Motaleate Shahri

Urban Design

Measuring the sound perception of citizens on the Chahar Bagh sidewalk in Isfahan

Marzieh Shafiei; Bahador Zamani

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 3-16

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.017

Abstract

Highlights-The pleasantness of a soundscape to a place depends largely on context.-Decreasing sound levels may not result in a high-quality acoustic environment.-The environmental characteristics of the spaces and the activities they may enable influence directly on the pleasantness of the soundscape.- ... Read More Highlights-The pleasantness of a soundscape to a place depends largely on context.-Decreasing sound levels may not result in a high-quality acoustic environment.-The environmental characteristics of the spaces and the activities they may enable influence directly on the pleasantness of the soundscape.- The frequency of people's exposure to the soundscape also affects their perception of the soundscape pleasantness and imageability. IntroductionUrban open spaces play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual esthetics and physical aspects of urban spaces, but neglected acoustic elements. Ignoring the role of sound in urban planning has led to an increase in environmentally disturbing sounds, which ultimately leads to an unclear human perception of sounds. To avoid these issues, acoustic research to create high-quality spaces has become one of the current aims of urban planners and environmental designers.MethodologyThis study investigated the soundscape quality of the Chahar Bagh Abbasi pedestrian Axis in Isfahan, one of the most valuable historical-cultural urban spaces in Iran. The study aimed to answer the following questions:1. What are the sound components that affect the pleasantness of the soundscape of the area?2. How is the overall quality of the soundscape on the Chahar Bagh Abbasi pedestrian Axis?3. What are the sound imageability components in the Chahar Bagh Abbasi pedestrian Axis?To determine the dominant sound sources in the space, non-interventional observation and audio recording were used. To clarify the perception of different people of the pedestrian Axis soundscape, a questionnaire was distributed. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha test was used. The obtained rate was equal to 0.731, which shows the adequate reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the research is all people present on the Chahar Bagh Abbasi pedestrian Axis. For this purpose, 384 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the people. To analyze the results of the questionnaire, SPSS software and the analytical method of correlation coefficient and step-by-step regression were used.Results and discussionThe findings of this research showed that simply reducing negative sounds in the environment does not lead to the formation of a positive sound environment. Physical background sound levels are also important factors in the sound assessment of public spaces in cities. Other findings showed that some groups of people did not consider some sounds to be undesirable. This depends on people’s habits regarding the current state of the environment soundscape and the low intensity of hearing these sounds in the space. The findings also showed that the frequency of people’s presence in urban spaces is among the factors affecting how people perceive and the quality of the urban soundscapes. In fact, in this research, it was found that the higher the exposure to the soundscape, the less pleasant it is. Therefore, merchants, due to long-term exposure to the soundscape during the day, perceived the soundscape of the pedestrian Axis as less satisfactory compared to others, while tourists due to short exposure to the soundscape of the area, found the soundscape more pleasant. Furthermore, it was found that the duration of people’s exposure to the soundscape is also effective in assessing the sound imageability of the area so that citizens and merchants can better identify sound imageability components in the area due to the longer exposure to sounds.ConclusionThe results of the questionnaire suggest that exposure to sounds in the short or long term can affect people’s perception of the sound imageability of a space. Overall, merchants and citizens in this space, due to their longer exposure to sound sources, have a better recognition of the components of sound imageability than tourists. For example, the sounds that merchants and citizens of Chahar Bagh Abbasi pedestrian Axis mentioned as characteristics of this area are largely similar. This also applies to the identification of sound signals in the space, such that merchants in this area and citizens at the next level have better performance in detecting loud and close sounds in the space due to their frequent visits to the space compared to tourists. A significant point in people’s answers regarding the identification of background sounds is that the length of time people are exposed to the soundscape of the pedestrian Axis does not have much effect on the correct identification of background sounds. This is because background sounds are the combination of several individual sound sources that are attenuated due to distance, making it difficult to distinguish them from other sounds.

Urban Planning

Examining the rhythm of behavioral hangouts in urban parks (Case study: Baharestan and Ibn Sina Zanjan Gardens)

esmaeil daviran

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 17-28

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.024

Abstract

Highlights- Geographical locations have their own unique patterns of space consumption, depending on their design, in different time periods.- Camps with a mobile nature, such as sports camps, have annual productivity and operate linearly in terms of space allocation.- Behavioral camps experience a starting ... Read More Highlights- Geographical locations have their own unique patterns of space consumption, depending on their design, in different time periods.- Camps with a mobile nature, such as sports camps, have annual productivity and operate linearly in terms of space allocation.- Behavioral camps experience a starting point, concentration, and decay due to climate change.- Examining the timing of public spaces is essential for their better planning and management.IntroductionThe three key concepts of time, place, and human behavior together shape space. The urban space and its changes are the result of human movement in time and space. Although there have been many discussions about the concept of space, the theories of time-geography and Lefebvre have had the most significant impact on urban issues.Urban parks, as one of the urban public spaces, are a suitable environment for the formation of behavioral camps. The presence of different human groups with diverse ages and genders in such spaces leads to the formation of specific places for individual and group socialization, creating a space of consumption with a special character. The surrounding environment as a result of time is very effective in the formation of the type of camp and its way of functioning.This research examines the rhythm of the behavioral hangouts of urban parks with regional (multi-neighborhood) function, using the case study of Ibn Sina and Baharestan parks in Zanjan city. This is because no special studies have been done on the subject of behavioral camp rhythm and the functional structure of rhythms in camp spaces, and most of the research has focused on explaining the formation of camps or the rhythm of spaces.MethodologyThe current research is a type of qualitative research based on the descriptive-analytical method with the nature of discovery and the method of rhythm analysis. Data collection using field observation and continuous interview during the formation hours of the camp. Data analysis was done with qualitative methods based on communication matrix, rhythm and qualitative information tables with three main components of structure, dynamics and sociability of the environment.Results and DiscussionThe rhythm of the behavioral camp in the studied gardens is significant, active and explorable mainly in the spring and summer seasons. The use of space is different according to the type of camp, but they have functioned in connection with each other. Sports camps have more durability and annual continuity. The temporal continuity of the rhythm of the elderly-based behavioral camp has more daily and seasonal continuity in terms of the number and stability of people. In terms of the space allocation and the number of people, the youth behavioral camp has less space compared to other camps. Waterfront furniture elements, trees, play equipment, sports equipment, stones, chairs, trees, the smoothness of the park ground, grass, besides the spatial security factor, have a greater impact on the durability and daily continuity of the camp. Spatial dependence of camps based on the elderly, children and family have the highest ratio. The geographical distance of the residence in Tharbahank is less than that of the other centers. The type of space consumption in the studied rhythms is mainly social and sports in nature. The structural morphology of gardens (regular, irregular or linear geometric shape) is effective in the formation of the type of behavioral camp and its rhythm. The rhythm of the studied camps is mainly in daily and afternoon time sequence and has a specific location with fixed and variable people. Based on the correlation matrix, there is functional correlation and coherence between the variables. The rhythm of space use in the monthly time period shows that the behavioral settlements based on collectivism mainly have the starting point in April and the peak in August, and with the gradual change of climate (from heat to cold) they move to temporary disintegration and again with climate change. (from cold to heat) forms and peaks.ConclusionThis research examined the rhythm of the social and age groups of the urban parks of Baharestan and Ibn Sina Zanjan. The study found that the rhythm of behavioral hangouts in urban parks is affected by a variety of factors, including:- The type of park: Parks with a focus on social activities, such as playgrounds and picnic areas, tend to have a more active and explorable rhythm than parks with a focus on sports or other passive activities.- The time of year: Parks tend to be more crowded in the spring and summer months, when the weather is warmer and more pleasant.- The weather conditions: Parks may be less crowded in inclement weather, such as rain or snow.- The age and gender of park users: Parks tend to be more crowded with families and children during the day, while they may be more crowded with adults in the evening.The findings of this study suggest that the rhythm of behavioral hangouts in urban parks is an important consideration for park planners and managers. By understanding the factors that influence the rhythm of park use, park planners can better design and manage parks to meet the needs of their users.

Urban Design

An analytical study of sensory richness in recognizing the urban space of Hafez Street in Shiraz, with a focus on the senses of smell and taste: a Case Study of Hafez Street, Shiraz

Maryam Roosta; mahsa sholeh; Negin Amiri

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 29-42

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62683

Abstract

Highlights- Sense walking and in-depth interviews were used to analyze the richness of smell and taste senses in urban space.- The experience of the senses of smell and taste and the dimension of time and place mutually affect each other.- The richness of the senses of smell and taste affects the enhancement ... Read More Highlights- Sense walking and in-depth interviews were used to analyze the richness of smell and taste senses in urban space.- The experience of the senses of smell and taste and the dimension of time and place mutually affect each other.- The richness of the senses of smell and taste affects the enhancement of the memorability and identity of the urban space.IntroductionEveryday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.Theoretical FrameworkRegarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.MethodologyIn order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.Results and DiscussionThe findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.ConclusionAmong the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

Urban Sustainability

Local Climate Zoning of Tehran metropolitan base on physical structure

Saeed Sepasi Zangiabadi; Aliakbar Shamsipour; Ali Hosseini

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 43-54

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.019

Abstract

Highlights- Climatic zoning of Tehran was conducted using the latest and most accurate method available.- This climatic zoning used the processing of Landsat 8 satellite images and sampling in Google Earth.- 17 climatic zones were obtained according to physical characteristics and land surface cover.- ... Read More Highlights- Climatic zoning of Tehran was conducted using the latest and most accurate method available.- This climatic zoning used the processing of Landsat 8 satellite images and sampling in Google Earth.- 17 climatic zones were obtained according to physical characteristics and land surface cover.- The LCZ model focuses on the thermal loads of the city, which are affected by building density and land cover/use changes.- The central and eastern areas of Tehran, due to the high density of buildings, and the southwestern areas of the city, due to industrial and warehouse land use, have high thermal loads. IntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments because they combine human-made elements and natural features. Today, urban climate specialists focus on a combination of urban and natural factors when zoning urban spaces.The Local Climate Classification (LCZs) is a new and systematic classification system for urban spaces proposed by Stuart and Oke (2012). LCZs classify climates according to the physical structure of the city. Each LCZ is characterized by one or more distinctive features, such as land cover, height, and the distance between trees and buildings.Local Climate Zoning classifies the climate of urban spaces by focusing on the city's physical structure and surface coverage. The LCZ classification has 17 different classes, each of which represents a unique set of characteristics. LCZ classes are individually identified by one or more distinctive characteristics, such as land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings. Classes 1 to 10 focus more on the physical structure created by humans, while classes A to G focus more on the natural aspect of the city.Theoretical FrameworkThe Local Climate Zoning (LCZ) method was extracted and presented by Stewart and Oke (2012) from the Urban Climate Zones (UCZ) method. This method is presented with an emphasis on land cover characteristics and building density for large cities.In this method, 10 climate zones are specified for urban built spaces and 7 climate zones for natural spaces. The most important data required in this method are Landsat satellite images, which are prepared in both winter and summer seasons to accurately identify the land surface cover. Additionally, for each of the 17 climate classes, it is necessary to take samples in Google Earth to use those samples in the image processing process. Therefore, the accuracy and quality of the map of local climate zones depends on the accuracy of sampling.MethodologyThree types of data were used in this study: meteorological data, satellite images, and spatial information layers.- Meteorological data included temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction data from the Doshan Tappeh, Geophysical, and Mehrabad meteorological stations in Tehran for the past 20 years.- Satellite images of the city of Tehran were used for two periods: summer and winter.- Spatial information layers included land use data, land cover, and building floors of Tehran.To create a map of the local climate classes in Tehran, the satellite images were converted to a spatial resolution of 100 meters in the SAGA-GIS environment. The measured area was then cut and saved in kml format and added to the Google Earth program. In Google Earth, samples of each climatic class were collected. This stage was the most important and decisive stage of the research, and it was conducted with great accuracy and patience using many samples.Results and DiscussionThe city of Tehran has a diverse range of local climate classes (LCZs) due to its diverse natural and human environments. Tehran is a heterogeneous metropolis in terms of its form and function, and this heterogeneity is reflected in the distribution of LCZs.The results of this study showed that the most common LCZs in Tehran are:- Dense texture and medium height (LCZ 2): These LCZs are characterized by high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity. They are generally concentrated in the central and northeastern parts of Tehran.- Dense and short (LCZ 3): These LCZs are also characterized by high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity. They are found in other parts of the city, such as the southern and southwestern suburbs.- Low-rise and mid-rise (LCZ 4 to LCZ 6): These LCZs are characterized by lower ambient heat load and better ventilation capacity. They are found in the outer parts of the city, such as the northwestern and southeastern suburbs.- Barren land and agricultural land (LCZ 7 to LCZ 9): These LCZs have the lowest ambient heat load and best ventilation capacity. They are found outside the city limits.The distribution of LCZs in Tehran is affected by a number of factors, including:- The density of buildings- The height of buildings- The presence of vegetation- The topography- The proximity to water bodiesThe high density of buildings in the central and northeastern parts of Tehran is the main reason for the predominance of LCZs 2 and 3 in these areas. The low density of buildings in the outer parts of the city is the main reason for the predominance of LCZs 4 to 6 in these areas. The presence of vegetation helps to reduce the ambient heat load and improve ventilation, while the proximity to water bodies also helps to cool the air.The distribution of LCZs in Tehran has important implications for the city's climate and environment. The high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity of LCZs 2 and 3 can contribute to the formation of the urban heat island effect, while the lower ambient heat load and better ventilation capacity of LCZs 4 to 6 can help to mitigate this effect. The presence of vegetation can also help to improve air quality and reduce noise pollution.Overall, the distribution of LCZs in Tehran is a complex issue that is affected by a number of factors. The understanding of this distribution is important for the development of strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and improve the city's environment.ConclusionThe findings of this study have important implications for the planning and management of Tehran. Identifying areas at risk of high urban heat load and flooding can help to prioritize interventions to reduce these risks. For example, the city could plant more trees and vegetation to cool the air and reduce the urban heat island effect. It could also improve the drainage system to reduce the risk of flooding.Overall, this study provides a valuable contribution to the understanding of the urban climate of Tehran. The findings can be used to develop strategies to improve the livability of the city and reduce the risks of heat stress and flooding.

environmental psychology

The effect of various types of public art in urban spaces on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil

Mohammad Hasan Yazdani; abolfazl abdolahi fard; shiva velayati; samira saeidi zarangi

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 55-68

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.025

Abstract

Highlights- Beautification of the urban space using public art improves the quality of life.- It removes defects and eliminates visual disturbances and urban landscape.- Public arts bring vitality and health to women, who make up half of the society.IntroductionArt has always had a rational and improving ... Read More Highlights- Beautification of the urban space using public art improves the quality of life.- It removes defects and eliminates visual disturbances and urban landscape.- Public arts bring vitality and health to women, who make up half of the society.IntroductionArt has always had a rational and improving function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education and training. A skilled artist can control many social anomalies and lead the society to a desirable and bright life. The perception of beauty is one of the human needs that the citizens in the city seek (Moeinifar, 2012:21). Today, cities have become places for doing repetitive activities and the machine life of citizens. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen the points that have value in terms of urban facilities in the urban design for the benefit of the people, and also the factors and forces required for the entry and stopping of people in the space. Therefore, public art can be used to beautify and improve the visual quality of the city of Ardabil, eliminate architectural problems, beautify, optimize the urban environment and improve the quality of life of the city and its citizens, especially urban women.Theoretical FrameworkTo define public art, two words "art" and "public" should be discussed. The term public art has a very broad meaning and includes everything from urban sculptures to subway graffiti, but is often used as a collective term to cover any art that is not shown in official galleries or museums. Meanwhile, proper planning and special attention to women can be an important factor in urban development; Therefore, the active participation of women in the preparation and implementation of urban plans, laying the groundwork for the greater presence of women in urban spaces, improving the security of public spaces, paying attention to the protection of places where women are more present, the ability to increase visibility, openness and ease of access, increasing the strength of the transportation system at night is one of the things that can play a favorable role in creating suitable urban spaces for women. Joy and happiness are one of the most important human needs that prepare them to face the complexities and problems of today's world. Although many people believe that this art is internal and the person himself should create happiness in his life, but since the city space establishes the most connection with people and the living environment,MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. According to the nature of the study, the method of data collection is a survey and a library using a questionnaire with the women of Ardabil city. Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire, considering that little research has been done in this field, according to professors and specialists, and to check the reliability of the questionnaire. The total alpha coefficient was equal to (.906), which shows the high reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population in the current research is women (experts and non-experts in art and architecture) in Ardabil who are between 20-35 years old (57,913). To estimate the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and the number of 381 samples was estimated, of which 185 healthy questionnaires were distributed and completed among the statistical population by a simple random method. In this research, the questionnaire measures the research variables, which consists of 41 questions, divided into two sections, public arts and interactive arts, and one image from each type of art, similar to what was shown in the introduction section of public arts, was selected and An online questionnaire format, in which the participants were asked to express the level of joy they felt after watching that artwork in urban spaces according to the 5-point Likert scale, was designed and sent to the target community through virtual space applications. It should be noted that the questions were evaluated through a 5-option Likert scale. In order to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics section, Excel, Spss software and for inferential statistics in which the relationships between variables are examined based on the purpose of the research, the statistical test with inclusion (one-sample T) was used.Results and DiscussionTo investigate the impact of public art on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil city and to answer the research question of which type of public art has a greater impact on improving the perceived vitality of women in urban spaces, a one-sample t-test was used.The results of the single-sample t-test showed that abstract art had the highest average score (4.71), followed by the vitality created by this item (4.60), and the desire to create abstract art in the urban space from the point of view of women (4.63). This means that abstract art was the most popular type of public art among the women surveyed.In the next ranks, art embedded in space and applied art had an average score of (4.25), followed by art appropriate to the site and natural environment with an average score of (4.18), artistry (sculptures of celebrities) with an average score of (4.16), and finally the musical fountain with an average score of (4.03).These results suggest that women in Ardabil city perceive abstract art as the most vitalizing type of public art. This may be because abstract art is open to interpretation and can be seen in many different ways, which allows women to connect with it on a personal level. Additionally, abstract art can be seen as a form of escapism, which can be appealing to women who are looking for a way to relax and de-stress.ConclusionThe city of Ardabil has a lot of potential to create public art that is both visually appealing and revitalizing for women. However, the current state of public art in the city is lacking. There are only a small number of famous statues and some examples of murals and lighting. This is a missed opportunity to create a more vibrant and inviting urban environment for women. The managers and planners of the municipality and related bodies should pay more attention to the vitality and vitality of not only the women of the city of Ardabil, but also all sections of the society. They should commission more public art that is designed to appeal to women and other marginalized groups. This would help to create a more inclusive and equitable urban environment for everyone.In addition to commissioning more public art, the municipality should also take steps to improve the security of public spaces. This would make women feel more comfortable and safe in the city, which would encourage them to spend more time outdoors and enjoy the public art. By taking these steps, the municipality can create a more vibrant and inviting urban environment for women and all residents of Ardabil city.

Urban Transport

Solutions to improve the coordination of transportation and urban development plans in Iran: Explaining the challenges

shahabeddin Kermanshahi; Mohsen Sadeghi; Hamid Shamanian; Maryam Momeni

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 69-82

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.022

Abstract

Highlights- Iran's "Urban Master Plan" and "Transportation Master Plan" have been developed independently, typically across different time frames.- Semi-structured interviews and context analysis were used to get expert knowledge to address the contradiction in the two development plans.- This inconsistency ... Read More Highlights- Iran's "Urban Master Plan" and "Transportation Master Plan" have been developed independently, typically across different time frames.- Semi-structured interviews and context analysis were used to get expert knowledge to address the contradiction in the two development plans.- This inconsistency of two development plans was revealed through discussions with the experts.- Combining two separate blueprints into one may seem simple, but interviews reveal organizational obstacles make it challenging to implement.IntroductionLand use and transportation are dynamic processes that are interrelated. How land is used has an impact on transportation, and vice versa. The development of new highways and access to metropolitan areas may have an effect on the structure of urban areas. The growth that has occurred around ring roads is an example of how the expansion of transportation networks may guide urban growth. Therefore, urban planning must take into account this connection. However, Iran's "Urban Master Plan" and "Transportation Master Plan" have been developed independently, typically across different time frames, and with approval coming from two separate sources. This has led to inconsistency between the two plans, which can have negative consequences for urban development.Theoretical FrameworkThe Transit Oriented Development (TOD) approach places an emphasis on the integration of land use and transportation. Through taking this strategy, accessibility is improved by providing passengers with a variety of transportation options. Private cars have the advantages of being quick, adaptable, and having a low capacity. The public transportation system is characterized by a large capacity, acceptable speed, and a minimal degree of flexibility. The non-motorized systems have a wide range of possibilities but are quite slow. The fundamental idea of development based on public transportation is that in order to create an alternative to the use of private automobiles, the benefits of public transportation and non-motorized modes of transportation should be combined, and accessibility should be taken into consideration. Therefore, non-motorized options compensate for the inflexibility of public transportation, while public transportation compensates for the slowness of these alternatives. This combination and replacement only work when the population, building density, and distance to services are suitable for walking.MethodologySemi-structured interviews were employed for this study. The focus of a semi-structured interview has been set in advance, and all respondents are asked the same questions; yet, they are free to react according to their own unique perspective. In order to address the issue of inconsistency that arose during the process of drafting the two primary development plans, we acquired the knowledge of subject matter experts through semi-structured interviews and contextual analysis.Results and DiscussionThe first category that has been derived from the interviews is titled "The Urgent Need to Coordinate Comprehensive Plans for Urban Development and Transportation." This type of coordination is essential for the development of broad policies, comprehensive urban planning, and in-depth transportation studies. This inconsistency was revealed through discussions with experts. It is interesting to note that both transportation and urban planning organizations have emphasized the irregularities in plan design. For example, there is a lack of coordination between land use and the construction of new railway lines, traditional car-oriented development continues, and parking restrictions in city centers are inconsistent. Combining two separate blueprints into one may seem like a simple solution. However, expert interviews show that this solution does not directly solve the lack of coordination due to organizational challenges and the interests of specialized consultants in each sector. It is not a high priority for the set of actions to be taken. However, separating the information collection and modeling processes can lighten the burden of developing comprehensive plans, especially in the transportation sector, and provide a framework for the eventual integration of the planning preparation section in urban planning and transportation. This is especially true in the case of the former. It would seem that carrying out two different plans at the same time would be an efficient way to reduce inconsistency. This strategy is operationally preferable to combining two programs and has fewer obstacles. However, it has been shown to be impractical due to bureaucratic, technological, and, most importantly, institutional inequalities in previous experiences. Finding solutions to the earlier problems in the medium term before combining the two strategies could be successful.ConclusionAltering current trends was recommended as a short-term strategy. These ideas highlight the need to use the expertise of experts from multiple fields when developing comprehensive plans. Other suggestions for the short term include having urban planners and transportation experts collaborate to review and regulate overall urban plans. These measures could improve coordination between transportation and land use development. Finally, establishing specialized training and skill development programs, as well as using tools that are both easy and practical for integrated land use and transportation planning, can help to develop human resources and facilitate future process reforms.

Urban Design

Redesigning a Model for improving the implementation of small-scale participatory projects: a case study of Mashhad Municipality's Mahalle Ma project)

Iman Ghalandarian; Golbarg Ghaemmaghami Farahani

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 83-98

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62604

Abstract

Highlights- This paper proposes a model for improving the implementation of small-scale participatory projects.- The model is based on the findings of a case study of the Mahalle Ma project in Mashhad, Iran.- The model identifies three key relationships: the people and the facilitator, the people and ... Read More Highlights- This paper proposes a model for improving the implementation of small-scale participatory projects.- The model is based on the findings of a case study of the Mahalle Ma project in Mashhad, Iran.- The model identifies three key relationships: the people and the facilitator, the people and urban management, and urban management and the facilitator.IntroductionContemporary urban planning knowledge has undergone significant changes, shifting from natural and engineering sciences to interdisciplinary fields with a focus on social and human sciences. Urban development plans now emphasize public and private participation. As the second-largest city in Iran, Mashhad plays a vital role within the country due to its regional centrality, large population, and diversity. It is essential to prioritize social sustainability and encourage public participation in the planning process.Theoretical FrameworkImplementation is a critical component of the urban design process and can be interpreted in two ways: as the essence of the entire process or as an independent step within the process. Through a systematic study of various sources and analysis of urban design processes conducted by researchers, it is possible to categorize the urban design process involved in selecting the design group, defining initial objectives, assessing the existing conditions, clarifying goals, presenting design alternatives, evaluating options, optimizing, developing an implementation plan, implementing, and conducting post-implementation evaluations. Based on research synthesis, factors influencing the implementation of small-scale participatory projects can be categorized into five aspects: development stakeholders (including designers and implementers), management-planning system structures, economic considerations, public participation, and legal considerations.MethodologyThis paper adopts a qualitative approach and data-based method through semi-structured interviews to identify obstacles, challenges, and factors influencing the implementation of small-scale participatory projects (specifically, neighborhood units) in Mashhad. The study focuses on stakeholders including individuals, urban management, and facilitators involved in the "Mahalle Ma" project. Theoretical sampling was employed until saturation was reached. Data analysis utilized qualitative content analysis with a summative approach and MAXQDA 2018. Open and axial coding techniques were applied to identify the foundational concepts related to the implementation of the targeted projects.Results and DiscussionThe results of this study highlight the importance of effective collaboration and communication between stakeholders, including the people, urban management, and the facilitator team. Building trust, improving public participation, and addressing financial constraints are essential for the successful implementation of small-scale participatory projects.The relationship between the people and the facilitator: The quality of real participation by the people, as the most important stakeholder group, has a significant impact on achieving the goals of the plan. Negative experiences and a lack of trust in city management can present challenges for the project. To enhance citizens' participation, the facilitator and designer can employ appropriate techniques to involve people in the process, clarify the project definition, and connect it with the needs assessment stage. Effective communication with the social council of the neighborhoods is also crucial, as the lack of it can hinder the quality of citizens' participation.The relationship between the people and urban management: Urban management has initiated this plan with long-term goals in mind, including fostering a culture of participation. However, the inadequate allocation of funds and a lack of effective inter-organizational synergy have resulted in intangible short-term outcomes for the people. This situation raises concerns about increasing mistrust and decreasing satisfaction with the municipality's performance.The relationship between urban management and the facilitator: Both urban management and the facilitator play crucial roles in promoting public satisfaction with the project. They should work towards achieving long-term goals by monitoring, improving, and maintaining a continuous planning process. This entails fostering a culture of participation through trust-building and capacity development. However, the frequent changes in design and planning approaches due to shifts in the urban management structure can affect the facilitator's authority to achieve project goals. The facilitator team should also ensure a constant connection between the needs assessment stage, design, and implementation steps.ConclusionThis study highlights the crucial role of urban management throughout the various stages of an urban development project. In the pre-implementation stage, urban management plays a fundamental role in selecting an expert design and implementation team. They also prioritize goals based on the type of management system in place.Recognizing the current situation requires the collaboration of the facilitator and the people to establish a shared understanding of the problem. The facilitator acts as a mediator, identifying the real demands of the people and conveying them to management levels to define the project in subsequent stages. Verification of goals and adjustments are made in consultation with citizens, academic experts, and local institutions.The presentation of design alternatives by the facilitator team ensures alignment with the real needs of the people. Evaluation and optimization of alternatives involve active participation from the people, who contribute to selecting the optimal alternative based on their genuine needs. Urban management also considers economic and technical factors in choosing the optimal option.During the implementation stage, urban management plays a critical role in ensuring the design team's recommendations are executed properly by selecting the right contractors. The involvement of the social council, representing the people, is essential in monitoring the implementation process in line with the goals and needs assessment.In the post-implementation stage, continuous monitoring and modification are necessary, with direct input from the people through the facilitator team and urban management. This promotes the long-term continuity and success of the plan, fostering a culture of participation.

Urban Geography

The Effect of Climatic Conditions on Spatio-Temporal Changes and biophysical Characteristics of cities Using Satellite Images (Case study: Kashan, Shirgah, Bandar Anzali cities, Iran)

Bahare sadat mousavi; Ata Abdollahi kakroodi; samane Arvandi

Volume 12, Issue 48 , October 2023, Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.023

Abstract

Highlights- Urban physical expansion has had an impact on spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including Land Surface Temperature (LST), resulting in an increase in surface temperature.- Surveys conducted in cities have shown that the patterns of urban expansion are influenced by the geographic ... Read More Highlights- Urban physical expansion has had an impact on spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including Land Surface Temperature (LST), resulting in an increase in surface temperature.- Surveys conducted in cities have shown that the patterns of urban expansion are influenced by the geographic setting and regional factors.- The average greenness in areas with wet weather conditions (such as Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) differs from areas with hot and dry weather conditions (such as Kashan), based on climatic conditions.IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a major threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can also be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkUrbanization leads to an increase in land surface temperature (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth, the more easily the surface warmed. In most temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao et al., 2021: 105314).MethodologyThe physical development of cities and their impact on the surface's Tasseled cap have been the subject of numerous studies. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap by using remote sensing. The cities of Kashan, Bandar Anzali, and Sirjan were chosen as the study regions for this research because of their diversity in geographical features, climatic features, and land cover. So, between 1991 and 2021, the effects of various climatic conditions and changes in thermal temperature on these cities were examined. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat 5 TM sensor and Landsat 8 OLI sensor used.ConclusionThis study investigated the effect of climatic conditions on the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, in three cities in Iran: Kashan, Sirjan, and Bandar Anzali. The results showed that urban expansion has led to an increase in LST in all three cities. However, the increase in LST was more pronounced in Kashan, which has a hot and dry climate, than in Sirjan and Bandar Anzali, which have more humid climates. This is because the reduction of vegetation cover in urban areas reduces evaporation and transpiration, which leads to an increase in surface temperature.The study also found that the changes in other Tasseled cap indices, such as brightness and wetness, were also affected by climatic conditions. In the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Sirjan, the increase in LST was accompanied by an increase in brightness and wetness. This is because the presence of vegetation helps to reflect sunlight and retain moisture, which helps to cool the surface. In contrast, in the hot and dry city of Kashan, the increase in LST was accompanied by a decrease in brightness and wetness.The findings of this study suggest that the planning and management of urban areas should take into account the local climatic conditions. In hot and dry climates, it is important to preserve vegetation cover to help reduce surface temperatures. In humid climates, it is important to design urban spaces in a way that maximizes the benefits of vegetation, such as shading and moisture retention.The study also suggests that future studies should consider the effects of climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap in different cities. This will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between urban development and climate change.

Urban Design

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

a l; ا س

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Urban Design

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Shahab Abbaszadeh; Sevda Tamry

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Urban Planning

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

z m; h sh; a r

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

m kh; m m; f j; k a

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Urban Planning

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

Urban Planning

Measuring urban resilience against flood risk using composite indicators (Case Study: Khorramabad city)

Yaghob Abdali; Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki; hossein hataminejad; Ahmad Pourahmad; Mohammd Salmani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.021

Abstract

Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently ... Read More Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently gained much attention, there is so far no optimal approach for operationalizing this concept and therefore there is a need to conduct more empirical studies on what constitutes disaster resilience and how to assess it. The city of Khorramabad is prone to many risks due to exposure to surface runoff flowing from the surrounding mountains, floods, flooding of rivers that pass through the center of the city, and the inherent feature of being located in a unique valley. Researchers predict that future weather-related events will increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change.The consequences of these events, i.e. damage to infrastructure and property, as well as personal injuries and loss of life, are likely to increase. In this study, a resilience assessment focuses on the inherent characteristics and capacities of Khorramabad in the context of flash floods from surface water or from the overflow of rivers. The measurement approach is based on constructing a composite index based on six resilience dimensions social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community capital, and environmental of community flood resilience. This follows by developing a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method. The applied method is a combination of the DANP for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS tools in order to get Khorramabad's urban districts ranked based on their resilience levels. Most of the data provided for the indicators are mainly obtained from the Iranian Statistics Center as the unique reference of the country's official statistics, Other required data were retrieved from publicly available information sources of Khorram Abad Municipality, Organization of Management and Prevention of Natural Disasters, Renovation and Equipping of Iranian Schools, and Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran. The results clarify that District 23 is comparatively the most resilient district, while Districts 1, 4, 7, 13, and 17 are the lowest level of resilience. Such place-based assessments have an opportunity to track community performance over time and provide the tool to decision-makers in order to integrate resilience thinking into urban development and resilience-oriented urban planning.

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Urban Planning

Evaluation of the application of the tenets of grounded theory methodology in Persian urban planning and design research

Bahador Zamani; Ehsan Babaei Salanghooch

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62693

Abstract

In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings ... Read More In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings has sometimes led to a type of methodology with eclectic readings, which sometimes lacks and conflicts the nature of the grounded theory methodology and the primary considerations of the intended reading. Despite this, the review and evaluation of the quality of such research in the scientific fields related to the built environment, particularly urban design and planning has been done less. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to systematically evaluate the studies using the grounded theory methodology in urban planning and design in order to understand the appropriate application of the key tenets of this methodology in this field of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future applications. In this regard, the eligible studies have been selected by systematic search of papers published in reliable Persian-language scientific databases applying the systematic review method. After screening the existing studies based on the specified criteria, 44 studies published until 2019 were selected and evaluated based on the evaluation criteria of the grounded theory methodology. The results of the methodological evaluation of the conducted researches based on the grounded theory methodology showed that despite the increasing use of this method in urban planning and design research, many of these research have been unsuccessful in fully and accurately applying the principles and stages of the grounded theory methodology and its readings, and their results have been reduced to a diagram, model and conceptual framework instead of a theory as the expected achievement from the application of this method. In addition, the results of the present study showed that a number of the research only use a set of techniques of the grounded theory methodology including coding or memo writing. Neglecting important processes such as theoretical sampling, constant comparison and in-depth analysis of categories, has caused that these studies did not go beyond the level of description, and while limiting themselves to presenting descriptive themes and narratives, they rarely achieve theory building as the aim of the grounded theory methodology. Based on the findings of this paper, improving the quality of research based on the grounded theory methodology in the field of urban planning and design requires researchers with a correct understanding of the nature, characteristics and principles of the grounded theory and a deep insight of the readings of this method and their differences, in order to measure the appropriateness and justify the choice of the appropriate reading based on the aims and characteristics of the research.

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Urban Management

Analyzing and Evaluation of the regulations of fifth periods of the Islamic Council of Tehran

Arastoo Yari hesar; Ali Dashti

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62702

Abstract

Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and ... Read More Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and in other words, the performance of urban management is a function of the decisions and policies approved by this body, so it is necessary in order to harm This body should be evaluated for performance analysis and formulation of damage removal strategies, and naturally, the most effective tool for evaluating the performance of councils is their approvals. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran in the fifth period and to analyze their contents quantitatively and qualitatively. This research is a type of content analysis research. The data required in this research has been collected by field and documentary methods. The most important reference for the required data is the comprehensive system of approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran. The statistical population of this research consists of all the approvals of the fifth term council of Tehran city. The results of this research show that the Islamic Council of the fifth term of the city of Tehran, although it has achieved considerable success and growth in terms of quantitative indicators, but the examination of the content of the approvals shows the failure of this council in carrying out the missions assigned in the Law on Organizations, Duties and Powers of Councils. is islamic A major part of the performance of this term of the council is made up of approvals that practically do not have much effect on increasing the quality of urban life, and there is a significant gap between the needs of citizens and the content of the approvals of the Tehran City Council. Also, the main focus of the Council's approvals has been on municipal issues rather than urban issues. Based on this, the suggested solutions include the focus of the council on regulatory issues up to legislation, distancing from superficial and theoretical issues, and addressing the main problems of Tehran city, and evaluating the operationalization of the council's previous approvals.

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environmental psychology

Improving the quality of housing by paying attention to privacy in the design of residential complexes Case study: Several residential complexes in Mashhad

alireza khadivipanah; islam karami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62727

Abstract

The emergence of social housing as a necessity in urban planning systems, the problem of the present research is the quality of living in residential complexes and the premise of the research is the role of privacy in improving the quality of living. The aim of the research is to achieve a human and ... Read More The emergence of social housing as a necessity in urban planning systems, the problem of the present research is the quality of living in residential complexes and the premise of the research is the role of privacy in improving the quality of living. The aim of the research is to achieve a human and social structure in residential complexes by improving the quality of living. The explanation of the components and criteria of the quality of residence and privacy and how it is realized in the samples of the research - four residential complexes in Mashhad) are the questions of the research. Through random sampling in the statistical sample (345 people) and using an open questionnaire, field research was conducted and using spss analysis software, the results of the studies were presented using descriptive tests, mean, correlation, regression and path analysis. . The findings show that there is a significant relationship and correlation between the two variables of privacy and quality of residence, and only two variables of residence status and gender have a direct and positive effect on the variable of quality of residence. A single or concentrated type like the Venus complex has the highest quality of residence and privacy in general and among the components of the quality of residence (perceptual-emotional, physical-functional, social-activity) and privacy components (individual-social, moral-religious). , behavioral-functional). The habitat quality of the scattered species (Farhangian complex) and then the peripheral species (Pars complex) are respectively in favorable conditions. And in relation to the privacy variable, the environmental species (Pars) and then the scattered species (Farhangian) are in favorable conditions. Privacy and quality of living in residential complexes have a correlation and positive significance. Finally, the results of the research are presented in three areas of designing residential units, neighborhood units and residential complexes.

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Urban Design

Environmental characteristics affecting children's physical activity and mobility in their neighborhoods from their perspective; Case study: Mashhad City

Toktam Roshandel; Bakhtiar Bahrami; Mehdi Saidi; Goran Erfani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62738

Abstract

Despite the significant impact of physical activity and mobility on children’s health and well-being, such activities are declining in neighborhoods and residential areas. One way to address this issue is to highlight the environmental characteristics that encourage children to move and engage ... Read More

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Urban Ecology

Correlation analysis of macro-scale natural and built environment factors with the urban heat islands intensity (Case Study: Isfahan city)

Elham Ghasemi; Zahra Nazemi; Safoura Mokhtarzadeh; Mahdi Suleimany

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62764

Abstract

Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the most critical problems of cities in the new century, which has been created as a result of urbanization and industrialization. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the various urbanization and natural factors and UHI intensity in the city of Isfahan, ... Read More

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Urban Planning

Explaining the forming factors of place attachment in the coastal city of Bandar-Anzali

Aliakbar Salaripour; Zahra Seif Reihani,; Narges Taleb vali alah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62798

Abstract

Just as there are components that attachment to a place affects them, there are also components that affect attachment to a place. The current research tries to determine the positive and negative factors affecting attachment to a place. Using purposive sampling, 89 participants were selected. Each participant ... Read More Just as there are components that attachment to a place affects them, there are also components that affect attachment to a place. The current research tries to determine the positive and negative factors affecting attachment to a place. Using purposive sampling, 89 participants were selected. Each participant was asked to prepare about 3 photos of the environments they are attached to. After receiving the photos, individual in-depth interview sessions were held. Thematic analysis has been used to achieve the purpose of the research. Also, the collected images were categorized based on the type of place and geographical scale. In this research, 23 positive factors (memories, similarity, symbol, positive feelings, peace, comfort, security, balance of city and nature, connection with nature, pleasant smell, taste, touch, hearing, aesthetic, unique identity, support from interests, location, type of housing, personal growth, preservation of past heritage, privacy, antiquity, social cohesion) and 7 negative factors (environmental damage, economic recession, urban management inefficiency, loneliness, ignorance and neglect of society, forgetfulness cultural activities, negative emotions) affecting place attachment were identified. The results of the research show that aesthetic, memories and positive feelings have the most positive effect on attachment to a place, and the inefficiency of urban management, negative emotions and economic stagnation have the most negative effect on attachment to a place. After examining the pictures taken by the interviewees, 7 categories of recreational space, object space, neighborhood, home, social place, commercial place and cultural-educational-administrative uses were obtained. Recreational space, home, neighborhood, commercial place, object space, cultural-educational-administrative uses and social place, respectively, obtained the highest frequency. Among the people whose place of attachment is recreational spaces, houses, commercial places or cultural-educational-office uses, the aesthetic factor has the highest percentage. Based on the interviews conducted, regarding social places, memories, positive emotions, aesthetic issues, age were identified as the most important factors affecting attachment to a place. Most of the interviewees who paid attention to the neighborhood admitted that the inefficiency of urban management can have a negative effect on attachment to the place. Regarding the space of the object, the symbol obtained the highest frequency among the factors affecting the attachment to the place. Ambient space was the most common type of location, which includes places such as multi-story house, seaside path, market, etc. The uncontrollable space was the second most common scale, and one of its examples is coffee shop. Controllable space, which comes in third place, includes objects such as chairs. Since most of the places were environmental spaces, most of the reported factors are also in this scale. In addition, aesthetics, inefficiency of urban management, memories, positive feelings, unique identity, economic recession, age and symbol are 8 factors in all three scales. All the factors mentioned in the scale of environmental space are more abundant compared to the other two types. The aesthetic factor has the highest percentage in the scale of environmental space and uncontrollable space. Also, city management can increase citizens' attachment to the city by paying attention to positive and negative factors.

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Urban Management

Critical Review of Rules and Regulations Affecting the Facades of New Buildings (Case Study: Hakimieh Neighborhood of Tehran)

Behnaz Aminzadeh; SeyedHadi Hosseini; Seyed Reza Mousavipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62799

Abstract

The facade of buildings, as one of the main components of the image and landscape of the city, has identity components. In recent years, the issue of the identity of Iranian cities and especially the impact of building facades on the identity of the city of Tehran has been in the focus of scientific ... Read More The facade of buildings, as one of the main components of the image and landscape of the city, has identity components. In recent years, the issue of the identity of Iranian cities and especially the impact of building facades on the identity of the city of Tehran has been in the focus of scientific and executive centers, and various laws, regulations and executive instructions have been established to organize the chaotic state of the facades of buildings, but there is still considerable confusion, especially in the facades of new buildings in Tehran. The purpose of this research is to Critically Review the laws and regulations affecting the facade of new buildings through the comparative assessment of the main identity-building components of the facade in the research literature on the one hand and the laws and regulations (official documents) of the country on the other hand and how they work, so as to how and why Reach the current situation and analyze its reasons. Also, in order to measure the effectiveness and realization of the components extracted from the documents, Hakimieh neighborhood located in the 4th district of Tehran municipality, which has the highest number of license issuance and apartment construction in recent years, was selected. Documentary data analysis using the content analysis method, determining the study sample size based on the Cochran formula and analyzing the data obtained from field observations and the elements that make up the facade identity of about 300 buildings less than two years old, located in the Hakimiye neighborhood of Tehran, regarding the realization and or the non-fulfillment of the components, using statistical methods and analysis of the texts extracted from the interviews in an interpretative way. The degree of fulfillment of the requirements and recommendations of the official documents in the field of facade components of model buildings in Hakimiye neighborhood is 58% and there are three factors: 1. Content and structural weakness of documents, 2. Lack of sufficient executive authority and guarantee, and 3. Weakness in monitoring and deterrent policies. , in the order of the most to the least important, has been the reason for the non-compliance or reduction of the realization of the identity building components of the facade of the buildings from the point of view of official documents.

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Regeneration and revival of historical context

Compilation of the feasibility criteria of the urban regeneration approach with emphasis on the development of local community culture (central core of Shahrekord)

maryam hematian dehkordi; Afsoon mahdavi; mohammad reza iravani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62800

Abstract

Urban regeneration is a cross field of urban policies and an important strategic option in promoting urban development at the global level. Examining the evolution of urban regeneration experiences and their evaluation has shown that success in urban areas is not achieved only by physical improvement, ... Read More Urban regeneration is a cross field of urban policies and an important strategic option in promoting urban development at the global level. Examining the evolution of urban regeneration experiences and their evaluation has shown that success in urban areas is not achieved only by physical improvement, but also benefits from a social aspect, based on which the resident people are actually included in the regeneration process. Transphysical components such as the social structure of tissues, quantity and the quality of residents' relationships and participation, which was previously ignored in front of the purely physical view of the plans, can be a tool and stimulus for a more desirable and acceptable renovation in the form of social capital from the residents in texture.Social capital is the basis of the stability and ability of society in self-improvement, and its absence is a factor in the decline of urban neighborhoods.Today, among the physical, financial, underground, informational, technological and human resources of a society, human power has been proposed as the most strategic resource in any organization, through which the fundamental changes of the organization are made. Unfortunately, in Iran, many urban regeneration approaches With the aim of organizing worn-out areas, a one-dimensional (physical) attitude and little attention to other human structures and the role of people in decision-making has provided the ground for exhaustion.In the city of Shahrekord, the lack of coordination between the organizations, trustees and implementers of the projects, and ignoring the opinions and needs of the residents and interested groups in the decisions, the central core of city has faced a wide range of physical, social, economic and environmental problems.This research on it that by examining the effective components on the development of local community.The approach of the conducted research is qualitative and ethnographic, and with the help of in-depth and semi-structured interviews and coding of concepts, the final categories have been obtained.The results of the research show that in order to successfully realize the approach of urban regeneration, the components effective on the development of local community culture, including the semantic, physical, functional and social components, play an important role in empowering the residents, gaining their trust, increasing belonging to the target neighborhoods and in general the feasibility of regeneration. They have a city in the central core of Shahrekord.

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Urban Planning

Social Well-being of the Elderly in Urban Public Open Spaces (Case Study: Mosalla Park and Sheikh Safi Sidewalk of Ardabil City)

Tohid Hatami Khanghahi; Sahar Fahimi Hamidabad; Vahid Vaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62803

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionScientific forecasts indicate a great increase in the elderly population in the upcoming years and emphasize the attention to their diverse needs and social life. The lack of attention to the elderly's social needs limits their potential for social participation and reduces their ... Read More AbstractIntroductionScientific forecasts indicate a great increase in the elderly population in the upcoming years and emphasize the attention to their diverse needs and social life. The lack of attention to the elderly's social needs limits their potential for social participation and reduces their quality of life. The existing studies often investigate the elderly's physical needs in public places but there are insufficient studies on their social needs, especially in urban public places. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental physical factors affecting the social well-being of the elderly in the body of urban public spaces in a case study.Theoretical FrameworkThe idea of active aging was first introduced with an emphasis on being active to maintain health and productivity. Active aging later supported personal decisions, independence, social status, and an increase in the quality of life of the elderly. The concept of "active aging" refers to the ability to participate in social, economic, and civic life, and maintenance of well-being by providing opportunities for the elderly to engage in meaningful and attractive activities to facilitate their independence. According to the World Health Organization, not only genes and personal characteristics, but also urban public places and social factors can play important roles in determining the health and well-being of individuals in their lives. Free, public, and green urban spaces provide opportunities for social interaction and cause the feeling of existence in society.MethodologyThis is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in Mosalla Park and Sheikh Safi sidewalk in Ardabil, Iran in two stages. To this end, 47 physical factors were first classified into 5 indices, and 50 architectural experts compared the effective physical needs in improving social well-being in two case study samples. In the second stage, 74 elderly people in the case samples answered the Keyes standard social well-being questionnaire with 5 indicators. Finally, the data obtained from the two steps were analyzed in SPSS 26 software. Results and DiscussionTherefore, the Wilcoxon non-parametric test was performed to compare physical factors between two case samples. Sheikh Safi walkway had more favorable physical factors than Mosalla Park. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test (CMH) was performed to obtain the affectability of social well-being of the elderly by physical factors in case samples. According to the results, the elderly on Sheikh Safi sidewalk have better social well-being. Findings showed that the quality of physical factors and the improvement of these factors in public open space leads to a positive effect on the social well-being of the elderly. In this study, "Footpaths with a slope of less than 5%" with the highest average value among the significant items, is the most effective factor that affects the social well-being of the elderly.ConclusionPlanners and designers must challenge their previous mindsets with a new look at physical criteria. Many factors affected the elderly's social well-being. An important part of these factors was related to the architecture, design, and physical characteristics of urban spaces; hence, social health advocates should cooperate with urban designers and architects in the field of determinants of promoting the elderly's social well-being, and adopt policies and strategies which consider their needs to involve them in social life with equality.

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Slum Settlements

Investigating the impact of livability of low-income residential spaces on the empowerment of its residents (Case study: four informal areas of Tabriz city)

zahra shahihagh; Minoo Gharehbaglou; Hamed Beyti

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62804

Abstract

Housing is considered one of the most important human needs, and marginal settlements are the solution of the low-income sections of the society to the housing problem, and it has gradually led to various problems and has made these settlements face serious challenges. Of course, various approaches have ... Read More Housing is considered one of the most important human needs, and marginal settlements are the solution of the low-income sections of the society to the housing problem, and it has gradually led to various problems and has made these settlements face serious challenges. Of course, various approaches have been presented to solve this problem, and empowerment is one of the most up-to-date and efficient of them; One of the most important axis of which is gaining the power to control and master the forces affecting human life.Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between the livability of low-income residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents, and it seeks to answer the question, which factors have the greatest impact on the livability of residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents? And how do each of these factors affect the formation of the relationship between the two, if any? Based on the existing literature, a model of the most effective dimensions and criteria was extracted for the livability of residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents. In order to evaluate the theoretical model, four residential neighborhoods in the four marginalized areas of Tabriz city (Silab, Abuzhar, Zamzam, and Akhmaghayeh neighborhoods) were selected and investigated using the questionnaire method in the context of field studies.The basic research method of this research is correlation, which was evaluated by explaining the pattern of structural equations, viability as an independent variable and empowerment as a dependent variable. Then, the factor loading of each criterion and the position of each variable of the theoretical model was determined. The findings of the research indicate the importance of dimensions of livability of residential spaces in empowering its residents and show that the criteria of livability of residential spaces are in line with the realization of empowering residents. Also, the most effective dimension in the livability of residential spaces is the perceptual-semantic dimension and the most effective dimension in empowering residents is the psychological (cognitive) dimension; that the perceptual-semantic criteria of livability have the greatest impact on the mental capacity of the residents. Among the marginalized areas of Tabriz city, the northern area has low viability and empowerment compared to other areas and needs special attention.

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Urban Ecology

Ecosystem services in urban development plans of Arak: Facts and necessities

najme sadat mostafavi; parvin partovi; Zhara Asadolahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.62837

Abstract

As human-environmental systems, urban areas rely on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being, hence, it is necessary to include ecosystem services (ES) in planning to promote sustainable urban development. Arak as an industrial city with multiple environmental crises are still managed based ... Read More

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Urban Design

Investigating the studies of "memory of place" in Persian languages researches (A review of the years 2006-2022)

Nina Ghaslani; Azadeh Aghalatifi; Marjan NematiMehr; Hamid Nadimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2023.139037.4924

Abstract

Architecture and urbanism are related to the environment; The environment is the container of individual and collective experiences of people and forms the memory. Memory studies is a growing field of research that focuses on a wide range of disciplines such as social sciences, humanities, landscape ... Read More

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Volume 12 (2023)

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