reviewing and integrating the codes based on similarity, 32 initial codes were extracted and based on the components presented in the conceptual model,interview questions were developed and after summarizing the data, the conceptual model and final components were presented. The method of data collection, documentary study and interview is semi-structured. Multivariate regression test was used to examine the relationship between the components of child rights to the city and the quality of urban space. The quality index of urban space was considered as a dependent variable and the components of children's right to the city (sovereignty, social inclusion, access to space and diversity and vitality) were considered as independent variables. Accordingly, the component of urban governance is 35.5% and other components include; Social inclusion, spatial access and diversity and vitality are 31.2%, 28.9% and 14.6%, respectively, in improving the quality of urban space to achieve the concept of the right of the child to the city. Also, the correlation and the extent of the impact of each of the sub-components of children's right to the city on the quality of urban spaces were examined separately.

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Application of Jan Gehl: Quality of the Street Scene and its Relationship with the Activities of Tehran Citizens

maryam shaebani; mahmood sharepour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.005

Abstract

Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the ... Read More Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the street in front of their homes, from their neighborhood, and around their work, and thus, the quality of the streets and other public spaces affects every day's life and directly contributes to their sense of welfareTheoretical framework: Today, the human dimension of public spaces has been considered more than ever by urban planners and designers; because the activities in public spaces can affect the quality and quantity of attracting people to stop and interact in these spaces.The streets are the site of the connection and linking of urban spaces and activities. Jan Gehl argues that the activities in the public sphere are particularly important in understanding this space. According to flower, the activity of people in public spaces can be classified into three categories: first, necessary activities: only partly influenced by the physical quality of the environment, as it is essential to do them to continue living. Second, optional activities occur only in optimal conditions, thus direct measurement of the quality of public space. These activities also affect users ' perceptions of space. Third, social activities: Almost all of the cases arise from cross - fertilization activities. The present study tries to help the theoretical development of key concepts of Jan Gehl in the context of Iranian city studies. Methodology: By utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed methods, in the first stage (qualitative part), observational analysis and thematic analysis were performed to analyze its data, and in the second stage (quantitative part), survey method was performed. In the qualitative part, five streets in Tehran were selected using purposive sampling and with maximum variation and in the quantitative part, using sampling proportional to volume and simple random, number (302 people) were selected as the sample population. The research population of all citizens of Tehran with age criteria is 15 years and higher. To analyze the data, SPSS23 and PLS3 software was used. Result and Discussion: Findings indicate the occurrence of more necessary activities than optional activities, which obscures the quality of the street scene of Tehran and in some way, indicates that the streets of Tehran do not have favorable conditions for social activities; this is the same unfavorable situation that Jan Gehl mentioned. Another notable result in this regard is the discussion of optional activities among residents of northern Tehran and the occurrence of necessary activities among residents of southern Tehran, which clearly indicates a kind of centralism in the quality of landscape of the streets in the northern part of Tehran; which should be given serious attention in urban development policies by the urban planning officials of Tehran.

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Slum Settlements

The phenomenon of space in informal settlements The lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlement Case Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) Baharestan country Tehran province 2016-1986

Zahra Eskandari Dorbati; Mehrdad Javaheripour; Farah Torkaman

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.006

Abstract

The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups ... Read More The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups formed around livelihood activities in informal settlements in their reciprocal relationship with the social / physical space of these areas. The prevalence of quantitative survey analysis of the vulnerabilities of these settlements has led to a lack of awareness of the capabilities and agency of the residents of these areas in dealing with the structural barriers they face. Over the past four decades, after migrating to these settlements, these social groups have reorganized their daily lives, turning a space deprived of basic amenities into an opportunity to connect with the market and improve their everyday lives.The location of this research is the central core of Nasimshahr, which has been registered in official documents 1996 under the name of Akbarabad village . Nasimshahr, which is located conveniently 15 km west of the metropolis of Tehran, was selected for the study due to its average population growth rate of greater than 41% between 1355-1375 and the availability of a baseline study comparing 11 informal settlements in the urban area of Tehran.This study was conducted with a phenomenological theoretical approach and research design based on a combination of qualitative methods including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary studies. Secondary sources of information to complement and validate the research include aerial photographs showing the development of Akbarabad and urban spaces built by the people during the years 1356 to 1381, as well as interviews with key informants about the ownership history and National census statistics of 1381 and data from the year 1400 study of the chamber of commerce of Baharestan country.Findings of this study show that livelihood groups have formed distinct and independent markets in relation to the social/physical space of Akbarabad. Among these markets is the production of clothing related to the clothing industry, which was formed from the beginning of the 1370s by the subdivision of land for residential units on the fringes of access roads and the use of home-based working practices. In the year 1400, about 5800 people were working in 800 officially registered workshops, which augments to 15,000 to 18,000 people, once the unregistered informally employed individuals are taken into account. Understanding the spatiality of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is not possible without knowing the livelihood mechanism adopted. This study therefore concludes that, the social dynamics of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is the result of the complexity and interrelationship between social groups related to livelihood with the flexibility within the informal markets (settlements) in Akbarabad. This relationship and interaction with the Tehran market has resulted in the conviction that the livelihood group of clothing production in NasimShahr may achieve sustainability within the group.Keywords: informal settlement , socio - livelihood groups, social dynamics, , Akbarabad village, Nasimshahr, lived experience, social and physical space

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Urban Management

Citizen participation in urban management and identifying its economic and social determinants (Case study: Ilam)

davood Jamini; Ali shamsoddini; Alireza Jamshidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.007

Abstract

Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve ... Read More Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve sustainable development of Ilam, as one of the border cities in Iran, Investigating the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying the factors affecting the level of citizen participation is of special importance and status. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying determinants in Ilam.Framework TheoreticalLiving in a democratic society requires people to play an active role in various aspects of their lives (Predescu & Darjan, 2010: 3241). Citizen participation is of great importance in systems claiming democracy (Ginieniewicz, 2007: 328), and is vital for any democratic society, and democracy can only be developed through involved and informed citizens. In addition, it is important to have citizens ready to take responsibility for changing the reality of today's world (Manganelli et al., 2012: 1476). For this reason, today, public participation is seen as a new strategy in development (Khajeh Shahkoohi et al., 2015: 4). An inductive look at the existing patterns of participation in the world shows that these patterns can be classified according to three different criteria: according to the type of participation (1- decision making, 2- financing, 3- manpower); Depending on the field of participation in activities (1- construction, 2- environment, 3- ensuring city safety, 4- monitoring, 5- municipal services and 6- social welfare); Depending on the type of organization (1- spontaneous and spontaneous organizations, 2- formal and motivated organizations). Of course, depending on which participation is done in order to perform any of the mentioned activities, it is also possible to classify participation patterns (Rezaei and Asyabani, 2018: 146).In a general conclusion, it can be said that citizen participation in urban management has different dimensions and has a special place in the issue of sustainable urban development. However, different factors affect the level of citizen participation in urban management, which can be different according to different urban spaces.MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-correlational study in terms of the nature of quantitative research, considering the purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection. Has used the analysis of covariance-variance among correlation methods. The research area is Ilam city and the statistical population includes 194030 citizens of Ilam city who are over 18 years old. 383 citizens were selected using Cochran's formula by stratified random sampling as the study sample. The main research tool for data collection, in addition to documentary studies, is a researcher-made questionnaire. It should be noted that the design of a questionnaire to measure citizen participation in urban management was the basis of the work of Amira Ahmadi et al. (2016) and Meymandi Parizi (2017). The validity of the research tool has been evaluated and confirmed by consulting experts and university professors (face validity) as well as convergently. Combined reliability coefficients (greater than 0.7) and Cronbach's alpha (greater than 0.7) are used to measure reliability. If these coefficients are appropriate, it can be said that the research tool is reliable. In the present study, two methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis and structural equation modeling) have been used to analyze the data. It should be noted that one of the statistical methods used in the field of structural equation modeling is the partial least squares method. In this regard, related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used to analyze the data.Discussion and ResultsThe results of structural model analysis showed that the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers had a significant effect on other independent variables. So that Dari has had the greatest impact on the variables of good urban governance (with an impact factor of 0.275), job satisfaction (with an impact factor of 0.262) and the variable of social capital (with an impact factor of 0.255). On the other hand, the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers has the least effect (with an impact factor of 0.05) on the level of citizen participation in urban management, in which case we can point to the low level of citizen satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (average = 2.37).ConclusionThe results showed that in the study area, the relationship between citizen participation in urban management (as a research dependent variable), job satisfaction, satisfaction with the performance of urban managers, social capital, good urban governance, quality of life (negative correlation) and sense of place belonging statistically related Significance was related to the research variable. In this regard, it can be said that by decreasing and increasing the level of each of these variables, the level of citizen participation decreases and increases. The results of structural analysis model (with partial least squares method) independent research variables have been able to explain 75.8% of the variance of Ilam citizens' participation in urban management. The amount of coefficients explained for each of those variables on the dependent variable are: quality of life (0.35), satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (0.05), social capital (-0.075), job satisfaction (0.131), good urban governance (0.372) and spatial affiliation (0.275).

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Urban Sustainability

Evaluation of Managerial-Economic Triggers in Decreasing Buildings’ Productivity Period( Case Study: Tehran City).

AmirHossein Pourjohari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.008

Abstract

Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity ... Read More Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity is a general concept that contains all the urban functions. Buildings are the main factors in economic and spatial structure in cities. They have a de terminative role in urban management and development and their productivity is interpreted to use of all the physical and structural capacities. Therefore, it can be claimed that buildings are important in urban productivity. Nevertheless, Buildings are one of the priorities to invest in cities; specially in our country. However, managerial patterns and legal system are not prepared based on roles and rights to Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand Management. This comes from fast access benefits from deconstruction and reconstruction which covers the costs. Due to importance of buildings as a national value and also considering the concept of sustainable development, it is necessary to analysis of statistic trends and study different aspects which impact public tendency to demolish and rebuild buildings. In this research, static information of demolish and rebuild permit in a twenty-years period has been analyzed. In addition, with using of random sampling, 4526 cases as durable buildings has been selected. Also, evaluation of income codes of Tehran municipality in the defined period has been considered. Therefore, this research has studied either public and managerial trends which are related to keeping durable buildings or side effective factors in this issue.In the result of this evaluation, it becomes obvious that value added creation arising from demolishment and rebuild is the most important factor to stimulate people to have demand to do that. However, analysis of urban management income shows that demolish of durable buildings has not great impact on urban management income. It seems that durable buildings' preservation needs to consider some changes in urban terms and also restrictions. In this case, definition new methods to value added creation to satisfy durable buildings’ owners to keep buildings must be considered.

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Regional Planning

Causes and consequences of sprawl in central city- region of Mazandaran

fardis salarian; mahin nastaran; Hashem Dadashpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.009

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The ... Read More

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Urban Scape

Developing the model of research method in urban landscape studies emphasizing Saunders research onion

Hajar Assadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.010

Abstract

Although many years have passed since the introduction of the concept of landscape in the Iranian architecture and urban planning literature, there is still no semantic agreement on its concept through theorists and researchers. However, it can be said that the urban landscape has an objective aspect ... Read More

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Slum Settlements

Investigating the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Resilience of Informal Settlements of Urmia against Covid-19 Pandemic

Mojtaba Arasteh; mohammad hosein pour hasan zadeh; Maryam Baghaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022

Abstract

The global crisis of the coronavirus pandemic has put cities and urban management in a difficult position. Pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is higher in informal settlements and slums due to the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these areas. The main purpose of this ... Read More

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Urban Scape

Effect of Green Index on the Visual Preference Matrix of Kaplans in the Residential Streetscapes (Case study: Bakhsh-e-Hasht Neighborhood in Sari)

Aida Arjmandtabar; Raheleh Rostami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022

Abstract

Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. ... Read More Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. However, this theory is yet to be effectively considered for urban landscapes. This theory has been proven in areas such as meadows, forest and fields but on the other hand urban landscapes are high density developments and are deprived of appropriate greenery. Considering that and the importance of residential streetscapes in light of their visibility on a daily basis, it was decided to evaluate the matrix of visual preferences in urban landscapes with an emphasis on the amount of green index in form of vegetation visible to urbanites and its kinship to natural landscapes of the same nature. In order to test this theory, pictures of residential streetscapes in the most populated district of Sari (Bakhsh-e-Hasht neighborhood) were used as a basis for comparison, and a public survey was performed where participants’ opinions were quantitively obtained via a structured questionnaire. In a descriptive correlational research method, analysis of the collected data using SPSS software showed that, despite the intensification of the green index in the urban landscapes, the visual preference matrix was not as effective as that of the natural landscapes, with the four variables of this matrix failed to significantly affect the visual preferences of the dominant public, although the ultimate preference was found to be independently associated with the green index and increased at higher green index values. The results also showed that structural factors of residential streetscapes such as the width of the pathway have affected on the influence quality of the four variables of this matrix on the final visual preference, in such a way that the narrower pathways are clearly stronger functions of the Kaplan matrix.

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