Motaleate Shahri

Urban Design

Comparison of the qualitative level of sensory richness components in commercial spaces using the techniques of sense-walking and sensory notation (Tehran Grand Bazaar and Bamland Shopping Center)

yasaman Ghaderi; Seyed Mahdi Khatami

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 3-16

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.008

Abstract

HighlightsThe five human senses are known as the window of human communication with the surrounding environment.Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli play an important role in the improvement of the quality of urban space and creation of an atmosphere of memory.In the theoretical foundations and research ... Read More HighlightsThe five human senses are known as the window of human communication with the surrounding environment.Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli play an important role in the improvement of the quality of urban space and creation of an atmosphere of memory.In the theoretical foundations and research background section, the library method was used, along with the two methods of sense-walking and sensory notation, used in the section on field studies.The sense of sight exhibits the greatest sensory stimulation, and the sense of taste has the least stimulation.Greater attention is paid to the visual dimension of the environment in today’s designs of commercial spaces. IntroductionThe variety in sensory perceptions creates a quality for the urban space that is known as sensory richness. In other words, sensory richness causes different sensory experiences to take shape and the space to be more responsive ultimately (McGlynn, 2013). The study demonstrates that the sense of eyesight and perception based thereon has received greater attention than the other senses with the emergence of the modern age. Meanwhile, the other senses provide a deeper understanding of space (Khoury, 2006). Therefore, it can be stated that the missing link between urban space and sensory richness involves sufficient attention to all the five human senses. On the other hand, the larger the number of sensory organs involved in the perception of space, the greater its impact and the more complete and more profound the understanding thereof. This will also increase the possibility of the attractiveness, role-playing, and evocativeness of the space and the presence of all members of the society therein. Therefore, it seems that the perceptions caused by sensory stimuli have received less attention from urban designers and scape architects so far in spite of their important role in the specification of the quality of urban space and the creation of a space of memory.Theoretical FrameworkThroughout history, many philosophers have emphasized the need to pay attention to sensory experiences and have challenged the excessive superiority of the sense of eyesight over the others and addressed its pathology. In his book entitled Responsive Environments, Ian Bentley introduced the importance of senses in the specification of the quality of sensory richness in urban spaces and emphasized the need to address non-visual senses. Considering all the senses except eyesight has been an important principle of visual research such as that conducted by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Bently et al., 2003). Juhani Uolevi Pallasmaa believes that the sense of eyesight separates us from the world, while the others connect and unite us therewith (Pallasmaa, 2012). Mónica Degen uses the term sensory scape in regard to the interdependence of human senses and the simultaneous presence of different sensory experiences in the urban space. This term is derived from the term olfactory scape, which was first mentioned by Porthos (Degen, 2008). Paul Rodaway, who is an expert in the science of human geography, has expressed the concept of sensory geography to regard the structure of the human body as a general positioning system that relies on four sensory groups: eyesight, hearing, smell, and touch (Rodaway, 2002). In the research conducted in the field of scape, various theorists have mentioned three additional senses to the five included in the classical classification, initially made by Aristotle. These include the senses of direction, familiarity, and time. For example, Kevin Andrew Lynch has emphasized the sense of spatial orientation in his book entitled Image of the City. Thinkers such as Wunderlich and Podvin have assumed urban space to involve four dimensions, the fourth being time. They believe that spaces turn over time into places where life flows. These spaces are given more meaning by time-dependent parameters.MethodologyThe method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect information and meet the required criteria and metrics, the methods of sensory richness and library information collection were used along with the available books and articles. To carry out field experimentations, the methods of observation and interview were used along with extensive oral questions about the quality of sensory richness, photography, and compilation. The sense-walking and sensory notation methods were used as data collection tools. At first, the library information collection method was used in order to achieve different quality dimensions of sensory richness. The two case studies considered in this research involve Tehran Grand Bazaar and Bamland Shopping Center in Tehran, Iran.Results and DiscussionThe sense of eyesight won the first place in both study areas, although it could be said to be more affected in Bamland Shopping Center than in Tehran Grand Bazaar, with a difference of 3 points. The remarkable point about Tehran Grand Bazaar is that the senses of eyesight and hearing have been given equal points there. This means that the two senses are equally involved in this area, while the second priority in Bamland Shopping Center concerns the sense of touch. The sense of smell, with 18 points, is the second priority in the study area of Tehran Grand Bazaar. The third priority in Bamland Shopping Center pertains to the sense of hearing. The senses of taste and touch are ranked third in Tehran Grand Bazaar, with a score of 14, while the senses of smell and taste are ranked fourth and fifth in Bamland Shopping Center, respectively.ConclusionAs stimulating elements, the five senses affect human perception and behavior in the urban space as well as its quality so that the use of different senses leads to a deeper relationship between man and space. As a result, a better perception of the environment is obtained. The qualitative levels of the components of sensory richness were examined and compared to answer the main question of the research, i.e. what changes have been made to urban designers and planners’ concern for the qualitative components of sensory richness in the design of commercial spaces in Tehran. It can be stated that better sensory richness with greater variety has been provided in Tehran Grand Bazaar, but the concern for sensory richness has not continued in all dimensions in a modern complex such as Bamland Shopping Center. In both cases, the sense of sight is ranked first, and most environmental stimuli pertain to this sense. There is greater variety in sensory stimuli in the study area of Tehran Grand Bazaar, and more attention than to the other senses is paid to sight and hearing, which are ranked almost equally. In the study area of Bamland Shopping Center, however, the second most involved sense after sight is the sense of touch, and fewer senses are involved overall. It is also noteworthy that the sense of sight has received a higher score in Bamland Shopping Center than in Tehran Grand Bazaar. This problem can be interpreted in terms of the idea that the visual dimension of the environment has received greater attention in today’s designs, and the other senses have been neglected to some extent by architects, landscape architects, and urban designers.

Urban Architecture

Investigating the Quality of Permeability of Gateways on the Extent of User Attendance in Bazaar (Case Study: Shiraz Traditional Bazaar)

Ali Akbar Heidari; maliheh taghipour; maryam bagheri

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 17-32

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.119

Abstract

Highlights People’s attendance of bazaars is one of the most important factors increasing the efficiency and prosperity of these places. The permeability of the edges, especially in the entrance sections, is one of the most important factors affecting attendance in bazaars. The quality of permeability ... Read More Highlights People’s attendance of bazaars is one of the most important factors increasing the efficiency and prosperity of these places. The permeability of the edges, especially in the entrance sections, is one of the most important factors affecting attendance in bazaars. The quality of permeability in the entrance section of the bazaar is affected by the three factors of accessibility, the quality of neighborhoods, and the spatial connectivity of the entrance and the lines leading thereto. Introduction The quality of permeability is a physical indicator that is significant in the formation of a successful place, especially in the field of public spaces. On the other hand, given that this research considers the issue of attendance of a traditional bazaar, the quality of permeability at the edges, especially the entrances and the rows leading to them, can play a significant role here. The entrance of a space is the first place where many of its features are discovered. Accordingly, the issue of quality of permeability is considered in this research as an independent variable, and its role in people’s presence in the space of a traditional bazaar is examined as a dependent variable. This concept of permeability has been proposed in the existing literature in three forms: neighborhood quality, spatial continuity, and accessibility. Theoretical framework According to the existing literature, the factors affecting permeability, especially in connection with urban contexts, can be examined in three areas, as follows. - The quality of neighborhoods. The quality of neighborhoods in a spatial configuration means the functional compatibility of the uses that form that space so that the performance of one does not disturb or hinder that of another. - Spatial continuity. Spatial continuity means the formal and functional connection of spaces with each other so that the environment is perceived by an external observer in a unified manner. This concept can be analyzed in an urban environment using indicators such as integration and connectivity. - Accessibility. In the literature on architecture, the issue of accessibility can be examined in two areas: visual accessibility and physical accessibility. Visual accessibility means the ability to view a space from neighboring spaces. Physical access pertains to people’s ability to move within the space. Methodology The current research adopts a combination of the qualitative and quantitative methods in data analysis. In the data collection section, the methods of documentary study, direct field observation, and interview with businesses and bazaar users were used, and in the data analysis section, the content analysis method and the space syntax software were used. In regard to the edges (independent variable), the three indicators of access quality (including physical access and visual access), spatial continuity, and the quality of neighborhoods were measured separately for each of the entrances. In the analysis of the quality of visual access, indicators were used such as the visibility of the entrances, the variety of uses in the bazaar that can be viewed from the entrance areas, and the amount of details on the space that can be viewed from the entrances. In the measurement of physical access, the degrees of enclosure and isolation of entrances in the bazaar were analyzed. In relation to the quality of neighborhoods, indicators such as the diversity and density of neighborhoods and the degree of their compatibility and interdependence were examined. Results and discussion No research has been conducted on the issue of attendance of the bazaar and the effect of the quality of permeability thereon, hence the attempt to answer the research questions about how the quality of permeability affects people’s attendance of the bazaar. - How does visual access affect attendance in the bazaar? The more visible the details from inside the bazaar to the user through its inputs, the more widely people choose those inputs to penetrate the bazaar and, therefore, the greater the attendance of the bazaar. The results of this research demonstrated that the difference in level between the passage and the space inside the market and the increase in the visible surface due to the presence of linear geometries along the lines leading to the entrances raises the range of visibility before entry into the bazaar space. - How does physical access affect attendance in the bazaar? The first feature for people to identify about the entrances is their visibility from the surrounding roads. If people can see inside the space before entering it, they can choose whether they want to enter the space or not. The second factor effective on physical access to the bazaar is the users’ willingness to use different entrances. In some cases, this increases the attendance of the bazaar, and in others, it decreases people’s desire attend it. - How does the quality of the neighborhood affect attendance in the bazaar? The existence of diverse uses and their density in those respects provides the possibility of meeting a greater range of client needs, which ultimately increases their attendance. Moreover, because they complement each other, users increase related nearby users’ attendance. However, the necessary conditions concerning the quality of neighbors are compatible with one another. This means that when incompatible users are placed together, they prevent people from attending the space due to the nuisance that they cause, besides their negative effects on each other’s functions. - How does spatial continuity at the entrances of the bazaar cause attendance thereof? The degree of spatial continuity at the bazaar entrances can be evaluated using the two indices of integration and connectivity. The values of these two indicators are directly related to the geometric and spatial qualities of the inputs and the lines leading to them. Conclusion The most important results of the current research can be presented as follows. - The quality of access to bazaar inputs is considered as the most important factor affecting permeability, thereby increasing bazaar attendance. This quality can be examined in the form of the two concepts of visual access and physical access. - The quality of neighborhoods can increase attendance in the bazaar in the form of the compatibility of and dependence between the uses of different bazaar lines and their density and diversity. - Spatial continuity at the entrances and the rows leading to them in the form of their geometric and spatial features (increasing the widths of the entrance and the rows leading thereto, connecting the entrance with public open spaces and main passages, using linear geometry, reducing the depths of the rows, and integrating and connecting the lines leading to the entrance with other spaces) can increase bazaar permeability and therefore its attendance.

Urban Sociology

Investigating the effective dimensions on measuring the level of residents' attachment to residential areas: Haft Chenar neighborhood, District 10, Tehran

Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo; بنیادی Bonyadi; Atoosa Modiri

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 33-46

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.003

Abstract

Highlights- This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting the levels of residents’ place attachment.- The results demonstrate that place attachment consists of four dimensions: spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and spatial social bonding.- Of all these four dimensions, ... Read More Highlights- This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting the levels of residents’ place attachment.- The results demonstrate that place attachment consists of four dimensions: spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and spatial social bonding.- Of all these four dimensions, spatial social bonding was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment.- The method of validation factor analysis validated the place attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions. IntroductionMany urban planners and designers have considered the topic of the quality of the emotional relationship between man and their place of residence, or place attachment, in recent years. In the past, the relationships between neighborhood residents who knew each other and were aware of each other’s circumstances contributed to healthy, familiar emotional relationships among them. In other words, neighborhoods, being familiar social units, involved profound cultural roots, pursued certain traditions and customs, and even continued the rites and ways of life and the norms and customs inherited from the past. In modern cities, however, kinship, shared religious beliefs, and moral values give way to anonymity and individualism as the emotional bonds of the local community weaken. Over time, neighborhood connections have lost some of their function. Lack of familiarity with people in the neighborhoods, lack of joint activities, and lack of ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural ties as firm as before have reduced people’s levels of emotional connection, i.e. their senses of place attachment with their residential neighborhoods. Therefore, this article aimed to provide structural modeling to investigate the aspects effective on attachment to residential areas.Theoretical FrameworkIn recent years, many researchers have examined the aspects of place attachment through structural equation modeling, providing a framework for their classification. Understanding the dimensions of place attachment through structural equation modeling allows researchers to better explore the potentials of this concept and its complexity, which makes up the objective of this study along with identification of the dimensions. The construct of spatial attachment consists of spatial identity, spatial dependence, spatial social bonding, and spatial emotion.MethodologyThe development of a valid, trustworthy method to measure and evaluate the dimensions of place attachment has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years, with quantity-oriented academics highlighting the multidimensionality of the construct. However, no one, simple scale of measuring is agreed upon by academics and researchers in the field due to the diversity of the methodologies used in the operationalization of the idea and the levels of relevant multi-dimensionality. Because of this significance, this research sought to investigate the dimensions affecting the level of residents’ place attachment. Since this was not easily possible, the indexing technique was used for examination. In this technique, indicators were considered to identify the dimensions, and questions were asked in the questionnaire to measure them. For assessment of the respondents’ opinions about the research topic, their responses were measured with a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a simple random sampling method was used to select the sample in the Haft Chenar neighborhood. The sample size was 687, and data analysis was made using the SPSS software version 22. For this purpose, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used. Results and DiscussionThe findings demonstrated that the level of attachment of the Haft Chenar neighborhood residents is high. On the other hand, the results of the analysis of the structural model of the research supported the hypothesis that place attachment is a quadratic component consisting of the four identified dimensions of spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and social connection with the place. It is noteworthy that among all these four dimensions, social connection with the place was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment in the research, indicating that the level of social connection in a neighborhood is high, which can directly increase the level of residents’ attachment to the place. Meanwhile, spatial identity received the lowest score for the Haft Chenar neighborhood. Therefore, it seems that residents’ identity to place can be expected to increase due to the experiences formed in the context given that this factor has won the lowest score among the residents, who can realize this by planning and designing an active node and center in the context of these residential neighborhoods and by creating attractive, pleasant places for socializing and embedding community places in the long run. Moreover, a number of solutions were provided for urban planners and designers to increase attachment in the Haft Chenar neighborhood given that these four dimensions of convergent narrative for the structure indicated spatial attachment.ConclusionThe spatial attachment model was experimentally tested given spatial attachment as a secondary component and the claim of this research that spatial dependence, spatial identity, spatial affection, and social connection with place constitute different primary dimensions of place attachment. Hence, the validation factor analysis method confirmed the validity of the spatial attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions. As demonstrated by the fitness indices of the model, it is suitable for research data. AcknowledgmentThis article is taken from Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo's Master's thesis entitled "Investigation and evaluation of factors affecting the increase of residents' attachment to residential neighborhoods (with an approach to Haft Chenar neighborhood - District 10 of Tehran)" which was supervised by Dr. Naser Bonyadi and Dr. Atoosa Modiri in the urban planning department of the Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch.

Urban Planning

Analysis of the spatial dynamics of regional cities in the process of transition to metropolis: Rasht

Roghayeh Heidary; Esmaeil Aliakbari; Ahmad pourahmad

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 47-62

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.001

Abstract

Highlights The trend of spatial dynamics in the city of Rasht, Iran has been intensive and based on rapid transition. Rasht has experienced many spatial reflections in the process of transition to a metropolis. Rasht has been influenced by various forces and factors in its transition to a metropolis. Introduction It ... Read More Highlights The trend of spatial dynamics in the city of Rasht, Iran has been intensive and based on rapid transition. Rasht has experienced many spatial reflections in the process of transition to a metropolis. Rasht has been influenced by various forces and factors in its transition to a metropolis. Introduction It is believed that the city, a living, dynamic entity influenced by internal-external factors through time and space, is subject to change and transformation, and its growth and development are affected by different aspects. Therefore, given the pattern of growth and expansion of the city, continuous monitoring and forecasting of land use changes and land cover in large cities is critical for management of the growth and sustainability of the urban ecosystem. Accordingly, the present study aimed to analyze the spatial dynamics of regional cities in the process of transition to a metropolis, focusing on the city of Rasht, Iran. Theoretical Framework Urban development is a long-term process of interaction between human activities and land. During this process, numerous changes may be brought about from various fields, such as ones in land use conditions, road network upgrades, population migration, and industrial structure optimization. Since the needs of societies and human groups are constantly changing and transforming due to their inherent dynamics, the built spaces are also subject to gradual change as spatial systems. Therefore, urban dynamics are representations of changes in urban spatial structures over time, which embody a myriad of processes at work in cities on different but often interlocking time scales ranging from life cycle effects in buildings and populations to movements over space and time as reflected in spatial interactions. City formation and development have occurred in different ways in different regions of the world and at different times, driven by diverse political, economic, social, and cultural processes )Bruns-Berentelg et al., 2020: 2( and technological changes (Pacione, 2005). Technological innovations have allowed flows of information, knowledge, and money to circulate across the world quickly, helping to intensify the ongoing, but previously slow, process of compression between time and space (Harvey, 1989). This has supported the processes of economic decentralization and globalization, enabling the emergence of new geographies where physical and political boundaries are not as important as before (Sassen, 1991; Castells, 1997). These shifts have contested usual concepts such as scale and territoriality, resulting in new forms of spatiality )Borges, 2010). According to Berg et al. (1982), cities evolve in a clearly defined sequence of stages that can be conceptualized in a model of urban development based upon population changes in urban regions as a whole and upon shifts of population within these regions )Clark, 2003: 61(. Methodology The research method was descriptive-analytical. Therefore, it sought to answer the following questions. What is the process of the spatial dynamics of Rasht in the transition to a metropolis? What are the forces and spatial reflections of this city’s drive to join millions of metropolises? In order to answer the research questions, the research data were collected using the documentary method and Landsat satellite images. The main data were extracted from US Geological Survey (USGS), taking into account MSS, TM5, and OLI sensor images of the Landsat satellite with a resolution of 60 by 30 meters from 1993, 2003, 2011, and 2019 (June, July, and August without clouds). Land use maps were generated in the four uses of urban and built-up areas, water and paddy areas, forests and agricultural lands, and gardens. In this research, the cycle and spatial dynamics of Rasht were studied, and demographic information was collected from statistics, censuses, and the website of the Statistics Center of Iran using historical data and the Davis model. To investigate the trend of land use change (1993-2019), spatial metrics were used through preparation of a time series of land use maps and land cover in Rasht and measurement of its urban sprawl. Results and Discussion The findings demonstrated that the trend of spatial dynamics in Rasht has been intensive and based on rapid transition. Unlike what the general model of urban life cycle stated, this city has experienced population and land use and cover instability in the growth stage, like other large cities. These dynamics are constantly evolving and exhibit repercussions and consequences under the influence of various factors such as natural forces and capabilities, political components, economic policies and development plans, infrastructure and communication system developments, peripheral spatial phenomenon integrations within the physical boundaries of the city, informal settlement expansions, and immigration flows. As far as the objective characteristics and reflections are concerned, one can point out the changes in the land use system and land cover, urban sprawl, imbalance in the spatial organization of the network and urban hierarchy, service-rendering, and expansion of the city’s economy foundations. The outcomes of the above reflections are evident in the rise in urban land use levels and disastrous effects of land and cover resource instability, the increase in the growth of urban areas and vulnerability and rupture of agricultural lands and paddy fields, the gaps in the urban network, and the ever-increasing service-rendering, political-administrative, and physical-spatial development of Rasht. Overall, the results on the changes in land use and land cover confirmed the rise in urban land use levels from 4915 hectares in 1993 to 9960 hectares in 2019. Along with the growth of land use in urban areas, agricultural land coverage has experienced a declining trend in the same period. The results on the spatial metrics also demonstrated that urban areas have increasingly grown, and numerous urban plots have been developed. Concurrently, agricultural lands and paddy fields have lost their spatial cohesion and integrity and have been disintegrated into numerous plots, which implies the fast-paced urban spatial dynamics into physical dispersion. Conclusion The city of Rasht is in the process of transition to a metropolis and has undergone fundamental changes in its spatial-physical boundaries along with the instability of land cover resources, the disastrous consequences of which are also the main concern about the city and the urban ecosystem today. Thus, spatial urban management through short-term land cover transformation, on one hand, and infill development policy strategies, i.e. redevelopment and new development, on the other hand, are very important to stabilize growth and slow down transition into a metropolitan area. Acknowledgment This article is derived from the doctorate thesis of the first author with the guidance of the second author and the advice of the third author who defended the thesis in September 2020.

Urban Sustainability

Comparing the physical quality of life in epidemic crises from the residents' perspective: Contemporary Residential Neighborhoods in Iran during the Covid 19 pandemic.

Ali Riahi Dehkordi; Mahdi Montazerolhodjah

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 63-77

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.006

Abstract

Highlights In general, the difference between this research and others lies in the different time period and the type of perspective of this research, as detailed below. This research was conducted during the Covid-19 epidemic, adopting a detailed approach to the research ... Read More Highlights In general, the difference between this research and others lies in the different time period and the type of perspective of this research, as detailed below. This research was conducted during the Covid-19 epidemic, adopting a detailed approach to the research problem. Among all the dimensions of the quality of life, only the physical dimension and its variables were addressed. The research adopted a mental approach to measure the physical quality of life of people living in the relevant neighborhoods during the epidemic. Introduction A new type of global bio-experience was formed following the spread of Covid-19, and this emerging phenomenon is considered as the biggest challenge and international problem of mankind since World War II. This epidemic also affected and changed people’s mental images of their cities and residences. If the history of epidemic diseases is a guide for urban officials, the outbreak of this disease can also involve a series of important urban policies adopted to improve people’s quality of life in cities and their places of residence. Due to the changes in citizens’ lifestyles and their exile from public urban spaces to spend most of their times in their residences, these neighborhoods could play an important role in the battle against the virus by raising the residents’ quality of life. Among the factors that affect people’s quality of life in the localities, the body exhibits a tremendous impact by getting involved in the organization of the environment in order to break the chain of virus transmission. Theoretical Framework Epidemics of infectious diseases have always been part of the history of cities. By reviewing the history of epidemics, one can gain more insight into the consequences of changes in the design of cities, urban zoning laws, and the primary concepts of quarantine. The Covid -19 virus has also been added to a long list of rapidly spreading infectious diseases in the current century, such as tuberculosis in Southern Africa in 2006 and Ebola in Western Africa in 2014. Generally, actions taken against urban crises can be divided into the short-term and medium-term categories in terms of response time. The former deals with functional interventions, and the latter involves basic interventions in the structure of a city. Short-term functional measures include planning to make cities more flexible, considering the role of neighborhoods and their function in satisfaction of the residents’ needs, raising the quality of housing, etc. On the other hand, medium-term actions attempt to reconstruct the healthcare systems, take urgent health measures, etc. The term quality of life (QoL) originally meant good life, and was limited to the notions of having or not having common consumer goods, being rich, owning a car, and owning a house. The concept gradually evolved to include life satisfaction. In the classification of quality of life, two objective and subjective states can be noted. Objectivity concerns the degree to which a life conforms to the correct standards of good life and is evaluated using objective criteria that can be collected, recorded, and visualized from relevant statistical data in an accessible data platform. The mental state pertains to self-evaluation based on implicit and subjective criteria and includes feelings, individuals’ or groups’ opinions, and satisfaction with life, which is a function of pleasant and unpleasant experiences. The quality of life, however, can include dimensions such as social, economic, and physical ones. The physical dimension is one of the most important aspects that exhibit great impacts in the field. The components of the physical dimension are numerous and can include the quality of the surrounding neighborhood landscapes, lighting, air and noise pollution, access to facilities in the neighborhoods, etc. Methodology This research is considered as an applied quantitative study. The survey and descriptive research methods were used in the sections on the research background, theoretical framework development, and data extraction, and the causal-comparative method was used in the analysis phase. The present study sought to compare the differences in the physical factors affecting the mental quality of life from residents’ perspective in the contemporary residential areas of Iran during the current pandemic crisis (Covid-19 virus) in three urban scales: metropolitan areas (with populations over 1 million people), medium-sized cities (with populations from 500 thousand to 1 million people), and small towns (with populations of 200-500 thousand people). Since the quality of residential environments is a subjective concept and is retrieved from the subjective perspectives of people, the approach adopted in this research is also subjective. The research data were collected through distribution of an online questionnaire to measure the relationship between people and their surrounding environments. The questions were designed based on 38 indicators in 6 categories: environmental health, lighting, mental health, accessibility, and environmental and residential design. Discussion and Results The most seriously involved urban element in the crisis of Covid-19 pandemic, urban neighborhoods have played a key role in the attempt to cut the chain of virus transmission. The results obtained from this research indicate that the residents of metropolitan neighborhoods believe in the physical quality of their lives in these neighborhoods as higher in the areas of mental health, environmental design, lighting, and housing. This lies in the category of environmental health in medium-sized cities and in the category of accessibility in small cities. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the categories of environmental health, lighting, access, and environmental and residential design and their relevant indicators do not exhibit a significant difference between the three urban groups, and it is only the category of mental health that does. This difference points out that greater attention is paid to people’s psyche than to the environment physics in such crises. Conclusion The results of this research suggest that future studies can be conducted to investigate issues such as the role of maintaining mental health in epidemic crises, the effect of environmental design in the improvement of people’s mental health in epidemic crises, and the effect of the quality of public spaces in the control of factors harming people’s mental health in crises. Finally, suggestions such as the following can be made given the priority of the residents’ perspective in all the three urban scales toward the stability and responsiveness of the neighborhoods during the viral disease epidemic crisis: 1- to increase the psychological security of pedestrian paths during public quarantines due to reduced attendance by adapting side street paths and those away from residential environments through placement of monitoring kiosks 2- to organize the pedestrian access network in order to facilitate access to residential houses in the epidemic crisis by making access paths more legible, considering lighting, doing environmental design, and placing visual signs therein 3- to design appropriate vegetation to reduce the noise pollution of vehicles and prevent the transmission of traffic noise into residential spaces in order to keep people calm during the period of illness.

Urban Sociology

Residential satisfaction and its related factors among older adults in Sanandaj city

parastoo mohammadyan; Nasibeh Zanjari; Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz; Ahmad Delbari

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 77-88

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.007

Abstract

Highlights Among the examined variables, economic status and then health status exhibited the greatest impacts on satisfaction with the place of residence in the elderly. The elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence. There are different sources of residential ... Read More Highlights Among the examined variables, economic status and then health status exhibited the greatest impacts on satisfaction with the place of residence in the elderly. The elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence. There are different sources of residential satisfaction or dissatisfaction among older people in different societies. Introduction With the advancement of technology and health and medical sciences, the population of the elderly is increasing all over the world, in such a way that the population of people aged sixty years or more is estimated to reach 2.03 billion by 2050 (Nations, 2015; Zhao & Chung, 2017). The elderly are among the valuable capitals of any country and a symbol of the development of societies. As a result, understanding the needs of this part of the society and planning to meet their needs can improve their quality of life and life expectancy (Moghimi & Momeni, 2019). In most epidemiological studies, the factors affecting the health of the elderly have been studied, one of which is satisfaction with their place of residence, with a great impact on the performance and well-being of the elderly (Balfour & Kaplan, 2002). Satisfaction with the place of residence is an important issue in environmental psychology because it is one of the most prominent environments in human experience, especially for the elderly; For those with physical and financial limitations, their homes and places of residence often make up the focus of their daily lives, which makes it very important to understand and identify the factors affecting satisfaction with the place of residence (Rioux & Werner, 2011). Satisfaction with the place of residence is a factor with great impacts on the health, performance, well-being, and quality of life of the elderly. In Iran, however, there have not been enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the level of satisfaction with the place of residence and the relevant factors in the elderly in the city of Sanandaj, Iran. Theoretical Framework In the present study, the theoretical framework of Rioux and Warner’s research was used. This framework includes two parts of satisfaction levels: residence and predictive factors. The examined levels of satisfaction with the place of residence included the assessment of the dimensions of the neighborhood (beauty, safety, etc.), access to services and shopping centers (transportation and conditions of sidewalks), social relations with neighbors (mutual, positive respect and respect for privacy, and internal features of the house (desirability, comfort of accommodation, absence of coercion, etc.). The investigated predictive factors included the convenience of the physical environment (properties of the residence, distance from shopping centers, and distance from green spaces), social environment (meetings, visits, and transition in the neighborhood), self-perceived well-being (self-perceived health, self-perceived economic status, etc.), and demographic characteristics (age, gender, household size, etc.) have been investigated (Rioux & Werner, 2011). Methodology The present research is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 older people in the city of Sanandaj, Iran in 2021. The population included all the residents of Sanandaj aged 60 years or older. In this study, the multistage cluster sampling method was used. The data were collected using a questionnaire measuring satisfaction with the place of residence, and the SPSS software version 24.0 was used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion The mean age of the older adults in the present study was 68.34 with a standard deviation of 7.26, and 55% of the participants were men. The mean score of satisfaction with the place of residence in this study was 3.65 with a standard deviation of 0.54, the lowest mean score pertained to the quality of the surrounding environment (mean = 3.51, sd = 0.90), and the highest mean concerned the facilities (mean = 3.85, sd = 0.78). Significant relationships were found between satisfaction with the place of residence and the following according to the results of bivariate analysis: gender (t = 2.47, p < 0.01), marital status (t = 4.52, p < 0.001), academic degree (f = 22.62, p < 0.001), employment status (f = 10.96, p < 0.001), economic status (f = 60.81, p < 0.001), length of stay in the neighborhood (r = -0.29, p < 0.001), general well-being (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), economic well-being (f = 60.10, p < 0.001), and self-perceived health status (f = 32.58, p < 0.001). According to the multilinear regression model, controlling the simultaneous effects of the predictor variables demonstrated that the participants with better general well-being, economic well-being, and health status were more satisfied with their places of residence. Moreover, the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. Overall, the regression model explained 59% of the changes in satisfaction with the place of residence among the participants. Conclusion According to the results, there was a significant relationship between satisfaction with the place of residence and well-being (general well-being, self-perceived health, and financial well-being). These results are in line with those of Rioux’s study. The elderly who considered themselves more active and healthier reported the highest satisfaction with their places of residence, because the more capable and active people are, the more easily they can match and adapt themselves to their residential conditions and places of living (Rioux & Werner, 2011) The results of the present study also demonstrated that the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. In James’s study, however, different and even contradictory results have been expressed. In some of the studies mentioned in this research, dissatisfaction has been reported with life in apartments because of overcrowded buildings; dissatisfaction has been stated with houses, on the other hand, as the residents may be far from each other in terms of location, leaving the residents less capable of establishing social connections (James, 2008). The results of this research also indicated that there is moderate satisfaction with the residence among the elderly. The findings can help policy-makers in the field of housing and urban planning to pay attention to the level of satisfaction of the elderly and their health and well-being.

Urban Sustainability

Future study of the historical context of Yazd city based on the drivers of world heritage sustainability

mehrab mehrabi; Majid Ansari; MOHSEN RAFIEAN

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 89-102

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.012

Abstract

Highlights The foresight is very important in the preservation of the valuable heritage of a city and its transfer to the next generation. The connection of the TOPSIS method and the fuzzy model is a realistic composition, which analyzes complex issues and relationships correctly and simply at the ... Read More Highlights The foresight is very important in the preservation of the valuable heritage of a city and its transfer to the next generation. The connection of the TOPSIS method and the fuzzy model is a realistic composition, which analyzes complex issues and relationships correctly and simply at the same time. Scenarios and scenario planning make up an essential part of the future research process. The world heritage of the city of Yazd, Iran is a unique testimony of a cultural tradition or a living or lost civilization of human-environment interaction. Up-to-date tourism services, development of identity-oriented employment, and balance in the migration process are very important in the sustainable development of the world heritage area. Introduction Various issues have threatened the stability of cities. The application of the concept of sustainable development in the modern urban environment can be very effective in the solution of these problems. In the meantime, the study of the sustainability of cities with cultural and historical heritage such as Yazd is different from that of other cities. The presence of precious historical and cultural heritage has made this city unique, and it has also made its studies and management more sensitive. Therefore, given that the Yazd contains a valuable heritage that has been inherited from generation to generation and based on the perspective of sustainable development, it is necessary for the present generation to make efforts to preserve and transfer it to the next generation. Thus, the ever-increasing changes in the historical areas of the city make it necessary to be aware of the future of this valuable area and overcome its future transformations based on this knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the driving forces affecting the process of sustainable development and to provide the future scenarios of the world-heritage area of Yazd with an emphasis on sustainable development. Theoretical Framework Urban planning and future studies are both primarily future-oriented. They both deal with ambiguous, multifaceted, controversial issues with uncertain outcomes. Their common goal is to provide a better future. The responsibility of future researchers is to help people express beautiful dreams, and the responsibility of planners is to help make these dreams come true. The previous studies and observations of the process of formation and construction of the world heritage of Yazd and the stability of this valuable treasure from the past up to now indicate the conscious connection made by the people of that age between efficient and futuristic urban planning. By learning from our predecessors, developing plans and future research techniques, and understanding the importance of connecting these two fields, we must preserve this lasting heritage by understanding future changes and planning intelligently. Methodology The current research is practical in terms of purpose and a document survey in terms of data collection. An initial study of the relevant documents helped to identify the drivers of the process of sustainable development of the world-heritage site of Yazd. Then, the key drivers were identified and ranked based on experts’ opinions using the fuzzy method of TOPSIS. Finally, optimistic, intermediate, and critical scenarios were provided for the studied area based on the different states of the engines in the Scenario Wizard software. Results and Discussion The findings of the research demonstrate that of the 24 variables affecting the process of sustainable development of the historical area of Yazd, 7 drivers play leading roles in the future state of the area population, participation of residents, migration, competitiveness, tourism services, protection of the area (physical-functional), and employment. Moreover, the findings indicate the prominent role of social indicators compared to others in the process of sustainable development of this area, which shows the importance of these indicators in regard to preservation and sustainable development. In the interpretation of the thematic layering of the seven identified drivers, the three drivers of population, migration, and employment are defined as the components of the concept of sustainable development of the historical area. This means that changes made in these drivers considerably affect the area. Eight powerful scenarios were developed based on the results of the analysis matrix of the mutual effects of the assumptions made in the three optimistic, intermediate, and critical situations for each of the identified drivers. One ideal scenario, two optimistic scenarios, three pessimistic scenarios, and two critical scenarios were evaluated. Conclusion In the analysis of the scenarios, it can be pointed out that the existing historical conditions of Yazd are far from the ideal scenario, and the city is heading towards a critical scenario, facing ups and downs in order to maintain the stability of operation. Let us assume the planning scene as a spectrum from critical conditions to full optimality and consider the former as the longest distance from the ideals and the latter as the shortest. It should be stated that the historical context is currently not in the right direction, and there are not proper conditions. Therefore, in order to become closer to the ideal scenario based on the identified drivers, it is suggested that service conditions should be considered based on the needs of today’s residents and fair distribution in line with the increase in the population along with the preservation of the original and native population. Moreover, priority should be given to the enhancement and revitalization of the area with an emphasis on tradition, culture, and the use of local materials. In the meantime, particular attention should be paid to the prosperity and diversity of compatible jobs due to the important role of economic issues in development.

Urban Architecture

Architectural requirements to the realization of the school as a neighborhood center Based on the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE)

mohammad taghizadeh kordi; Mahmoud Reza Saghafi; Mohsen Afshari; Saeid Safaei Movahhed

Volume 12, Issue 46 , May 2023, Pages 103-116

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.004

Abstract

Highlights - Neighborhood (community) schools cannot be standardized. Their only common philosophy is to respond to the needs of their neighborhoods (communities). - The participation of the educational ecosystem components, including experts, users, and stakeholders, will make the plan successful. - ... Read More Highlights - Neighborhood (community) schools cannot be standardized. Their only common philosophy is to respond to the needs of their neighborhoods (communities). - The participation of the educational ecosystem components, including experts, users, and stakeholders, will make the plan successful. - The most important action in the design of quality schools is to meet the users’ needs. - A school should function as the educational center of the neighborhood and a place to gain educational experiences. - A successful neighborhood (community) school should hold the original values of respect, diversity, equality, and justice in its architecture. Introduction In the current educational system, the physical environment is considered less seriously as an educational puzzle. The school, as a component of the neighborhood, will have the possibility of accepting different roles therein and interacting with it due to its potential capacities. In the current educational system of Iran, the school has no interaction with the neighborhood, and these capitals remain unused, while such interaction was established in the traditional architecture of Iran, where the school space was not limited to lessons and discussions but used by the residents of every city and neighborhood on special days and occasions. Since communities are different, their schools are all different; their only common philosophy is to respond to these differences, which are identified with the participation of users and stakeholders. Therefore, the research conducted in other countries is not applicable to Iran. Thus, the present study intends to answer the following main question: what are the architectural requirements for realization of the school as the center of the neighborhood? Theoretical Framework This research is guided by the ecological approach, according to which students’ success is influenced by an interactive process between them and their surroundings on the one hand, and all the components of an ecosystem act as a single whole on the other, where a change in one component can have serious, unpredictable effects on others. In the planning of community schools, therefore, attention should be paid to larger, smaller, and external systems firstly; secondly, one should move from the whole to the parts in order to coordinate them with one another, according to Duerk’s method. The most desirable learning environments will be created with the participation of the educational system hardware (architecture) and software (philosophy of education, learning theories, etc.). To design the architecture of an educational space, therefore, one should start from the educational philosophy, because every educational philosophy considers the physical educational environment in a special way, and the architecture is the result of that philosophy’s view. Although the basic purpose of current school facilities is to provide the students of the community with a sound educational program, the objective of education is not achieved until the school facilities are provided to serve the overall community. Because learning can also happen beyond the school walls, most countries welcome the interaction between the school and the community, so that a learning ecosystem is created, through which all the people and organizations that are involved in the students’ learning can also participate in the school activities. For this reason, the community school or the interaction between the school and the community is explicitly or implicitly mentioned in various parts of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE), where it has been stated that the school should function as the educational center of the neighborhood and a place to gain educational experiences. Methodology According to some studies, the learning ecology approach, and the FRDE, the architecture of each period is the product of the philosophy of that period; to design a school, therefore, one must start from its educational philosophy, which is essentially concerned with aligninment of pedagogy and space, and can be referred to as the psychosocial pedagogy of space. This applied research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach of document analysis, also using the ecological approach of learning and planning with Durek’s method. Thus, FRDE was first examined to extract the mission, foundations, principles, and relevant goals. The necessary data were then collected through document mining and informal semi-structured interviews with the informants. The informants consisted of 23 teachers who were purposefully selected using the criterion-based snowball sampling strategy with maximum variety to ensure data credibility. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data, and the triangulation and peer debriefing strategies were used to validate the findings. In order to ensure dependability, the data analysis process was described in detail. Results and Discussion After the data were collected using the literature review and interviews, initial coding was performed on them, where 137 initial codes were identified. A number of these codes were removed and combined to reduce them to a final set of 32. Finally, the identified architectural requirements were divided into three themes and nine categories, including the characteristics of the physical environment (functionality, flexibility, diversity, and favorability), satisfaction of user needs (physical and physiological, psychological and social, and participation), and organizational characteristics (cultural and holistic views). Conclusion Although the process adopted in this research (starting from the foundations and principles) is similar to that in the previous studies, there are similarities and differences between the presented and previous architectural requirements since FRDE, forming the foundation of this research, is similar to and different from other frameworks in different respects. According to the source of data collection, these requirements were divided into three groups: those stated only in interviews (due to the influence of the Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization on Iranian architecture), those available only in previous documents (including the needs at the higher levels of Maslow’s Pyramid), and those mentioned in both sources (including the needs at the lower levels of Maslow’s Pyramid). The final aim of school architecture, as the center of the neighborhood, should be to create a suitable physical setting for the realization of various activities to provide and expand justice in all aspects, the most important principle of which is diversity and flexibility in all its dimensions, including architecture. Acknowledgment This article has been extracted from the Ph. D. thesis entitled "Participatory architectural planning for community school (case study in the Andiseh New Town and selected area of Tehran)", written by the first author under the Supervision of the second and third authors and the advice of the fourth author in the Department of Architecture at the Art University of Isfahan. Also, the thesis as a research project has the financial and spiritual support of Civil company Andiseh New Town.

Urban Design

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

a l; ا س

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

m kh; m m; f j; k a

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Urban Design

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Shahab Abbaszadeh; Sevda Tamry

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Urban Planning

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

z m; h sh; a r

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Urban Planning

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

Regional Planning

Causes and consequences of sprawl in central city- region of Mazandaran

fardis salarian; mahin nastaran; Hashem Dadashpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.009

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The ... Read More

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Urban Sustainability

The role of environmental quality in the continuity of life in the biological complexes of Arak

Ali Asadi; saeed Salehi Marzijrani; Hassan sajadzadeh; hosein kalantari khalil abad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.005

Abstract

Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact ... Read More Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact of residential movements on the social spatial structure of the city, less attention has been paid to the issue of relocation factors and residential instability and the desire to relocate, especially in the environmental quality of residential complexes and why relocation Residential, in order to achieve the governing laws, has a special necessity and importance in urban planning, design and implementation and foresight. The purpose of this study is to discover the factors affecting residential instability and the tendency to relocate, especially in the quality of the environment of residential complexes in Arak by residents. It has been done in Arak city during the period of March 2017 to July 2016. Participants in this study were selected through a cluster random sample, and for a more detailed study, the complexes were selected as towers, multi-block and single. The results showed that causal conditions have the greatest impact in the first place and in the second place, intervening and strategic conditions affect residential stability. Causal conditions (such as design and construction of the building) are formed before the construction of the complex and other conditions One of the background conditions (such as the location of the complex in the city) after the construction of the complex is involved, which includes intervening and strategic conditions. Strategic conditions such as a sense of security and tranquility, congestion and management and intervening conditions such as neighborhood relations, cultural level and social homogeneity of residents, lack of economic capacity to move and lack of buyers due to poor building conditions (which are mostly personal and individual It is effective and different for each person) are factors that affect residential stability and the desire to move.The results also showed that the factors that create residential stability are different from the factors that create the desire and tendency to move, and the reason is that the factors that create residential stability are commented on based on facts and needs, but the factors that tend to move based on desires are ideas. Flags, ideals, and minds are expressed, and the greater the distance between the two (real desires and aspirations), the greater the desire to move. For example, in residential stability variables, the highest frequency is related to good building quality with a frequency of 286, while in the study of residential relocation variables, achieving a larger apartment with a better yard and a quieter and better neighborhood with a frequency of 227 Has the largest number.Accordingly, good building quality and cultural level and homogeneity were the first and second priorities of residents in residential stability. But the important point is the high level of reference to peace and security, proper access level, good management and economic inability to move, which have been important reasons for the respondents. Other cases mentioned include the good location of the apartment and the complex. Also, interviews with residents of residential complexes showed that access to apartments with a larger area is more important for the relocation of residents.The section on causal conditions includes structures, architecture and electrical and mechanical installations, facilities, green and open space, and the quality of materials and execution. The aim of this dissertation in reviewing this research is the architectural design, green and open space section. The architectural part consists of two parts: design and execution. The execution part includes suitable and quality materials and the manner of execution. In the design part, the factors that are very important for people in terms of residential stability and desire to move are presented in this research.

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Urban Ecology

Evaluation of the effect of tree planting pattern on thermal comfort around residential blocks

Mehrdad Karimimoshaver; mahsa samadpour shahrak

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.002

Abstract

1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per ... Read More 1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per person (Haashemi et al., 2016). As a result, increasing the amount of greenery in cities seems necessary. Lee et al. (2016) introduce the two factors of shading and ventilation as the main factors in improving the thermal comfort conditions in the environment by trees. Vegetation reduces the mean radiant temperature and improves environmental conditions by evaporating and controlling and reflecting daylight (Salata et al., 2017). Vegetation plays a major role in regulating weather conditions by controlling wind flow and conducting it and reducing its speed and pressure (Perini et al., 2018).Previous research has mentioned the importance of planting pattern, trees, and vegetation and their impact on the environmental and microclimatic conditions of the region. Now the question arises, what kind of tree planting pattern, among the common planting pattern, can have a better impact on the environment? Therefore, in this study, four common planting patterns of sextuple, quadruple, row, and scattered in the same conditions and with an equal number of trees were selected. 2. Materials and methodsIn this research the software of ENVI-met was used because the output of this software provides most of the parameters required for thermal comforts, such as Ta, Tmrt, wind speed, etc (Taleghani et al., 2015), and results have been validated and used by researchers (Taleghani et al., 2018). 3. Results and Discussion:To measure the data, 5 receptors in the central points of the site were selected. Data and environmental information of the receptors were extracted during the studied hours (10 am to 9 pm) and their mean was calculated for PMV index.Analysis of the data and figures extracted from the software shows that in the scattered pattern, a more uniform shadow is created in the environment than in other patterns, and also because the trees are scattered in most parts of the site, the solar access is less and more limited than other scenarios. Also, in the row pattern, ventilation conditions are easier than in the scattered pattern, and the warm wind passes through the trees more easily due to the regular arrangement. Therefore, the best planting pattern is one that creates more uniform shade and better ventilation conditions. However, the results of the scattered pattern are the same in most parts of the site, and in some cases, there is little difference between them. As a result, the pattern of tree planting in a scattered and row is better than mass planting and concentrated in certain parts of the site.4. Conclusion:The results show that in comparing the treeless scenario with other scenarios, the thermal comfort conditions change to a large extent and all scenarios create better environmental conditions than the treeless state. Also, because the row pattern in most receptors and most hours of the day has a lower average of PMV, it is the best pattern compared to others. Also, the sextuple pattern has a high index in most cases, and the quadruple pattern has a similar function to the sextuple one. Therefore, it can be concluded that the row and scattered pattern create better comfort conditions than other patterns. The results of this research can be used by architects, landscape designers, and urban designers. In this research, different patterns of trees have been compared with each other, so in future research, other plantings such as grass, shrubs, and shrubs and the effect of different planting patterns can be compared with each other.

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Urban Sociology

The evolution of the image represented by the historical fabric of Tehran in Iranian cinema

sara farahpoor; Sina Razzaghi Asl

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.014

Abstract

Background: Urban spaces, especially in historical contexts, have undergone a transformation that is a result of de-semantic processes and new formulations of urban declined areas. A process that has led to a decline in quality and transformation of the everyday life of inhabitants in these areas. Since ... Read More

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Urban Sustainability

Social capital as a sustainable living environment among the residents of Mehr housing (Case study: Mehr housing Baharan Sanandaj)

hossein daneshmehr; saaied khani; vorya molasalimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.015

Abstract

The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. ... Read More The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. For this purpose, all residents of Mehr Baharan housing in Sanandaj have been studied as a statistical population.In terms of methodology, the research is of survey-applied type, based on descriptive-correlation methods. The data required for the research were collected through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire. The formal validity of the questions was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questions was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and Pearson correlation, independent t-test, ANOVA and multivariate regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings in statistical software confirmed the research hypotheses, meaning that there was a positive relationship between the level of apartment culture, the degree of neighborhood relations, the level of familiarity with the social environment, satisfaction with residence and social capital of residents. There was also a positive and significant relationship between access to facilities and quality of urban services and infrastructure with the social capital of residents, but no significant relationship was observed in the dimension of social relations. Also, no significant relationship was observed between the type of housing and social capital of the residents and only there was a significant relationship in terms of spatial affiliation. There was a positive and significant relationship between contextual variables (residence history, income and marital status) and social capital of residents. (Spatial affiliation, social cohesion and social relations) and a positive and significant relationship was observed between the residents 'marital status, but there was a significant relationship between the variables (age, gender, occupation, education) and residents' social capital. According to multivariate regression analysis, the variables of apartment culture, neighborhood relations and level of familiarity affected the social capital of Mehr housing residents and explained about 32% of the changes in the dependent variable.

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Urban Design

Measuring the Emotional Response of Users in Urban Spaces through Physiological-Perceptual Method

Faeze Rahmani Jami; Maryam Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.016

Abstract

The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of ... Read More The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the factors affecting emotions in urban spaces and prioritize them in the selected space. In the first step, the literature reviews was done and then a conceptual model for measuring emotional response is presented. Base on this model, emotions can be measured in three physiological, perceptual and behavioral layers and based on that, the affective response of users in the urban space can be investigated. The case study of this research is a sequence of Imamat Street in Mashhad. The research was done based on a mixed method. A biometric sensor device (Empatica-E4) was used to collect data in the physiological level. Cognitive data was collected through walking interviews and videos. In addition, measuring the speed of walking in the behavioral layer was considered. The resulting data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and finally factors affecting the emotional response have been identified in this street. The factors identified as a result of the analysis in the three mentioned layers have been adapted to each other. Based on exploratory analysis through SPSS software, the factors affecting the emotional response have been prioritized. 20 people participated in this survey and shared their emotional response in selected sequence of Imamat Street which has one kilometer length. Results showed that, users’ emotional response was pleasant. According to the results of the data at the biological layer, it was found that the part with a dominant of natural character. Also the monotonous sections, inactive environments of this street and traffic limits cause unpleasant emotional response. The analysis of perceptual data showed that the presence of greenery and retails have a greater effect on a pleasant feeling. The analysis of movement speed also shows that in environment where there is attractiveness, diverse and relaxed decrease the speed of movement in the space and the desire to stay. Based on results, it was found that factors such as greenery, traffic, landuse and activity, behavioral patterns, crowd, noise pollution, etc., have an effect on the emotional response. In order to prioritize the factors affecting the emotional response in the mentioned space, the data were analyzed in the physiological and cognitive layers in the SPSS software. The results were rather same. It can also be concluded that among the factors affecting the emotional response, the effect of non-physical factors, such as natural elements, crowd, noise pollution, land use and activity have more influences than physical factors like type of flooring, facade and etc. Among these, the type of activity including exercise, the presence of a group of elderly people and the existing nature, including tall trees on the edge of the park, vegetation visible from inside the electricity organization and the presence of plants and decorative flowers in space have the more effect on the desired emotional response.

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Urban Design

The sound perception assessment of people on the Chahar bagh Abbasi pedestrian axis in Isfahan

Marzieh Shafiei; Bahador Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.017

Abstract

Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting ... Read More Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting the role of sound in urban design and planning has led to an increase in environmental disturbing sounds such as traffic congestion, leading to an unclear sonic perception among citizens. These indicate the necessity of considering soundscape studies in the design of urban environments. Therefore, In this paper, the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis as one of the most valuable historical- cultural urban spaces in Iran has been conducted, in order to answer the following questions: 1) What are the sound components affecting the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area? 2) How is the overall characteristic of soundscape in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? 3) What are the auditory imageable elements in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? In order to understand qualitative measures, first, the sound sources in the area were identified via sound walking and recording. Then, 384 questionnaires were filled out by people in the area. Sound walking has been conducted on common weekdays in spring 2022. Respondents were free to choose the desired path in the area but they had been asked to visit all of the parts of the area to have a comprehensive visit. The results of the assessments indicated that the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis is comprehensively positive from the respondent’s perception. Results also showed that the sounds of people’s conversation, people's footsteps, and birds are the most effective sound sources in defining the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area. Also, auditory imageability elements were including sound marks such as people’s conversation, people’s footsteps, and bicycle sounds. Sonic rhythms included Azan and fountains. Keynotes were people’s conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds. Sound signals included Azan, children’s play, and people’s conversation. Azan as a meaningful sound in Islamic culture and the sound of children's play as a sign of the vibrant urban space is of great importance. Therefore, it seems necessary to preserve these sound sources in the area. The people's conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds are the sonic harmony of the area. As a whole, results showed that users’ perception is the most important pillar in soundscape pleasantness.

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Urban Design

Evaluation of the indicators of creating a sense of place in new urban developments, Case Study: (Qods township)

ahmad shahivandi; Shirin Eslami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.018

Abstract

Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. ... Read More Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. This sense is the most important factor that can transform a space into a special place with specific characteristics and perceptions and behavior. The present article intends to measure the sense of place and to investigate and recognize its effective indicators in new urban development. For this purpose, the Qods township, located in Qom, has been selected as a case study. First, this article describes the concept of place, its sense of place, its levels, and its constituent components from various scientific fields and its experts. Then, considering the three main components of the sense of place, namely: The Physical, Function, and perception, along with the indicators and their sub-indices, in a conceptual framework to measure the sense of place in the Qods Township. This research has been conducted through a mixed paradigm and a descriptive-analytical research method. Data collection tools are library-documentary studies, With the statistical society, 245 residents of the Qods Township have been taken. Data analysis tools in the format of two descriptive and inferential analyzes using statistical methods of Structural Equation Modeling and Pearson correlation test were used in the Spss 23 and Amos Graphic software. Also, measuring the fitting of the conceptual model of research, according to the indicators of structural equations, indicate that the conceptual model of this research is desirable. Based on the research findings, among the 3 identified components, 12 indicators and 45 related sub-indicators, functional-activity, perceptual-semantic and physical-aesthetic components, respectively, have more weight in measuring the sense of place from the point of view of Qods township residents.

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Urban Sustainability

Local Climate Zoning of Tehran metropolitan base on physical structure

Aliakbar Shamsipour; Saeed Sepasi Zangiabadi; Ali Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.019

Abstract

Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to ... Read More Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to and use a combination of urban and natural factors. The Local Climate Classification (LCZs) (proposed by Stuart & Oak) 2012 includes a new and systematic classification of places for study. LCZ classifies climates according to the physical structure of the city. LCZs are individually characterized by one or more distinctive features that, for most classes, take into account land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings. Local Climate Zoning classifies the climate of urban spaces with a focus on the physical structure and surface coverage of the city. The LCZ classification has 17 different classes, each of which represents characteristics. LCZ classes are individually identified by one or more distinctive characteristics that for most classes, land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings are considered. Classes 1 to 10 pay more attention to the physical structure created by humans. Classes A to G pays more attention to the natural aspect of the city. Data and MethodsThree types of data (meteorological data, satellite images, and spatial information layers) were used for this study. Satellite images of the city of Tehran for two periods of summer and winter. Information layers of Tehran and its suburbs include land use data, land cover and building floors of Tehran, and atmospheric data of temperature, precipitation, speed, and wind direction in the 20 years of Doshan Tappeh, Geophysical and Mehrabad meteorological stations in Tehran. To create a map of the local climate classes in Tehran, the images in the SAGA-GIS environment have been converted to a spatial resolution of 100 meters. The measured area has been cut and saved in kml format and added to the Google Earth program, where the sample of each climatic class was performed. This stage is the most important and decisive stage of the research, which has been done with sufficient accuracy and patience with many samples. ResultsThe city of Tehran has a variety of local climatic classes with a variety of natural and human environments. Tehran is a heterogeneous metropolis in terms of form and performance, and because of this heterogeneity, all LCZ classes in the city are visible. The results of this study were as follows: Local climates with dense texture and medium height (Class 2), and dense and short (Class 3) are predominant. These two classes are local climates, known for their high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity; They are generally concentrated in the center and areas northeast of Tehran. inside the metropolis of Tehran, low-rise and mid-rise neighborhoods were obtained. The percentage of mid-rise buildings is much higher, which has made Tehran a mid-rise city in terms of building height. Buildings with green space between them are much less visible. Most of the city's green space is in the form of various parks in the city, which is why LCZ4 to LCZ6 are less visible than LCZ1 to LZC3. Barren lands and agricultural lands are a significant percentage of them outside the city limits. In addition, the building density of building spaces causes impermeable surface coatings, which are also an important factor in creating hot spots and stains. In addition to the above, dense urban spaces along with the narrow passage network show the sky visibility factor (SVF) and low air conditioning capacity. Barren lands with rocky outcrops and without vegetation in the mountainous strip north and east of Tehran have created different climatic classes of urban space. These zones are cooled with low heat capacity and higher altitude during the night, and their high-temperature difference with the urban space, which faces the phenomenon of urban heat island, provides the ability to form a north airflow towards the city. As the mountain range in the north of Tehran is identified as a cool and favorable urban air supply area. The south and southwest sides of Tehran are characterized by two different characteristics of the high distribution of urban centers and agricultural and garden lands. Tehran satellite urban centers receive various factories and industries that are not able to operate in the urban area of Tehran, and this has led to the formation of a local climate class of heavy industry and air pollution zone.ConclusionIn the obtained classifications, areas with the potential to form with high urban heat load, the ability to cause high pollution in the city. cool air supply and the ability to provide clean air were identified. Also, the percentage of impermeability in the city is higher than in the suburbs. So, the possibility of flooding inside the city is much higher. Areas with low sky visibility have been created in the urban area, which are the same areas that have high heat in the city.

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Urban Scape

The effect of visible Configuration and scape of tall buildings from urban passages on the perceptual-psychological reactions of people facing them (Case study: Zagros Tower in Hamedan)

pooria saadativaghar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.020

Abstract

The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological ... Read More The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological effects) of this building on the city and its citizens. In fact, in the present study, by focusing on the feeling of oppression that is created by the tall buildings in the urban landscape and is felt by citizens on a daily basis, The effect of configuration-related parameters and landscape of tall buildings on perceptual and psychological components was investigated. In the present research, after extracting the psychological variables affected by the appearance and view of tall buildings with the library-document research method, in a survey research method, the impact of the variables related to the appearance and the visible view of the tall building in the case study of this research on Psychological variables were discussed.The results of this section showed that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the oppression of the participants who encounter these buildings increases and the satisfaction with the oppression decreases. In order to discover the underlying properties of perceptual variables, exploratory factor analysis was used and the results showed that the 16 perceptual variables were grouped into 4 qualities: pleasant, depressing, greenness and remarkable. The effect of the solid angle of the building on the depression rate of the landscape also indicated that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the landscape becomes unpleasant and depressing, but the effect of trees and vegetation on this environmental quality requires more research.In the continuation of the research, the oppression of the Zagros tower (the case study of this study) on the participants who face the tower from different streets was compared (with the international standard in this field) The results of this section also showed that (according to the mean statistics) the pictures taken from Beynolnahreyn Street, from the participants' point of view, have the lowest level of oppression and the highest level of satisfaction, and vice versa, the pictures taken from the intermediate positions of Aref, Taleghani, Jahannama, and the middle positions of Mirzadeh Eshghi and Jahannama were perceived with the highest amount of oppression and dissatisfaction, so it seems that from the perspective of the mentioned streets, the impact of the tower on perceived psychological pressure (oppression) of Participants have received less attention.This method can be used as a practical tool used by urban decision-makers in the discussion of locating tall buildings (with the aim of psychological sustainability of the urban landscape) if additional studies are carried out.

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Urban Planning

Measuring urban resilience against flood risk using composite indicators (Case Study: Khorramabad city)

Yaghob Abdali; Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki; hossein hataminejad; Ahmad Pourahmad; Mohammd Salmani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.021

Abstract

Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently ... Read More Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently gained much attention, there is so far no optimal approach for operationalizing this concept and therefore there is a need to conduct more empirical studies on what constitutes disaster resilience and how to assess it. The city of Khorramabad is prone to many risks due to exposure to surface runoff flowing from the surrounding mountains, floods, flooding of rivers that pass through the center of the city, and the inherent feature of being located in a unique valley. Researchers predict that future weather-related events will increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change.The consequences of these events, i.e. damage to infrastructure and property, as well as personal injuries and loss of life, are likely to increase. In this study, a resilience assessment focuses on the inherent characteristics and capacities of Khorramabad in the context of flash floods from surface water or from the overflow of rivers. The measurement approach is based on constructing a composite index based on six resilience dimensions social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community capital, and environmental of community flood resilience. This follows by developing a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method. The applied method is a combination of the DANP for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS tools in order to get Khorramabad's urban districts ranked based on their resilience levels. Most of the data provided for the indicators are mainly obtained from the Iranian Statistics Center as the unique reference of the country's official statistics, Other required data were retrieved from publicly available information sources of Khorram Abad Municipality, Organization of Management and Prevention of Natural Disasters, Renovation and Equipping of Iranian Schools, and Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran. The results clarify that District 23 is comparatively the most resilient district, while Districts 1, 4, 7, 13, and 17 are the lowest level of resilience. Such place-based assessments have an opportunity to track community performance over time and provide the tool to decision-makers in order to integrate resilience thinking into urban development and resilience-oriented urban planning.

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Urban Transport

Solutions for improving coordination between “Urban Master Plan” and “Transportation Master Plan” in Iran: Explaining the challenges

shahabeddin Kermanshahi; Mohsen Sadeghi; Hamid Shamanian; Maryam Momeni

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.022

Abstract

Poor integration between land use and transportation planning can lead to major problems, including wasting resources to manage inconsistencies, introducing incompatible or at least uncoordinated mega projects in the two fields of transportation and land use. This problem may affect urban management ... Read More

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Urban Geography

The Effect of Climatic Conditions on Spatial-Temporal Changes and Urban Tasseled Cap Characteristics Using Satellite Images (Case study: Kashan, Shirgah, Bandar Anzali cities, Iran)

Bahare sadat mousavi; Ata A. Kakroodi; samane Arvandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.023

Abstract

IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning ... Read More IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkThe land surface temperature rises as a result of urbanization (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth was, the more easily the surface warmed. In majority of the temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao etal., 2021: 105314).ConclusionUrban physical expansion has influenced spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, and has led to an increase in surface temperature during the monitoring years. Results from the three cities under study over the monitoring years indicated an upward trend in earth's surface temperature. Surveys conducted in cities revealed that the geographic setting and regional factors influence the patterns of urban expansion. As a result, there were variations in the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap between the chosen cities. This difference caused by climatic, environmental and land cover conditions. According to the climatic conditions, the average greenness in areas with wetness weather (Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) was different from areas with hot and dry weather (Kashan). The reduction of surface vegetation, due to reduction in the amount of surface evaporation and transpiration so the heat and dryness of the surface increases. In all three of the studied cities, there has been a decline in the amount of greenness during the monitoring years, which may be related to the phenomenon of urbanization. The brightness index data demonstrated a rising tendency in the quantity of brightness caused by urban influences in the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Shirgah. The results of the water and wetness index have also increased during the monitoring years in the cities of Shirgah and Bandar Anzali (wet cities). However, it appears that the influence of the local climate and the sea has led to a change in temperature in Bandar Anzali. In general, with the reduction in greenness, brightness, wetness, and warmth of the earth's surface increased in Kashan and Shirgah. The vegetation cover has not decreased during the years of monitoring due to the area's proximity to the sea and high levels of precipitation, which has contributed to an adjustment of the surface temperature. From 1991 to 2021, the LST findings revealed just a one-degree increase in temperature. Because of this, an increase in vegetation may cause a rise in moisture, which in turn causes a drop in surface temperature.This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different weather conditions on changes in the biophysical properties of the surface due to urban expansion. The nominating difference of this study compared to previous studies is the evaluation of the effect of various climatic conditions changes in biophysical characteristics caused by cities physical growth.The studied cities in this research are located in different climates, the results showed that the physical development of the cities in each them during the monitoring years (1991 to 2021) had different effects on the temperature and biophysical characteristics of the surface. It shows that planning in these cities should be different according to the climatic conditions of each city, so managers and urban planners should consider the climatic conditions.Also, the design of the urban space based on the climatic conditions of each region has the great importance to control and improve thermal conditions of the urban environment. It is suggested that in future studies, climatic conditions and land cover changes due to the physical growth of cities should be considered for different cities.

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Urban Planning

Excavation rhythm of behavioral stations in urban parks (Case study: Baharestan and Ibn Sina Zanjan Gardens)

esmaeil daviran

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.024

Abstract

In urban researches, the study of the rhythmic effect of the use of public spaces in the city is known as rhythm mining. Behavioral settlement is a type of production and consumption of space by different social groups, which is more manifested in public spaces such as urban parks. The method of using ... Read More

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environmental psychology

The effect of various types of public art in urban spaces on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil

abolfazl abdolahi fard; shiva velayati; samira saeidi zarangi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.025

Abstract

IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human ... Read More IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human needs that citizens in the city want (Moeinifar and, 1392: 21). In this regard, it is necessary in urban design to strengthen the points that are valuable in terms of urban facilities for the benefit of the people, as well as the required factors and forces to pave the way for people to enter and stop in space. Therefore, public art can be used to beautify and improve the visual quality of Ardabil, eliminate architectural problems, beautify, optimize the urban environment and improve the quality of life of the city and its citizens, especially urban women.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection according to the nature of the study is a survey and a library using a questionnaire and interviews with women in Ardabil. To examine the effect of public art on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil and to answer the research question, a one-sample t-test was used. The results of one-sample t-test show that abstract art has an average (4.71), and the vitality created by this item (4.60), and the tendency to create abstract art in urban space for women (4.63). Which has the highest score among the 41 questions asked of various types of public art. In the next ranks, art embedded in space and applied art with an average (4.25), and art appropriate to the site and natural environment with an average (4.18), art (sculptures of celebrities) with an average (4.16) and finally water fountain Musical or average (4.03) has the highest level of perceived vitality of public art. The output of t-test is a single sample indicating the high level of perceived vitality of women in all kinds of public arts and elements in the urban space of Ardabil.Results and discussionIn this study, in addition to compiling and presenting a conceptual framework of the impact of Mana and Mira public arts in urban space on the perceived vitality of women based on a set of documents, the effective factors of public art on individuals (professional and non-professional women) to be determined. The results of this research emphasize the high importance of public arts on the vitality created by women. And this is possible through the existence of urban symbols and elements. Therefore, using beautiful urban elements such as Germans is one of the ways to strengthen the identity of urban spaces and vitality in women and other segments of society. Urban elements reflect people's thoughts and are rooted in the natural, historical, socio-cultural characteristics of each city. These elements must be semantic, functional, and beautiful, while at the same time instilling a sense of beauty in people, in which case they lead to identity. In this research, 13 types of general art, including (applied art, kinetic art, digital art, digital art created on the facade, sound-based art, static interactive art, dynamic-variable interactive art, passive interactive art, musical fountain, static art (sculpture) Cultural-local statues, abstract art, art appropriate to the site, and finally art embedded in natural space) in the form of 41 questions in the form of a visual questionnaire on the level of vitality created by public arts for women (professional and non-professional) in Ardabil. Is located.ConclusionIn the city of Ardabil, urban elements and public art can be seen only in a small number of sculptures of celebrities and examples of several murals. According to the results of the research, the tendency of women to create various types of public art is felt in the whole area of the city. Ardabil city has a lot of potential to create such arts that unfortunately the managers and planners of the municipality and related bodies do not pay much attention to the vitality and vitality of not only women in Ardabil but all sections of society and this is a social problem especially for half of women. is. Ardabil, which has been the center of the province for more than three decades, has a rich history and culture. In the past, the installation of statues and headstones in urban places and passages has accelerated, which not only did not have the desired result in introducing the city, but also added to the visual chaos in the city

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Urban Design

Model of improving the implementation of small-scale participatory projects (case study: Mashhad Municipality's Mahalle Ma project)

Iman Ghalandarian; Golbarg Ghaemmaghami Farahani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2023

Abstract

Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis ... Read More Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis on attracting public and private participation. In current theories, the amount of participation has increased so much that the planner, in the role of facilitator and agent of people, acquaints them with their rights. This paper aims to identify the obstacles and challenges and factors affecting the implementation of small-scale participatory projects (neighborhood unit) in Mashhad, with a qualitative approach and data-based method through semi-structured interviews. The Statistical Society included three groups of stakeholders (people, urban management and facilitators) of these projects (called Mahalle Ma project). Sampling by theoretical method continued until the saturation stage. Data analysis was done using the qualitative content analysis method (type of thematic analysis) with Summative approach and MAXQDA 2018. By using the open and axial coding technique, the basic concepts of the implementation of target projects were identified. The results showed that urban management, facilitators and people as the three main stakeholders in the project implementation process create issues in each step of the design process from needs assessment to post-implementation evaluation. In the pre-implementation phase, changing in design and planning approaches by changing the urban management body and the inability of the facilitators to present a feasible plan to the municipality, as well as the negative mindset of the people towards the government bodies, creates challenges. In the implementation stage, insufficient credits allocation by urban management and lack of effective inter-organizational cooperation leads to non-implementation of the real needs of citizens and their dissatisfaction. The quality of the real and responsible participation of the citizens and the clarification of how to reach the alternatives and prioritization in accordance with the needs of the people by the facilitator team is one of the challenges of this step, which after the implementation of the plan, due to the intangible short term results, can lead to its ineffectiveness from the people's point of view.

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Urban Design

An analytical study of sensory richness in the recognition of the urban space of Hafez Street in Shiraz, focusing on the senses of smell and taste (Case Study: Hafez Street,, Shiraz)

Maryam Roosta; mahsa sholeh; Negin Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 May 2023

Abstract

Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated ... Read More Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated in urban design researches. This research seeks to recognize the urban space based on the analysis of the richness of the olfactory and gustatory senses, and with the help of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods and by using library resources, field observations in the form of "sensory walking", conducting semi-structured interviews and quantitative survey in the form of The questionnaire has been completed. The studied example is a part of Hafez Street in Shiraz, which, in addition to having a historical identity and tourism attraction, can also be an important urban space in the qualitative encounter of citizens with the city in terms of sensory experience and sensory landscape. The findings of the research indicate the importance of "olfactory comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memories combined with taste stimulus in space" indicators in people's sensory experience. These findings show that the studied area has a more favorable situation in terms of "natural odors", "time-dependent odors" and "olfactory comfort" indicators, and there is a need to pay more attention to the indicators of "olfactory diversity" and "olfactory compatibility" in the review. be placed The findings of this research also indicate the importance of paying attention to the mutual influence of the experiences of the "smell" and "taste" senses on the dimensions of time and space and enhancing the identity and memorability of urban spaces. This research, with the aim of expanding future studies in this field with regard to the research gaps, and in carrying out landscape organization projects of urban spaces, can be cited by researchers in the field of urban planning and used by urban design and planning professionals.

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Urban Planning

Evaluation of the application of the tenets of grounded theory methodology in Persian urban planning and design research

Bahador Zamani; Ehsan Babaei Salanghooch

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2023

Abstract

In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its ... Read More In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings has sometimes led to a type of methodology with eclectic readings, which sometimes lacks and conflicts the nature of the grounded theory methodology and the primary considerations of the intended reading. Despite this, the review and evaluation of the quality of such research in the scientific fields related to the built environment, particularly urban design and planning has been done less. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to systematically evaluate the studies using the grounded theory methodology in urban planning and design in order to understand the appropriate application of the key tenets of this methodology in this field of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future applications. In this regard, the eligible studies have been selected by systematic search of papers published in reliable Persian-language scientific databases applying the systematic review method. After screening the existing studies based on the specified criteria, 44 studies published until 2019 were selected and evaluated based on the evaluation criteria of the grounded theory methodology. The results of the methodological evaluation of the conducted researches based on the grounded theory methodology showed that despite the increasing use of this method in urban planning and design research, many of these research have been unsuccessful in fully and accurately applying the principles and stages of the grounded theory methodology and its readings, and their results have been reduced to a diagram, model and conceptual framework instead of a theory as the expected achievement from the application of this method. In addition, the results of the present study showed that a number of the research only use a set of techniques of the grounded theory methodology including coding or memo writing. Neglecting important processes such as theoretical sampling, constant comparison and in-depth analysis of categories, has caused that these studies did not go beyond the level of description, and while limiting themselves to presenting descriptive themes and narratives, they rarely achieve theory building as the aim of the grounded theory methodology. Based on the findings of this paper, improving the quality of research based on the grounded theory methodology in the field of urban planning and design requires researchers with a correct understanding of the nature, characteristics and principles of the grounded theory and a deep insight of the readings of this method and their differences, in order to measure the appropriateness and justify the choice of the appropriate reading based on the aims and characteristics of the research.

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Urban Management

Analyzing and Evaluation of the regulations of fifth periods of the Islamic Council of Tehran

Arastoo Yari hesar; Ali Dashti

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 May 2023

Abstract

Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and ... Read More Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and in other words, the performance of urban management is a function of the decisions and policies approved by this body, so it is necessary in order to harm This body should be evaluated for performance analysis and formulation of damage removal strategies, and naturally, the most effective tool for evaluating the performance of councils is their approvals. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran in the fifth period and to analyze their contents quantitatively and qualitatively. This research is a type of content analysis research. The data required in this research has been collected by field and documentary methods. The most important reference for the required data is the comprehensive system of approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran. The statistical population of this research consists of all the approvals of the fifth term council of Tehran city. The results of this research show that the Islamic Council of the fifth term of the city of Tehran, although it has achieved considerable success and growth in terms of quantitative indicators, but the examination of the content of the approvals shows the failure of this council in carrying out the missions assigned in the Law on Organizations, Duties and Powers of Councils. is islamic A major part of the performance of this term of the council is made up of approvals that practically do not have much effect on increasing the quality of urban life, and there is a significant gap between the needs of citizens and the content of the approvals of the Tehran City Council. Also, the main focus of the Council's approvals has been on municipal issues rather than urban issues. Based on this, the suggested solutions include the focus of the council on regulatory issues up to legislation, distancing from superficial and theoretical issues, and addressing the main problems of Tehran city, and evaluating the operationalization of the council's previous approvals.

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Volume 12 (2023)

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