Motaleate Shahri

Slum Settlements

Application of Futuristic Approach (Informal Armature) in the Regularization of urban Spontaneous Settlements (in Sanandaj city Situation)

Kayomars Irandoost; Milad Doostvandi; Kasra Ashouri; seyed mohamad Ghanezade

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 3-16

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.391

Abstract

Highlights- Different approaches and policies have been adopted to confront spontaneous urban settlements, which have failed to stop the development process of these settlements.- The informal urban settlement needs to be politically approved in developing countries, such as Iran, as it will be involved ... Read More Highlights- Different approaches and policies have been adopted to confront spontaneous urban settlements, which have failed to stop the development process of these settlements.- The informal urban settlement needs to be politically approved in developing countries, such as Iran, as it will be involved in a significant part of the urbanization process.- Presenting a novel approach known as informal armatures, David Gouverneur attempted to adopt a futuristic, protective, realistic perspective on spontaneous urban settlements and to consider administrative, environmental, morphological, planning, and design issues.- In Sanandaj, it can be helpful to consider the informal armatures approach, given that three spatial layers of the spontaneous urban settlement have taken shape so far, and the city can develop in the eastern part of the city. IntroductionDuring the past few decades, there has been widespread immigration to urban centers of wealth for utilization of opportunities and better conditions in prospect due to the dominance of the city-oriented capitalist economy, shortcomings, and failures of governments and official markets, and inequality in southern countries. Along with the inefficiency of governments and urban planning systems in satisfying needs, particularly those for dwelling and employment, this trend has led to spontaneous urban settlements. Therefore, it is essential to provide low-income groups with dwellings and present solutions in accordance with the residents’ financial capability. David Gouverneur presented a novel approach in 2015, which came to be known as informal armatures (IA). He believes that spontaneous urban settlements involve numerous physical and social complexities, and to simplify, the environment, morphology, and administrative aspects need to be balanced. He states that the problems with these settlements can be solved by the people, local governments, and central governments. This research has investigated the informal armatures approach in Sanandaj, Iran.Theoretical frameworkBeyond the theoretical controversies in this regard, the IA approach presents a framework for spontaneous neighborhoods before the occupation of land with a preventive, futuristic attitude. This approach approves of spontaneous urban settlements’ innovative, innate socio-spatial features and adopts this as a point to begin improvement. The conditions that need to be met for a successful IA approach include pre-emptive and transformative nature (political acceptance of the informality, presentation of appropriate public land with participation from the public and private sectors, and instruction of staff capable of implementing the approach), consideration of physical and performative components, hybrid and multi-scalar operations, environment-friendly nature, consideration of flexible planning components, and adaptability to different site conditions. Moreover, corridors, patches, and custodians are major components in planning and design based on the IA approach.MethodologyThe paradigm governing this research is pragmatism, which some contemporary methodologists have considered the foundation of research methodology with hybrid methods. In accordance with this worldview, the conceptual framework of the research has first been extracted besides an examination of the theoretical views on the topic based on Gouverneur’s perspectives in order to provide the background. Then, it was investigated how the approach could be adapted to Sanandaj in line with the research purpose. The statistics required to apply the approach to Sanandaj were extracted from the censuses of individuals and dwellings and the village lexicons, and satellite images and location data on the current state of Sanandaj in ArcGIS were used for the analysis of the spatial conditions of the city.Results and discussionSanandaj is a city with particular topographic features and looks as if located in a space cup due to the highs around the city and the variety of hills inside it. It can be extended mainly on the eastern side. Moreover, three spatial layers of spontaneous urban settlements have taken shape in Sanandaj so far. The first layer is the fixed layer inside the city; the origination dates back to the period between the 1960s and 1980s and is regarded today as the distressed middle area of the city. The second layer involves settlements with backgrounds as villages located within the limits of Sanandaj, which are known today as unconnected urban areas and have been excluded from the informal settlement. A third layer is also taking shape around the city, given the barren lands inside it, including villages with growing populations. The investigations demonstrated that Sanandaj could be considered for pilot research on the application of the IA approach, given its features.ConclusionInspired by the international policies, different approaches have been adopted so far in Iran with respect to spontaneous urban settlements. However, these approaches have failed to stop the extension process of these settlements, and about twelve million of the country’s urban population thus resides in these settlements today. Moreover, all the previous approaches have mainly disregarded the important idea of future development of these settlements and the combination of the planning, morphological, and administrative components, while the IA approach has successfully filled the gap. The informal armatures approach can prevent fundamental problems, particularly in terms of infrastructure, in future spontaneous urban settlements through mutual government-people management and consideration of residents’ financial capability and planning tools such as the interconnection of corridors around the city, provision of patches, and protection of valuable land. Moreover, this approach can contribute significantly as one of the most effective futuristic, collaborative approaches (top-down and bottom-up), as it provides widespread coverage of informal urban settlement in Iran.

Urban Design

Evaluating the representation of urban spaces in the selected works of Iranian cinema with a focus on public spaces in Tehran

sara salehi; Hassan sajadzadeh; Mohammad Saied Izadi; kasra ketabollahi

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 17-30

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.332

Abstract

Highlights- The relationship between the city and the movies was addressed, and the cinematic sequences were evaluated.- Movie locations and the need to benefit from the diversity of urban spaces in Iran were addressed.- The streets of big cities in Iranian movies are places to pass through, not to attend. Introduction The ... Read More Highlights- The relationship between the city and the movies was addressed, and the cinematic sequences were evaluated.- Movie locations and the need to benefit from the diversity of urban spaces in Iran were addressed.- The streets of big cities in Iranian movies are places to pass through, not to attend. Introduction The bond between the city and the movies is a two-way, strong one more than a century old. The movies has always been defined with respect to the city and urban spaces since the first days of its creation—late 19th century. If the audience perceives urban spaces as having various functions and appropriate spatial qualities in the movie, the perception is associated with the real space and causes different feedbacks than those spaces in the long term. Despite the increasing global desire to use the cinematic image of the city to achieve various layers of information, the Iranian movies still fails to present a correct image of the city. The beating heart of every city, urban spaces are still not used in the Iranian movies in the general sense. While large, important cities such as Paris, London, New York, and Berlin are always in a two-way relationship with the movies and urban spaces, where the city and the various relevant issues are always exposed to cinematic representations as everyday, critical, or praiseworthy matters, reflection on such issues is still heretical in Iran. Especially, critical reflection about Tehran, as the main location in the Iranian movies, has not received much attention. A way to understand the urban space is to represent the city, urban spaces, and the complex, contradictory whole using the movies. Therefore, the main purposes of this research are to 1- examine the characteristics of different periods of the Iranian movies from the beginning of its formation to 2019, 2- examine different dimensions of selected works of the Iranian fiction movies after the Islamic Revolution of 1978, 3- extract urban space creation criteria in the fiction movies works, and 4- represent the image of a more human-oriented urban space in the Iranian movies. The latter suggestion is made because it is assumed that the Iranian cinematographer can achieve a dialectic of indicating the positive and negative aspects of the existing spaces in the country’s cities by using the correct criteria for representation of urban spaces in the movies, thereby nurturing informed, insistent viewers and causing active measures on the part of environmental designers to create more humane spaces. Theoretical Framework The final criteria were evaluated with the methods of analyzing the content, watching the movie, and surveying the city in the movie. Based on the conceptual model, the final criteria include the following in the order specified from the filmmaker’s point of view: the qualities of the urban space in the movie, diversity in the use of urban spaces, method of payment for the place, types of urban space, and types of character. The criterion of diversity in urban spaces, which concerns the use of these spaces in different parts of the city (not only in a specific region) with the urban surveying method in the movie, seeks the diversity of urban spaces presented in the city of Tehran in the fiction movies of choice produced after the revolution, and the final map is generated in the GIS software. 5 more criteria were examined first in the most important movies produced after the revolution with the method of content analysis and movie watching. Methodology In a comparative study, what can help the researcher to achieve his goal is greater emphasis on simultaneous analysis and examination of contrasts, as practiced in this research. Findings and Discussion All the above points indicate that the Iranian moviemaker still considers the city and its imposed modernity to be the source of many problems. Another issue emphasized by Iranian moviemakers is to demonstrate the constant development of the city and its spaces regardless of the events of the story and peoples’ wishes. In some movies, no emphasis is placed on the urban space if actually depicted, and it is regarded simply as a background for the events of the story. All locations are focused on certain areas in Tehran and the like. Conclusion The results of the research demonstrate that we have not been very successful in creation of urban spaces in the past decades, and the few spaces that have been created and recreated have not been welcomed by cinematographers for various reasons. Moreover, the represented urban areas have been restricted to certain areas in Tehran, which has been subject to the conditions mentioned in the section on findings. Furthermore, most of the selected movies in the fiction and urban fields were filmed in Tehran, and we are faced all around Iran with a pure centralism in terms of selection of the location of filming in urban spaces despite the availability of a variety thereof. This process should be corrected to address different aspects of various cities in Iran in fiction movies.

Urban Management

A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of land developer in Tehran's Building Management System

Gholamreza Kazemian; Hosein Aslipour; Arash Taqipour Akhtari

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 31-46

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.002

Abstract

Highlights - Realization of urban construction as a social construct forms a knowledge stock to mine theoretical concepts and develops the goodness of urban building governance at the same time. - One of the most important categories in the identification and comprehension of actors’ behavior ... Read More Highlights - Realization of urban construction as a social construct forms a knowledge stock to mine theoretical concepts and develops the goodness of urban building governance at the same time. - One of the most important categories in the identification and comprehension of actors’ behavior and expectations in the field of Tehran’s construction management in the context of the truth revealed in the study of everyday social life is the distinction between land developers as industrial investors (those whose capitals come mainly from built spaces) and land developers as commercial investors (those whose main capitals involve cash and who move between different markets to earn profit), along with the diverse role of real-estate agents as appraisers or marketers. - A categorized, cyclical statement of assumptions about urban construction management is provided between the three principles of urban management, built environment, and land developers. Introduction According to the citizens, it is years that the urban physical space of Tehran has been characterized by uneven growth and increasing injustice, and its spatial development management is also described as inefficient by various experts. Urban construction is the act of creating a physical space to advance urban functions, and the city’s spatial organization is formed in solidarity with its continuity. Thus, management of the spatial-physical development of the city is a mission pursued by urban management, and the existence of an efficient, effective urban management, as a government infrastructure and an executive attempt to realize good governance and then sustainable urban development is a matter of consensus. By accepting the spatial inefficiencies in Tehran’s urban development and rejecting the gap between content and form, this research introduces its problem as an explanation and interpretation of how Tehran’s urban construction management system functions. Theoretical Framework Construction is always a different experience and creates a heterogeneous good. The literature review also demonstrates that each research has described urban construction from its own theoretical-philosophical perspective and background. In fact, the variety of theoretical approaches to urban construction held by political philosophies is accompanied by a unique resultant of the actuals at any time. Therefore, construction is introduced sometimes as the agent of meeting expectations and sometimes as the cause of the current conditions. This gives construction the status of a social construct. Due to the historical dependence of actualized behaviors on the institutional context and variation in functions, one should refer to the conceptual roots of the phenomenon to study the evolutionary path thereof, focusing on the dynamic, unbalanced behavior of social systems. Therefore, an aspect of truth used to explain such a phenomenon that is created, lived, and understood by citizens is the spaces of representation or the part where the land developers (constructors) live the urban construction management system. That is, it is not the same as what the authorities assign to the construction through administrative instructions, nor as how the experts describe the urban construction management system. Rather, it is by being immersed in the path of building and functioning as a land developer that the unique spatiality of every society can be justified. Methodology Since urban construction management is recognized as a multiple, dynamic unit (mutual, continuous influence of constituent dimensions), abduction of the lived experiences of the active land developers requires immersion in data, which are collected through adoption of an intersubjective, empathic approach. Therefore, the strategy of this qualitive research is phenomenological, categorized under the interpretive paradigm. The research population consists of Tehran’s land developers who were selected using purposive sampling. Finally, eight in-depth interviews were conducted. Thus, the researchers clustered and finally combined the lived experiences to achieve a rich description while observing Epoché’s principles throughout the research. It should be mentioned that the thematic analysis technique was used for horizontalization, clustering, and classification of data. Results and Discussion As a result of the conducted interviews, transcriptions, and extracted concepts, 67 basic themes were identified in the first step after several rounds of editing. Then, the themes were classified under 17 organizing themes. In fact, an attempt was made at this stage to cluster the intersection of the basic themes, which was realized through movements back and forth between the holistic and detailed approaches and immersion in the data. The process was repeated to form global themes, and four were finally distinguished, including the basic assumptions regarding Tehran urban construction, land developers’ enabling factors, the inefficiencies imposed by the construction management system, and various stakeholders’ roles in the urban construction of Tehran and its consequences. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrated that Tehran’s construction management system is based on different actors’ cooperation to transform space into financial value, according to land developers’ lived experiences. Although there are actors here who link this financial value to the use value due to their natural need, their expertise, or the functional nature of the space, their influence is generally limited to setting minimums. Therefore, these actors do not have a high power with respect to others to influence the production of spaces. Finally, the urban construction management system of Tehran can be explained and interpreted as the system sought to stabilize its position and apply authority to obtain its required income by developing the physical urban environment to carry on missions whose violation would have political costs or legal consequences. Moreover, these measures are taken based on inefficient processes and contents, relying on constructors’ assets and skills at the cost of commodifying urban spaces. Acknowledgment This article is taken from the third author's master's dissertation on urban management, entitled "Explaining the Tehran’s Building Governance" and to the first author's supervisor and the second author's advisor at Allameh Tabataba'i Univsersity.

Urban Design

The Effects of Physical - Spatial Measures of Urban Streets on Pedestrians Emotional Responses Using EEG

Esmat Paikan; Mohammad Reza Pourjafar; Ehsan Ranjbar

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 47-62

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.003

Abstract

Highlights - The curvature in the street makes it more exciting, and greater variety in curvature causes more arousal and pleasure. - Streets with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) exhibit the most desirable values of size and enclosure. - The presence of a square or a prominent building, the permeability ... Read More Highlights - The curvature in the street makes it more exciting, and greater variety in curvature causes more arousal and pleasure. - Streets with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) exhibit the most desirable values of size and enclosure. - The presence of a square or a prominent building, the permeability of the street, and the variation in its landscape increase the pleasantness and arousal. - The three-dimensional rhythms of the street walls exhibit greater pleasure and arousal than the two-dimensional rhythms. - The portable EEG devices (MindWave MW001 headset) are suitable for evaluation of environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban development. Introduction The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. Emotions are important due to their impacts on people’s behaviors, because emotions make up a main component of social behavior, and extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. Nowadays, mental health problems and the emphasis on increasing social interactions have led to more and more concern for the subject of emotions, but the impact of physical-spatial factors has received less attention from the conducted studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the physical-spatial measures of urban streets on pedestrians’ emotional responses by placing the individual in a pseudo-real environment. Moreover, this study makes possible the use of a new neural measurement tool in urban studies and evaluates its accuracy. Theoretical Framework The review of previous studies demonstrated that the environmental parameters that can affect emotion include non-physical human factors on the one hand and physical ones on the other. The physical factors that make up the subject of this research can be divided into two categories: 1- non-artificial factors, i.e. green space, and 2- artificial factors, which include the size and enclosure of the space, the shape and form of the space, the characteristics of the surfaces including architectural style, the color and texture of materials, and the variation in spatial sequences. Given the number of studies conducted on the effect of natural factors and certain characteristics of surfaces in the field of architecture, the present research examined four physical parameters. Methodology Ten of the most important physical-spatial variables that make up different states and types of the spatial structure of an urban street, which can affect the individual emotions of pedestrians, were selected for investigation and used to design 18 tests. The research was conducted with a combined method consisting of: 1- a self-report method of Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) images and 2- a neurological method using electroencephalography. In the EEG method, the single-channel MindWave MW001 headset, produced by Neurosky, was used as the instrument. The research population included 50 students of Tarbiat Modares University. The research was conducted with the help of controlled experiments using the mobile digital 3D modeling technique, which makes it possible for people to navigate the virtual street in the city. After the data extracted by the health and Stroop tests were confirmed, the data analysis was made using a quantitative-statistical method. Results and Discussion The findings regarding the shape and form of the space demonstrated that people feel more pleased in curved streets than in straight streets, and there is greater arousal in streets of the former than the latter shape. However, the level of control in a straight street is higher than that in a curved or spiral street. As for the size and enclosure of the urban space, the results indicated that there is greater pleasure in a street with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) than in one with low or high enclosure (1:4 and 1:1.2), but streets with medium enclosure exhibit less arousal. Spaces with less enclosure cause people to have more control over the space. The results also demonstrated that the pleasure and arousal experienced by people is increased by the existence of the square as a spatial element and a landmark building as a physical element, permeability in the spatial structure of the street and brokenness in the path, and variation in the landscape of the street. It was only in the street with physical retraction and protrusion that no effect on arousal was observed, although the level of pleasure should increase. Moreover, the results indicated that the pleasure in the street with the curved corner was greater than that with the other forms. However, the shape of the street corner exhibits no effect on the arousal. Furthermore, the walls that are completely three-dimensional exhibit greater pleasure and arousal than those featuring walls with two-dimensional and three-dimensional rhythms. Finally, the walls that are completely two-dimensional have the least pleasantness and arousal. There is a higher level of control in the street with 2D rhythms than in that with 3D rhythms. The results also showed that visual permeability in the physical structure of the street increases the arousal and control of the space, but it has no effect on the pleasure. Another result of this research is that there is 75% conformity in the results obtained from the two methods of SAM and EEG, which demonstrates that the data (EEG) extracted from the device can extract people’s emotions well. Conclusion In general, the current research confirms the results of previous studies, but it precisely demonstrated by measuring the extracted neural data that the levels of emotional pleasure, arousal, and control are affected by the shape and form of the street, the size and enclosure of the street space, the presence of a spatial and physical element that creates attention and emphasis in the street, permeability in the spatial structure of the street, rotation along the street and perspective change along the path, two and three-dimensional wall street rhythms, and the shape and form of the corners of the street intersection. However, physical indentations and protrusions exhibit no effect on arousal, and visual permeability has no effect on pleasure. In addition, the results showed that the EEG data extracted from the headset (MindWave MW001) used in this study could well capture the emotions of individuals, thus making up a proper potential tool for evaluation of environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban planning. The results of the present study, which indicate the psychological effects of urban design of a street, help to select and design the appropriate elements and physical characteristics of the space, increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions, and ultimately improve the mental health of citizens. Acknowledgment This article is taken from the doctoral thesis of urban planning with the title "Explaining the effects of the physical-spatial components of an urban street on the emotional stimulation of pedestrians with an emphasis on the use of neuroscience" which was defended by the first author with the guidance of the second author and the advice of the third author in the Tarbiat Modares University.

Urban Architecture

Qualitative framework for planning and designing the Shared Spaces of Residential Complexes to promot children's independence mobility: a case study of Tehran

Masoumeh Mirsafa; zeinab Talebi; Mansoureh Kianersi

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 63-78

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.001

Abstract

Highlights - Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) is affected by their interpersonal characteristics, the social environment, and the quality of the built environment. - Based on the Grounded Theory, childhood obesity, regulations and controlling process, and social and urban situation ... Read More Highlights - Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) is affected by their interpersonal characteristics, the social environment, and the quality of the built environment. - Based on the Grounded Theory, childhood obesity, regulations and controlling process, and social and urban situation introduce casual, contextual, and intervening conditions, respectively. - CIM can be promoted by various spatial qualities such as walkability, safety and security, playfulness, health, attractiveness, and access to nature. - The social acceptance and awareness of the community play a role in promotion of children’s independent mobility. - Promotion of CIM through effective planning and design guidelines results in higher degrees of mental and physical health among children. Introduction In the past few decades, the social conditions of cities have changed the children’s urban life and imposed a huge impact on their freedom of movement and independence in the public realm. Moreover, many parents are caught in “social traps,” and are consequently more likely to restrict their children’s independent, active movement in the public realm. While Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) originally focused on their independent travel to and from school, the concept has further expanded to embrace their independent, active mobility and play around their neighborhoods without adult supervision or accompaniment. Thus, this paper attempts to study the shared spaces in residential complexes, providing a child’s first independent outdoor experience, and identify the qualities that can contribute to and improve (CIM) in such areas. Theoretical Framework As an essential quality of a child-friendly environment, CIM is an indicator of children’s acceptance in the society, which provides them with the opportunity to be present in the public, play in the neighborhood without adult supervision or accompaniment, and interact with others and develop their social circles. It provides a wider variety of opportunities for socialization and hangouts among children and contributes to their sense of identity. Therefore, CIM is considered as an important quality that aids children’s physical, social, and cognitive development. The main factors that influence CIM include interpersonal characteristics, a sense of community and social environment, and the quality of the built environment. With regard to children’s interpersonal characteristics, one has to take into consideration the importance of age and sex in their mobility and play patterns in the public realm. Children aged 8 to 12 years are more likely to receive permission from their parents to go out and play than younger children. There are also clear differences in the ways that boys and girls use and experience urban neighborhoods and spaces; generally, boys enjoy greater freedom of mobility and are more visible in neighborhoods and playgrounds. The social environment of a neighborhood is influenced by the level of social cohesion, the existence of shared values and norms, a family’s mental image of their place of residence, their concerns about the presence of strangers, the likelihood of crime and delinquency, and child abuse in the area. In turn, it exhibits impacts on the level of independence that children might experience in their use of public spaces in the neighborhood. The Physical characteristics affect CIM on two scales: the neighborhood where the residential complex is located and its shared spaces. At the larger scale of the neighborhood, the compact city form, which provides children with short distances between various destinations, increases their chances of active, independent mobility. Furthermore, such areas improve children’s sense of security in public spaces as they enjoy higher population density. In the shared spaces of residential complexes, the characteristics that are closely associated with CIM include density, pedestrian-friendliness, cleanliness, access to green spaces, and proximity to nature. One has to take into consideration that other environmental characteristics, including the climate conditions, air quality, and temperature affect the time for which children would like to stay and play in public areas. Methodology The research employed the grounded theory methodology to construct a theory from the collected data. Due to the necessity of obtaining insights from various groups of stakeholders, the data were collected through 107 semi-structured interviews to reach saturation. This included 53 children, 38 parents and caregivers, and 16 professionals. Given the importance of the physical qualities of the environment, direct field observations were also made in 15 selected residential complexes in Tehran. The qualitative data analysis was carried out through the MAXQDA software, where 74 concepts, 25 principal codes, and 9 categories were extracted. The codes and categories were integrated and optimized, and their relationship with the core of the research was specified. Results and Discussions The results of the data analysis demonstrate that the causal and intervening conditions of children’s independent mobility include the inadequacy of the legal framework and the inefficiency in implementation of plans and their monitoring and evaluation systems. Moreover, CIM is affected by the qualities of the social environment where children live, and the social acceptance and awareness of the community can thus play a role in promotion of CIM strategies. The results further reveal that strategies used to improve the social atmosphere within the residential complex in favor of more independent, freer presence of children include improvement of the physical qualities of the environment, involving attempts made to keep children safe and secure from all possible risks and threats, to plan for playful spaces, to facilitate access to nature and green spaces, and to keep the spaces clean and healthy. As a consequence, the children will enjoy higher degrees of mental and physical health. Conclusion Social traps and lack of responsive quality control and evaluation systems for child-friendly residential complexes emphasize the necessity to develop a qualitative framework to promote opportunities for children’s independent mobility and unsupervised play in shared spaces in residential complexes, while meeting parents’ expectations from the quality of the built environment to permit CIM within these spaces.

Urban Sociology

Socio- spatial Segregation in Iran: Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Analysis

Narges Ghodsi; mahin nastaran; Vahid Ghasemi

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 79-94

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.175

Abstract

Highlights - A systematic classification of studies based on questions of what, why, and how with a systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. - The importance of reviewing the phenomenon of segregation from a wide range of dimensions (physical-spatial, political-management, and socio-economic). - ... Read More Highlights - A systematic classification of studies based on questions of what, why, and how with a systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. - The importance of reviewing the phenomenon of segregation from a wide range of dimensions (physical-spatial, political-management, and socio-economic). - The importance of qualitative research explaining whats, focusing on conceptual modeling, and modeling measurement. - The importance of research explaining whys, and focusing on identification and examination of the contextual factors affecting segregation. - The importance of research explaining hows and identifying and examining the policies and effective trends according to all the dimensions. Introduction An inherent characteristic of cities, segregation pertains to the social distance between residents and their physical separation. When this phenomenon prevents some groups from accessing services, activities, and spaces, it leads to urban problems. Due to the interdisciplinary nature and large scope of this phenomenon, many researchers from different expert groups have investigated it in the past three decades. Although the number of studies is not small, it is important to note the dispersion of the principles and topics and the lack of coherent conceptual frameworks as a result of the variety of relevant specialties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the diagnostic status of the scientific Persian articles addressing the concept of segregation and to analyze the nature and quality of these research topics and present a systematic categorization thereof. Theoretical Framework The review of the literature shows different concepts proposed for definition of segregation. In the middle of the 20th century, segregation was first recognized as a social issue (Legeby, 2013), the main purpose of which is to investigate the distinction between two demographic groups (Feitosa et al., 2007) or the separation of several groups (Morgan, 1975; Sakoda, 1981; Jargowsky, 1996; Reardon & Firebaugh, 2002). In the 1970s, new studies were conducted for identification of the causes of the segregation of social groups, linked with spatial analysis (Morgan, 1975; Sakoda, 1981; Jargowsky, 1996; Dupont, 2004; Lima, 2001: 494; Reardon & Firebaugh, 2002; Smith, 2009: 682; Romero et al., 2012: 76). Depending on whether one has the freedom to choose to separate, segregation can happen in two ways: voluntary and involuntary (Izadi et al., 2016: 83; Lotfi & Ghazaei, 2019: 20). Therefore, segregation includes various dimensions, such as socio-economic and spatial dimensions, in which terms it has been investigated in recent studies under the title of socio-spatial segregation. Systematic review is made using regular methods to identify, select, and critically evaluate the conducted research and collect and analyze the obtained data in order to respond to a specific question (Crocetti, 2016: 3). A function of this technique is to examine the history of the research and extract and summarize it to improve the approaches to the study to obtain appropriate results (Ghazi Tabatabaei & Vadadhir, 2010: 59). Generation of the meta-analysis involves the statistical analysis of a large set of results from individual studies, which is performed for integration of the findings (Glass, 1976: 3). Although this technique is usually considered as part of quantitative methods, however, it can also be used for qualitative approaches (Tizchang & Azam Azadeh, 2020: 10). Methodology The qualitative research approach is adopted here. The method of data collection is based on the basic text type using documentary methods. The systematic review and open coding techniques were used for data analysis, followed by qualitative meta-analysis. For this purpose, 50 Persian articles based on the topic of segregation and published from 1996 to 2021 were selected and reviewed in 15 categories. The research was conducted in four stages. First, all available information from the selected studies were collected and summarized. Then, classification and coding was performed based on the evaluation parameters (principles and categories) in two groups of structural and content features. Next, all the information extracted from the studies were processed, analyzed, and interpreted based on their frequency and percentages. Finally, the research questions were answered. The structural section sought to investigate the general characteristics of the selected articles to explain the state of research in the field of urban segregation in Iran using the results. The content section attempted to outline the researchers’ views of the original concept, research method, type of research, attributes used for segregation, type of main question, thematic principles, and aspects investigated in the field of segregation. Results and Discussion The findings helped to categorize the selected articles based on the types of their main questions (what, why, and how) in the form of 5 main thematic principles. These principles include investigating the concept and methodology of segregation, examining the lived experiences of residents, identifying background factors affecting the formation of segregation, and investigating the relationship between segregation and contextual factors affecting it. In addition, the evolution of the concept of segregation in the research conducted in the field was divided into four general periods: early, middle, late (current period), and future, which were then compared. Socio-spatial separation was defined on that basis. The results demonstrate that segregation is an interdisciplinary, multifaceted, context-oriented issue involving socio-economic, physical-spatial, and political-management dimensions. In the current research conditions of the country, there is need for qualitative research on subjects such as conceptual and measurement modeling of segregation (to explain what it is), identifying and investigating the background factors affecting segregation, including the structures and compositions of cities (to explain why), and identifying and examining policies and trends effective on segregation (to explain how) considering all the dimensions. In this case, it is possible through a correct understanding of the concept to more precisely investigate its spatial patterns over time in the fields of urban development, planning, and design. Conclusion Since segregation is an interdisciplinary discourse, many researchers from different fields have investigated it from their specialized perspectives. The necessity of using methods such as meta-analysis can be explained by the large, increased amount of available research, the authors’ different views of the subject, and the need to summarize and combine them and to identify the repetitive and problematic research areas. The results of the research demonstrate that there are still many ambiguities about the meaning of segregation despite the abundance of research and urban science experts’ greater concern in the past ten years. This is confirmed by all the results highlighted in this research, concerning the use of different Persian translations of the concept, multiple attributes involved in its description, and unclear optional or mandatory aspects of the phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to review the multifaceted phenomenon of segregation in Iran in the form of new issues, taking into account its wide range of dimensions, to obtain a better, more accurate, more comprehensive understanding thereof.

Urban Planning

The Impact of Information and Communication Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic on Urban Studies: A Systematic Review

Nikoo Medghalchi; Hossein Bahrainy; Mojtaba Rafieian

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.657

Abstract

Highlights - The development of information and communication technology is an important change that causes paradigm shift in urbanism. - The COVID pandemic emphasizes the importance of information and communication technology. - This study seeks to trace urban studies on information and communication ... Read More Highlights - The development of information and communication technology is an important change that causes paradigm shift in urbanism. - The COVID pandemic emphasizes the importance of information and communication technology. - This study seeks to trace urban studies on information and communication technology and the COVID pandemic and provide appropriate data and knowledge for urban policy-making and future studies. Introduction The advent of the information age in the 20th century due to the great changes in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) has led to the prevailing approach to maximizing the solution of urban problems for advancing urban planners, designers, and policy-makers. The rate of growth and extensive development of urban studies has provided a wide range of interactions between its different sections. Coinciding with its growing trend, the corona virus has been spreading around the world since December 2019, re-examining the role of ICT. Theoretical Framework There is a lack of domestic research on ICT and the city. Given the existence of the gap and the importance of considering the area in urban studies, the purpose of this article is to identify, extract, and provide an interactive research space between the development of ICT and the subfields of urban studies in order to introduce and classify topics, approaches, methods, and results. Methodology Using the method of systematic review, the content of published foreign scientific research was reviewed and analyzed. This was carried out with a search for valid articles, a study of the abstracts and research results of more than 150 articles and their review, and a final selection of 93 articles after entering them into the Excel software environment. Results and Discussion The selected articles have been published in English in the period of 30 years between 1990 and 2020. Monitoring, examining, and extracting the key themes of the articles led us to 8 categories, including 1) urban policy, 2) electronic participation, 3) smart city, 4) city structure and spatial organization, 5) travel behavior, 6) digital gap, 7) public space, 8) and competitiveness, and 30 sub-themes. About 90% of the articles have been published in reputable scientific journals, and the rest appear in books and conference proceedings. An examination of the frequency of articles shows the growing worldwide trend in concern for this field in urban studies in recent years. According to the analysis made in the research, the use of ICT is applicable to planning theories at all levels, including the two levels of access and data processing and communication independent of time and place. These technologies enhance and promote the development of networks, social cohesion, and smart development of the city. The digital gap is intrinsically related to digital and urban inequalities. In network-oriented cities and societies, the issue of communication poverty is as important as traditional poverty. Many discussions have been raised by researchers on the impact of ICT on the structure and spatial organization of the city. Despite the initial premise of using the technology, which was to reduce concentration and increase urban dispersion, two more approaches, the centralization approach and the dual approach, have also been proposed in the field. The development of ICT has profound consequences on urban economic competitiveness. ICT is the basic driver for smartness in cities. A provider of access to the transfer of information and planning tools, granting the opportunity to share modes of transportation and work from a distance, the technology is of considerable importance for transportation systems. The relationship between the urban public space and technological developments and the development of ICT with the spread of the corona virus has been taken into consideration. Recent studies show that the spread of the corona virus has multiplied the use of ICT, which will definitely change the severity of its impact on the city and urban planning and design more rapidly. Therefore, this article is presented in order to explain the various dimensions of this issue. Conclusion Given the application of ICT in the field of urban planning, it is comprehensible that the creation of links with urban planning and design has proceeded slowly despite the increasing development of telecommunication technologies. It is necessary to consider the complex relationship between the city and ICT. On the one hand, the relationship has raised the challenge of polarization, inaccessibility, and urban injustice, and on the other hand, it has involved benefits such as increased participation and social networking, urban innovation and creativity, and urban sustainability and intelligence. In fact, it is necessary to fill the gap between ICT and urban planning. The central solution framework of the smart city is based on the city rather than intelligence. One of the most important challenges discussed in the previous studies is the issue of accessibility among different social classes. In spite of the initial hypothesis that the importance of place is reduced as that of distance decreases due to the development of ICT, place still matters. The point to be considered in regard to the relationship between the density and spread of the corona virus is the absence of a direct relationship between its population density and death. In fact, the ever-increasing development of ICT and the persistence of policies of closure and maintenance of social distancing during the pandemic are themselves factors effective in the development of digital facilities and technologies in the city. Urban spaces are changing and transforming due to the development of new technologies. In fact, the urban space paradigm established in 2020 promises the emergence of virtual open spaces. Future studies will be focused especially on an understanding of the shift towards the digital space and the emergence of a combination of the real space and the virtual space in developed countries. Moreover, it is necessary to know the social dimensions of urban spaces according to the conditions imposed by the corona virus in order to understand the type and method of changing the shape of the public space of the city and social interactions. Finally, the study and review of the valuable articles published in the area of the interface between the city and ICT has raised wide, diverse issues that require familiarity, mastery, and theoretical specialization besides their practical applications for policy-makers, planners, and urban designers and managers. Acknowledgment The Article has been derived from the Ph.D thesis entitled “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology and the covid Pandemic on Urban Studies: A Systematic Review”, which has been defended by first author under the second author`s supervision and the third author`s advisory at the Qazvin Branch Islamic Azad University.

Urban Planning

Identification of the Effective Components to Improve the Quality of Urban Public Spaces for Children Regarding the Conceptual Model of the Right to the City (Case Study: Tehran)

Zahra Tamjidi; Zahra sadat saiedeh Zarabadi; Farah Habib

Volume 11, Issue 44 , October 2022, Pages 115-130

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.004

Abstract

Highlights:- The right to the city is a human right that concerns citizens’ possession of the city and their participation in city affairs, regardless of age, gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, or religion.- Children are a group of citizens who should be considered in urban planning due to their ... Read More Highlights:- The right to the city is a human right that concerns citizens’ possession of the city and their participation in city affairs, regardless of age, gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, or religion.- Children are a group of citizens who should be considered in urban planning due to their special physical and psychological conditions.- The four-part model of “Child’s Right to the City” includes the urban governance system, social inclusion, spatial access, diversity and vitality, and relevant components.- The components of the concept of the child’s right to the city are effective in improvement of the quality of urban spaces for children. IntroductionThe right to the city is an issue of social, political, and legal nature that, based on the concept of citizenship rights, demands a set of rights for all city residents to use urban life in a transparent, fair manner. Urban spaces occupy a major part of the time and space of people’s daily lives, and they have young audiences who are much more influenced by environmental factors than adults. Therefore, a part of the function of an urban space should be assigned to children, which makes it particularly important to properly design urban spaces for children as citizens and future builders of the city. The presence of children in the public space of a city provides them with appropriate experiences, including acquaintance with urban geography, appropriate social relations with peer groups, appropriate physical mobility in a wider space than the limited space of the home, enhancement of the sense of belonging to the place, city, and neighborhood, and acquisition of identity through the sense of place. Since children have psychological needs that are much more complex than biological and physical needs, the design of urban spaces taking into account the psychology of development and children’s mental characteristics, health, and safety is effective in fostering creativity and strengthening the sense of cooperation and children’s education. Despite the global attention paid to children’s issues and useful international movements, there is less concern in our country for children’s specific issues in the urban arena, and children in cities are faced with many special problems in terms of age and physical and mental conditions, such as non-observance of basic rights, lack of security and safety, insufficient facilities and spaces for activities and games, and consequent lack of feeling of belonging to the space. As residents of the city, children’s right thereto has been neglected in many cases by decision-makers, planners, and even other citizens. Due to the dominance of the ageist culture, children are always ignored in planning and decision-making, and they are left out as isolated, unqualified people in an understanding of their priorities and needs.Theoretical FrameworkThe right to the city can be defined and claimed for all its residents. It emphasizes two main rights. The right of allocation is defined for anyone who lives in an urban space on a daily basis, regardless of their nationality, gender, and age, and the right of participation is used to apply the opinions and mental ideals of space users. Children and teenagers are also daily users of urban spaces, although the type of space use by children and teenagers is different due to their age conditions and the restrictions on their independence. However, their right to the city and urban spaces should be recognized, and methods should be provided for their participation in definition and change of the urban space.MethodologyThe purpose of this article is to examine the concept of the right to the city and to identify the factors that are effective in improvement of the appropriateness of the urban public spaces for the presence of children. For this purpose, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Since both types of analysis are interpreted sequentially, the present article falls in the category of sequential-exploratory research. For analysis of the qualitative data, meta-synthesis and Grounded Theory were used, along with the NVivo software, employed to code the data. The data collection method involved documentary research and semi-structured interviews. The multiple regression test was used to investigate the relationships and the level of support between the components of the child’s right to the city and the quality of urban spaces.Results and DiscussionIn this research, the urban space quality index was considered as a dependent variable, and the components of the child’s right to the city (urban governance, social inclusion, access to spaces, and diversity and vitality) were regarded as independent variables. On that basis, the urban governance component involves 35.5% of the improvement made in the quality of the urban space in order to realize the child’s right to the city, and the other components include social inclusion, spatial accessibility, and diversity and vitality, with 31.2%, 28.9%, and 14.6%, respectively. Moreover, the influence of each of the sub-components of the child’s right to the city on the quality of urban spaces and the corresponding correlation were investigated separately.ConclusionBased on the four-part conceptual model, the four main zones of the concept of the child’s right to the city include urban governance, social inclusion, spatial accessibility, and diversity and vitality, which make up four consecutive steps to the final goal of the research based on frequency. The sub-themes exhibit a hierarchical structure. In the zone of diversity and vitality, for example, it can be inferred according to the concepts of the right to recreation, safe spaces versus security spaces, social interactions, and collective life that concern for creativity should be realized so that the environment can be considered memorable to be capable of completing the above zone.

Urban Design

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

a l; ا س

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Urban Design

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Shahab Abbaszadeh; Sevda Tamry

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

m kh; m m; f j; k a

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Urban Planning

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

z m; h sh; a r

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Urban Planning

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

Urban Architecture

Investigating the Influence Quality of Inputs on bazaar Attendance (Case Study: Shiraz Traditional Market)

maliheh taghipour; maryam bagheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 December 2020

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.119

Abstract

The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can ... Read More

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Application of Jan Gehl: Quality of the Street Scene and its Relationship with the Activities of Tehran Citizens

maryam shaebani; mahmood sharepour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.005

Abstract

Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the ... Read More Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the street in front of their homes, from their neighborhood, and around their work, and thus, the quality of the streets and other public spaces affects every day's life and directly contributes to their sense of welfareTheoretical framework: Today, the human dimension of public spaces has been considered more than ever by urban planners and designers; because the activities in public spaces can affect the quality and quantity of attracting people to stop and interact in these spaces.The streets are the site of the connection and linking of urban spaces and activities. Jan Gehl argues that the activities in the public sphere are particularly important in understanding this space. According to flower, the activity of people in public spaces can be classified into three categories: first, necessary activities: only partly influenced by the physical quality of the environment, as it is essential to do them to continue living. Second, optional activities occur only in optimal conditions, thus direct measurement of the quality of public space. These activities also affect users ' perceptions of space. Third, social activities: Almost all of the cases arise from cross - fertilization activities. The present study tries to help the theoretical development of key concepts of Jan Gehl in the context of Iranian city studies. Methodology: By utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed methods, in the first stage (qualitative part), observational analysis and thematic analysis were performed to analyze its data, and in the second stage (quantitative part), survey method was performed. In the qualitative part, five streets in Tehran were selected using purposive sampling and with maximum variation and in the quantitative part, using sampling proportional to volume and simple random, number (302 people) were selected as the sample population. The research population of all citizens of Tehran with age criteria is 15 years and higher. To analyze the data, SPSS23 and PLS3 software was used. Result and Discussion: Findings indicate the occurrence of more necessary activities than optional activities, which obscures the quality of the street scene of Tehran and in some way, indicates that the streets of Tehran do not have favorable conditions for social activities; this is the same unfavorable situation that Jan Gehl mentioned. Another notable result in this regard is the discussion of optional activities among residents of northern Tehran and the occurrence of necessary activities among residents of southern Tehran, which clearly indicates a kind of centralism in the quality of landscape of the streets in the northern part of Tehran; which should be given serious attention in urban development policies by the urban planning officials of Tehran.

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Slum Settlements

The phenomenon of space in informal settlements The lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlement Case Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) Baharestan country Tehran province 2016-1986

Zahra Eskandari Dorbati; Mehrdad Javaheripour; Farah Torkaman

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.006

Abstract

The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups ... Read More The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups formed around livelihood activities in informal settlements in their reciprocal relationship with the social / physical space of these areas. The prevalence of quantitative survey analysis of the vulnerabilities of these settlements has led to a lack of awareness of the capabilities and agency of the residents of these areas in dealing with the structural barriers they face. Over the past four decades, after migrating to these settlements, these social groups have reorganized their daily lives, turning a space deprived of basic amenities into an opportunity to connect with the market and improve their everyday lives.The location of this research is the central core of Nasimshahr, which has been registered in official documents 1996 under the name of Akbarabad village . Nasimshahr, which is located conveniently 15 km west of the metropolis of Tehran, was selected for the study due to its average population growth rate of greater than 41% between 1355-1375 and the availability of a baseline study comparing 11 informal settlements in the urban area of Tehran.This study was conducted with a phenomenological theoretical approach and research design based on a combination of qualitative methods including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary studies. Secondary sources of information to complement and validate the research include aerial photographs showing the development of Akbarabad and urban spaces built by the people during the years 1356 to 1381, as well as interviews with key informants about the ownership history and National census statistics of 1381 and data from the year 1400 study of the chamber of commerce of Baharestan country.Findings of this study show that livelihood groups have formed distinct and independent markets in relation to the social/physical space of Akbarabad. Among these markets is the production of clothing related to the clothing industry, which was formed from the beginning of the 1370s by the subdivision of land for residential units on the fringes of access roads and the use of home-based working practices. In the year 1400, about 5800 people were working in 800 officially registered workshops, which augments to 15,000 to 18,000 people, once the unregistered informally employed individuals are taken into account. Understanding the spatiality of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is not possible without knowing the livelihood mechanism adopted. This study therefore concludes that, the social dynamics of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is the result of the complexity and interrelationship between social groups related to livelihood with the flexibility within the informal markets (settlements) in Akbarabad. This relationship and interaction with the Tehran market has resulted in the conviction that the livelihood group of clothing production in NasimShahr may achieve sustainability within the group.Keywords: informal settlement , socio - livelihood groups, social dynamics, , Akbarabad village, Nasimshahr, lived experience, social and physical space

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Urban Management

Citizen participation in urban management and identifying its economic and social determinants (Case study: Ilam)

davood Jamini; Ali shamsoddini; Alireza Jamshidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.007

Abstract

Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve ... Read More Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve sustainable development of Ilam, as one of the border cities in Iran, Investigating the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying the factors affecting the level of citizen participation is of special importance and status. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying determinants in Ilam.Framework TheoreticalLiving in a democratic society requires people to play an active role in various aspects of their lives (Predescu & Darjan, 2010: 3241). Citizen participation is of great importance in systems claiming democracy (Ginieniewicz, 2007: 328), and is vital for any democratic society, and democracy can only be developed through involved and informed citizens. In addition, it is important to have citizens ready to take responsibility for changing the reality of today's world (Manganelli et al., 2012: 1476). For this reason, today, public participation is seen as a new strategy in development (Khajeh Shahkoohi et al., 2015: 4). An inductive look at the existing patterns of participation in the world shows that these patterns can be classified according to three different criteria: according to the type of participation (1- decision making, 2- financing, 3- manpower); Depending on the field of participation in activities (1- construction, 2- environment, 3- ensuring city safety, 4- monitoring, 5- municipal services and 6- social welfare); Depending on the type of organization (1- spontaneous and spontaneous organizations, 2- formal and motivated organizations). Of course, depending on which participation is done in order to perform any of the mentioned activities, it is also possible to classify participation patterns (Rezaei and Asyabani, 2018: 146).In a general conclusion, it can be said that citizen participation in urban management has different dimensions and has a special place in the issue of sustainable urban development. However, different factors affect the level of citizen participation in urban management, which can be different according to different urban spaces.MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-correlational study in terms of the nature of quantitative research, considering the purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection. Has used the analysis of covariance-variance among correlation methods. The research area is Ilam city and the statistical population includes 194030 citizens of Ilam city who are over 18 years old. 383 citizens were selected using Cochran's formula by stratified random sampling as the study sample. The main research tool for data collection, in addition to documentary studies, is a researcher-made questionnaire. It should be noted that the design of a questionnaire to measure citizen participation in urban management was the basis of the work of Amira Ahmadi et al. (2016) and Meymandi Parizi (2017). The validity of the research tool has been evaluated and confirmed by consulting experts and university professors (face validity) as well as convergently. Combined reliability coefficients (greater than 0.7) and Cronbach's alpha (greater than 0.7) are used to measure reliability. If these coefficients are appropriate, it can be said that the research tool is reliable. In the present study, two methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis and structural equation modeling) have been used to analyze the data. It should be noted that one of the statistical methods used in the field of structural equation modeling is the partial least squares method. In this regard, related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used to analyze the data.Discussion and ResultsThe results of structural model analysis showed that the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers had a significant effect on other independent variables. So that Dari has had the greatest impact on the variables of good urban governance (with an impact factor of 0.275), job satisfaction (with an impact factor of 0.262) and the variable of social capital (with an impact factor of 0.255). On the other hand, the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers has the least effect (with an impact factor of 0.05) on the level of citizen participation in urban management, in which case we can point to the low level of citizen satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (average = 2.37).ConclusionThe results showed that in the study area, the relationship between citizen participation in urban management (as a research dependent variable), job satisfaction, satisfaction with the performance of urban managers, social capital, good urban governance, quality of life (negative correlation) and sense of place belonging statistically related Significance was related to the research variable. In this regard, it can be said that by decreasing and increasing the level of each of these variables, the level of citizen participation decreases and increases. The results of structural analysis model (with partial least squares method) independent research variables have been able to explain 75.8% of the variance of Ilam citizens' participation in urban management. The amount of coefficients explained for each of those variables on the dependent variable are: quality of life (0.35), satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (0.05), social capital (-0.075), job satisfaction (0.131), good urban governance (0.372) and spatial affiliation (0.275).

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Urban Sustainability

Evaluation of Managerial-Economic Triggers in Decreasing Buildings’ Productivity Period( Case Study: Tehran City).

AmirHossein Pourjohari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.008

Abstract

Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity ... Read More Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity is a general concept that contains all the urban functions. Buildings are the main factors in economic and spatial structure in cities. They have a de terminative role in urban management and development and their productivity is interpreted to use of all the physical and structural capacities. Therefore, it can be claimed that buildings are important in urban productivity. Nevertheless, Buildings are one of the priorities to invest in cities; specially in our country. However, managerial patterns and legal system are not prepared based on roles and rights to Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand Management. This comes from fast access benefits from deconstruction and reconstruction which covers the costs. Due to importance of buildings as a national value and also considering the concept of sustainable development, it is necessary to analysis of statistic trends and study different aspects which impact public tendency to demolish and rebuild buildings. In this research, static information of demolish and rebuild permit in a twenty-years period has been analyzed. In addition, with using of random sampling, 4526 cases as durable buildings has been selected. Also, evaluation of income codes of Tehran municipality in the defined period has been considered. Therefore, this research has studied either public and managerial trends which are related to keeping durable buildings or side effective factors in this issue.In the result of this evaluation, it becomes obvious that value added creation arising from demolishment and rebuild is the most important factor to stimulate people to have demand to do that. However, analysis of urban management income shows that demolish of durable buildings has not great impact on urban management income. It seems that durable buildings' preservation needs to consider some changes in urban terms and also restrictions. In this case, definition new methods to value added creation to satisfy durable buildings’ owners to keep buildings must be considered.

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Regional Planning

Causes and consequences of sprawl in central city- region of Mazandaran

fardis salarian; mahin nastaran; Hashem Dadashpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.009

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The ... Read More

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Urban Scape

Developing the model of research method in urban landscape studies emphasizing Saunders research onion

Hajar Assadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.010

Abstract

Although many years have passed since the introduction of the concept of landscape in the Iranian architecture and urban planning literature, there is still no semantic agreement on its concept through theorists and researchers. However, it can be said that the urban landscape has an objective aspect ... Read More

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Slum Settlements

Investigating the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Resilience of Informal Settlements of Urmia against Covid-19 Pandemic

Mojtaba Arasteh; mohammad hosein pour hasan zadeh; Maryam Baghaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.011

Abstract

The global crisis of the coronavirus pandemic has put cities and urban management in a difficult position. Pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is higher in informal settlements and slums due to the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these areas. The main purpose of this ... Read More

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Urban Scape

Effect of Green Index on the Visual Preference Matrix of Kaplans in the Residential Streetscapes (Case study: Bakhsh-e-Hasht Neighborhood in Sari)

Aida Arjmandtabar; Raheleh Rostami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.010

Abstract

Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. ... Read More Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. However, this theory is yet to be effectively considered for urban landscapes. This theory has been proven in areas such as meadows, forest and fields but on the other hand urban landscapes are high density developments and are deprived of appropriate greenery. Considering that and the importance of residential streetscapes in light of their visibility on a daily basis, it was decided to evaluate the matrix of visual preferences in urban landscapes with an emphasis on the amount of green index in form of vegetation visible to urbanites and its kinship to natural landscapes of the same nature. In order to test this theory, pictures of residential streetscapes in the most populated district of Sari (Bakhsh-e-Hasht neighborhood) were used as a basis for comparison, and a public survey was performed where participants’ opinions were quantitively obtained via a structured questionnaire. In a descriptive correlational research method, analysis of the collected data using SPSS software showed that, despite the intensification of the green index in the urban landscapes, the visual preference matrix was not as effective as that of the natural landscapes, with the four variables of this matrix failed to significantly affect the visual preferences of the dominant public, although the ultimate preference was found to be independently associated with the green index and increased at higher green index values. The results also showed that structural factors of residential streetscapes such as the width of the pathway have affected on the influence quality of the four variables of this matrix on the final visual preference, in such a way that the narrower pathways are clearly stronger functions of the Kaplan matrix.

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Planning worn-out urban fabric

Identify susceptible areas to infill development using Remote Sensing (Case study: Ahvaz metropolis)

Ali Shojaeian; Amer Nikpour; Naser Aligholizadeh Firouz jaei; Mohamad Soleymani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.009

Abstract

ObjectivesThe growth of urbanization and subsequent urban development is one of the problems that the world is now facing. In developing countries, this urbanization growth is often the result of urbanization overtaking urban planning, poor land and housing policies, urban and rural migration, and the ... Read More ObjectivesThe growth of urbanization and subsequent urban development is one of the problems that the world is now facing. In developing countries, this urbanization growth is often the result of urbanization overtaking urban planning, poor land and housing policies, urban and rural migration, and the efforts of middle- and low-income households to find affordable housing on the outskirts. Therefore, infill development, which is an essential part of the idea of smart urban growth, is a practical solution to prevent the physical expansion of the city in vacant and abandoned lands within urban areas that can help revitalize and revitalize the city. At the center of the mid-term development debate, abandoned land has recently become the focus of governments, communities, environmentalists, researchers and scientists around the world. Therefore, according to the current situation of Ahvaz city, awareness of areas and areas that are prone to infill development is a necessity to provide plans and programs in order to prevent the scattered phenomenon of superficial development and achieve infill development.FindingsFrom all the identified areas with worn texture, the research results showed that out of 18650 hectares of the legal area of Ahvaz city, more than 6726 hectares (including identified barren areas and worn texture) have the potential for infill development. This covers 36.2% of the city area, which is a relatively large number. Also, of the total area proposed for the intermediate development of Ahvaz, in eroded tissues and barren lands, the highest area belongs to barren lands with more than 5768 hectares and the lowest values belong to the parts of eroded tissues with more than 958 hectares, with 85.7 and 14.3%, respectively. ResultsThe results show that in relation to the distribution of worn-out tissue identified in this study, areas one and seven municipalities with 3197360 and 3231110 square meters and with 33.36 and 33.75% of the total worn-out tissue of Ahvaz, respectively, the highest and also region five with 5850 square meters and 0.06% have the lowest values. This statistic is highly consistent with field data because areas seven and one of Ahvaz are considered old and mainly contain the historical and old contexts of the city. The data of this section seems logical because region one (old section of Ahvaz) is considered as one of the historical contexts and the primary and central core of Ahvaz. Therefore, the existence of the least abandoned, barren and empty lands in this area is more noticeable. In contrast, more than half of the 2 municipalities have vacant lands, which are also seen as expandable areas in future urban plans.

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Urban Design

Comparative comparison of the quality level of sensory richness components in commercial spaces using sense walking and sensory notation techniques (Case study: Tehran Grand Bazaar and Bamland Shopping Center)

yasaman Ghaderi; Seyed Mahdi Khatami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.008

Abstract

AbstractStatement of the topic: The five senses are the window of human communication with the surrounding environment, through the understanding of urban spaces through different sensory channels, such as: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli, despite the role ... Read More AbstractStatement of the topic: The five senses are the window of human communication with the surrounding environment, through the understanding of urban spaces through different sensory channels, such as: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli, despite the role it plays in the quality of the urban space and the creation of a space of memory, seem to have received less attention from urban designers and landscape architects. While one of the ways to improve the quality of the urban space is to increase the sensory richness of the environment in order to use all the senses with the aim of creating attractiveness, belonging to the environment, increasing the structure and the possibility of activities for all social, age, sexual groups and people with low abilities in terms of perception and senses. Such as: blind, deaf and disabled people.Aim: Considering the importance of the sensory perception system in the perception of space and the role that this perception can have on cognition and behavior, the present research investigates sensory quality through the identification of various sensory ratings in the commercial space. Therefore, the area of the Grand Bazaar and Bamland shopping center of Tehran was selected to compare the quality level of sensory richness components of two commercial and traditional commercial urban spaces, in order to pay attention to the quality of sensory richness in the design of commercial spaces from the past to the present. What changes have been made?Research method: In order to achieve the goal of the research in the theoretical foundations and research background section, the library method was used and in the field studies section, two methods of "sensory tour" and "sensory note-taking" were used.Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that, in general, the quality level of the components of sensory richness in Tehran Grand Bazaar was higher than in Bamland Mall, and in both samples, the sense of sight had the most sensory movement and the sense of taste had the least amount of movement. In terms of scores related to the movements of the sense of sight, Bamland shopping center has been more than Tehran Grand Bazaar, which is more indicative of the visual environment in today's designs of commercial spaces.

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Urban Sociology

Residential satisfaction and its related factors among older adults in Sanandaj city

parastoo mohammadyan; Nasibeh Zanjari; Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz; Ahmad Delbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.007

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: One of the factors that have a great impact on health, function, well-being and ultimately the quality of life among older adults is residential satisfaction. But in Iran, there are not enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: One of the factors that have a great impact on health, function, well-being and ultimately the quality of life among older adults is residential satisfaction. But in Iran, there are not enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the residential satisfaction status and its related factors among older adults in Sanandaj city.method: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 older people in Sanandaj in 1400. The statistical population of this study was all the older adults aged 60 years and older living in Sanandaj. In this study, multi-stage-cluster sampling method was used. Data were collected by a questionnaire using the residential satisfaction questionnaire and SPSS software version 24.0 was used to analyze the data.findings: The mean age of the older adults in the present study was (mean=68.34,sd=7.26) and 55% of the participants were men. The mean score of residential satisfaction in this study was (mean=3.65,sd=0.54), the lowest mean score was related to the quality of the surrounding environment(mean=3.51,sd=0.90) and the highest mean related to the facilities(mean=3.85,sd=0.78). According to the results of bivariate analysis between gender(t=2.47,p<0.01), marital status(t=4.52,p<0.001), education level(f=22.62,p<0.001), employment status(f=10.96,p<0.001), economic status(f=60.81,p<0.001), length of stay in the neighborhood(r=-0.29,p<0.001), general well-being(r=0.60,p<0.001), economic wellbeing(f=60.10,p<0.001) and self-perceived health status(f=32.58,p<0.001), a significant relationship was found with residential satisfaction. According to the multilinear regression model, by controlling the simultaneous effect of predictor variables, the participants who had better general well-being, economic well-being and health status were more satisfied with their place of residence. Also, the elderly who lived in an apartment house were more satisfied with their place of residence than the older adults who lived in a house. Overall, the regression model explained 59% of the changes in residential satisfaction among participants.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the residential satisfaction of the elderly is moderate. The results of the study can help policy makers in the field of housing and urban planning to pay attention to the level of satisfaction of the older adults and their health and well-being.

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Urban Sustainability

A Comparison of the Physical Quality of Life in Pandemic Crises Retrieved from Residents' Minds; (Case Study: Contemporary Residential Neighbourhoods in Iran during the Covid 19 pandemic).

Ali Riahi Dehkordi; Mahdi Montazerolhodjah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.006

Abstract

Abstract Objectives:Neighborhoods can play an important role in corona virus pandemic by improving the residents quality of life. Among the affecting dimensions on quality of life in neighborhoods, the physical dimension has a tremendous effect; Organizing environment and meeting the residents needs ... Read More Abstract Objectives:Neighborhoods can play an important role in corona virus pandemic by improving the residents quality of life. Among the affecting dimensions on quality of life in neighborhoods, the physical dimension has a tremendous effect; Organizing environment and meeting the residents needs in order to self-sufficiency of neighborhoods, preventing presence of people in cities and reduce population density in urban centers , and finally cut the virus transmission chain. Therefore, the present study tries to compare the physical quality of residents life in contemporary neighborhoods of three scales; Metropolitan, middle cities and small towns in Iran. Methodology:The research method of current article is causal-analytical, furthermore library resources and internet questionnaire were used to collect required data and information. The size of the statistical population was determined based on the second Cochran's formula, which provides 90 samples due to the uncertainty of the population. But to increase the validity of the research, 300 questionnaires were distributed by stratified sampling method. Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysisof variance(Anova) were used to analyze the extracted data. Findings: The obtained results indicate that among the six categories of physical factors, in metropolitan areas according to the average opinions, mental health (170/29), environmental design (159/28), lighting (178/19) and residential (188/01) have maximum figures. In the middle cities, environmental health (171/55) and in small cities, accessibility (159/48) rank first respectively. In addition, the categories of environmental health, lighting, accessibility, environmental design and residential are not significantly different between the three groups of research.However, only the category of mental health with chi-square statistics (14/163) and a significant level (/ 001) between three scales has a significant differences.Results: Epidemic have always occurred at different times in human life throughout history, and the Covid 19 virus is the newest type of these,which affects cities in addition to medicine and health,so the cities should try to change; flexiblity and resilentility can help reduce and resolve these crises. Urban neighborhoods as the most involved urban element in the Covid 19 epidemic with higher quality of life at different scales from large cities to small towns have played a key role in this regard. Taking into account the priority of the opinions of the neighborhoods residents of all three cities scales, suggestions are made for the sustainability and responsiveness of neighbourhoods in times of crisis of the epidemic of viral diseases:1- Pay attention to the legibility of spaces and routes for people in metropolitan areas through the design of appropriate lighting, eliminate places where people are not visible to others, eliminate closed and narrow paths to increase the psychological security of pedestrians during public quarantine .2- Pay attention to the design of open spaces in metropolitan areas and do not leave them as empty lands by designing separate spaces related to physical activities such as walking, cycling to facilitate the maintenance of physical well-being of people involved in public quarantine.3- Designing the adjacent spaces of residential blocks in metropolitan areas in order to meet the psychological and basic needs of residents through the location of small green spaces and grocery stores to prevent congestion in neighborhood centers.4- Pay attention to the proper placement of garbage bins and places for them related to patients of coronavirus in the neighborhoods of middle cities in order to cut the transmission chain of coronavirus.5- Organizing pedestrian paths in small towns for easy and carefree access to homes, from unnecessary congestion caused by unsuitable asphalt, paving, narrow passages and various obstacles in sidewalks. Keywords: Physical Quality of Life, Residential Areas, Pandemic, Yazd, Covid19.

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Urban Sustainability

The role of environmental quality in the continuity of life in the biological complexes of Arak

Ali Asadi; saeed Salehi Marzijrani; Hassan sajadzadeh; hosein kalantari khalil abad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.005

Abstract

Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact ... Read More Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact of residential movements on the social spatial structure of the city, less attention has been paid to the issue of relocation factors and residential instability and the desire to relocate, especially in the environmental quality of residential complexes and why relocation Residential, in order to achieve the governing laws, has a special necessity and importance in urban planning, design and implementation and foresight. The purpose of this study is to discover the factors affecting residential instability and the tendency to relocate, especially in the quality of the environment of residential complexes in Arak by residents. It has been done in Arak city during the period of March 2017 to July 2016. Participants in this study were selected through a cluster random sample, and for a more detailed study, the complexes were selected as towers, multi-block and single. The results showed that causal conditions have the greatest impact in the first place and in the second place, intervening and strategic conditions affect residential stability. Causal conditions (such as design and construction of the building) are formed before the construction of the complex and other conditions One of the background conditions (such as the location of the complex in the city) after the construction of the complex is involved, which includes intervening and strategic conditions. Strategic conditions such as a sense of security and tranquility, congestion and management and intervening conditions such as neighborhood relations, cultural level and social homogeneity of residents, lack of economic capacity to move and lack of buyers due to poor building conditions (which are mostly personal and individual It is effective and different for each person) are factors that affect residential stability and the desire to move.The results also showed that the factors that create residential stability are different from the factors that create the desire and tendency to move, and the reason is that the factors that create residential stability are commented on based on facts and needs, but the factors that tend to move based on desires are ideas. Flags, ideals, and minds are expressed, and the greater the distance between the two (real desires and aspirations), the greater the desire to move. For example, in residential stability variables, the highest frequency is related to good building quality with a frequency of 286, while in the study of residential relocation variables, achieving a larger apartment with a better yard and a quieter and better neighborhood with a frequency of 227 Has the largest number.Accordingly, good building quality and cultural level and homogeneity were the first and second priorities of residents in residential stability. But the important point is the high level of reference to peace and security, proper access level, good management and economic inability to move, which have been important reasons for the respondents. Other cases mentioned include the good location of the apartment and the complex. Also, interviews with residents of residential complexes showed that access to apartments with a larger area is more important for the relocation of residents.The section on causal conditions includes structures, architecture and electrical and mechanical installations, facilities, green and open space, and the quality of materials and execution. The aim of this dissertation in reviewing this research is the architectural design, green and open space section. The architectural part consists of two parts: design and execution. The execution part includes suitable and quality materials and the manner of execution. In the design part, the factors that are very important for people in terms of residential stability and desire to move are presented in this research.

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Urban Architecture

Architectural requirements to the realization of the school as a neighborhood center Based on the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE)

mohammad taghizadeh kordi; Mahmoud Reza Saghafi; Mohsen Afshari; Saeid Safaei Movahhed

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.004

Abstract

The present study intends to answer the main question: what are the architectural requirements for the realization of "school as the center of the neighborhood"? According to some researchers, the approach of learning ecology and the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE), the architecture of ... Read More The present study intends to answer the main question: what are the architectural requirements for the realization of "school as the center of the neighborhood"? According to some researchers, the approach of learning ecology and the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE), the architecture of each period is the product of the educational philosophy of that period; therefore, to design a school, one must start from its educational philosophy, which Fisher calls the psycho-social pedagogy of space. This research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach of document analysis research method, with an applied purpose and using the ecological approach of learning and planning by Durek method in such a way that first the Reform Document was examined to extract the mission, foundations, principles, and related goals. The necessary data was then collected through document mining and semi-structured and informal interviews with the informants. The informants’ outlets consisted of 23 teachers who were purposefully selected using criterion-based and snowball sampling strategy with maximum variety to ensure data credibility. To analyze the data, content analysis method was used, and to validate the credibility of findings, triangulation, and peer debriefing strategies were used. In order to ensure dependability, the data analysis process was described as much as possible. Finally, a list of architectural requirements for the realization of the school as the center of the neighborhood in three main categories and nine subcategories, including the characteristics of the physical environment (functionality, flexibility, diversity and pleasantness), meeting user needs (physical and physiological, psychological and social and participation) and organizational characteristics (cultural and all-round). The proposed architectural requirements have similarities and differences with previous documents, which according to the source of data collection, were divided into three groups: requirements stated only in interviews (due to the influence of Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization), previous documents (including the needs of the higher levels of Maslow Pyramid) and common (including the needs of the lower levels of the Maslow pyramid). The most important feature of neighborhood schools for success is expansion and comprehensive provision of justice, the most prominent principle of which is diversity and flexibility in all its dimensions, including architecture.

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Urban Sociology

Investigating the effective dimensions on measuring the level of residents' attachment to residential areas (Case study: Haft Chenar neighborhood - District 10 of Tehran)

Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo; بنیادی Bonyadi; Atoosa Modiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.003

Abstract

Extended AbstractIntroductionThe topic of the quality of the human-place emotional relationship from its place of residence or place attachment has been considered by many urban planners and designers in recent years. In the past, neighborhood relationships between neighborhood residents who knew each ... Read More Extended AbstractIntroductionThe topic of the quality of the human-place emotional relationship from its place of residence or place attachment has been considered by many urban planners and designers in recent years. In the past, neighborhood relationships between neighborhood residents who knew each other and were aware of each other's circumstances always helped to form healthy and familiar emotional relationships among neighborhood residents. In other words, neighborhoods, as familiar social units, had deep cultural roots and followed certain traditions, customs, and even continued the rites and ways of life and the norms and customs inherited from the past. However, in modern cities, as the emotional bonds of the local community weaken, kinship, shared religious beliefs, and moral values give way to anonymity and individualism. Over time, neighborhood connections have lost some of their function. Lack of familiarity of people in the neighborhoods, lack of joint activities, lack of ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural ties as before has reduced the level of emotional connection of people or their sense of attachment with their residential neighborhood. As a result, the purpose of this article is to provide a structural modeling to investigate the effective dimensions of place attachment to residential areas with an attitude approach.Theoretical FrameworkMany researchers examine the dimensions of attachment to a place in the form of an attitude perspective and provide a framework for classifying its dimensions. Therefore, considering that understanding the cognitive, perceptual and emotional framework of place attachment allows researchers to better explore the potential and complexity of this concept, in order to achieve the objectives of this study, while identifying the dimensions The constructor of spatial attachment consisting of spatial identity, spatial dependence, and spatial emotion will examine and test each of them in the form of the approach based on the attitude. MethodologyThis research seeks to "investigate the dimensions affecting the level of residents’ place attachment with an attitude approach". Since this was not easily possible, the indexing technique was used to examine it. In this technique, indicators were considered to identify the dimensions and questions were asked in the questionnaire to measure them. In order to assess the respondents' opinions about the research topic, their responses were measured with a 5-point Likert scale. Also, a simple random sampling method was used to select the present samples.Results and DiscussionThe findings illustrated that the level of attachment of Haft Chenar neighborhood residents is high. On the other hand, the results of the analysis of the structural model of the research supported that place attachment is a quadratic component consisting of the four identified dimensions of spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence and social connection with place. Among all these four dimensions, it is noteworthy that among the four identified dimensions, social connection with place was identified as the strongest predictors of spatial attachment in the research, showing that level of social connection in a neighborhood is high which can directly increase the level of residents’ attachment to the place. Also, considering that these four dimensions of convergent narrative for the structure showed spatial attachment, some solutions are provided for urban planners and designers to increase the attachment of residents in Haft Chenar neighborhood.ConclusionConsidering spatial attachment as a secondary component and the claim of this research that spatial dependence, spatial identity, spatial affection and social connection with place constitute different basic dimensions of spatial attachment, the spatial attachment model is experimentally tested. Hence, by validation factor analysis (CFA) method, the validity of spatial attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions was confirmed. As the fit indices of the model showed, the model is suitable for research data.

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Urban Ecology

Evaluation of the effect of tree planting pattern on thermal comfort around residential blocks

Mehrdad Karimimoshaver; mahsa samadpour shahrak

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.002

Abstract

1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per ... Read More 1. IntroductionThe increasing population has changed the morphology of the cities and caused a change in the surrounding environmental conditions. Green space per capita in Iran is about 4.5 square meters per person, which is very different from the global one, which is about 20 to 25 square meters per person (Haashemi et al., 2016). As a result, increasing the amount of greenery in cities seems necessary. Lee et al. (2016) introduce the two factors of shading and ventilation as the main factors in improving the thermal comfort conditions in the environment by trees. Vegetation reduces the mean radiant temperature and improves environmental conditions by evaporating and controlling and reflecting daylight (Salata et al., 2017). Vegetation plays a major role in regulating weather conditions by controlling wind flow and conducting it and reducing its speed and pressure (Perini et al., 2018).Previous research has mentioned the importance of planting pattern, trees, and vegetation and their impact on the environmental and microclimatic conditions of the region. Now the question arises, what kind of tree planting pattern, among the common planting pattern, can have a better impact on the environment? Therefore, in this study, four common planting patterns of sextuple, quadruple, row, and scattered in the same conditions and with an equal number of trees were selected. 2. Materials and methodsIn this research the software of ENVI-met was used because the output of this software provides most of the parameters required for thermal comforts, such as Ta, Tmrt, wind speed, etc (Taleghani et al., 2015), and results have been validated and used by researchers (Taleghani et al., 2018). 3. Results and Discussion:To measure the data, 5 receptors in the central points of the site were selected. Data and environmental information of the receptors were extracted during the studied hours (10 am to 9 pm) and their mean was calculated for PMV index.Analysis of the data and figures extracted from the software shows that in the scattered pattern, a more uniform shadow is created in the environment than in other patterns, and also because the trees are scattered in most parts of the site, the solar access is less and more limited than other scenarios. Also, in the row pattern, ventilation conditions are easier than in the scattered pattern, and the warm wind passes through the trees more easily due to the regular arrangement. Therefore, the best planting pattern is one that creates more uniform shade and better ventilation conditions. However, the results of the scattered pattern are the same in most parts of the site, and in some cases, there is little difference between them. As a result, the pattern of tree planting in a scattered and row is better than mass planting and concentrated in certain parts of the site.4. Conclusion:The results show that in comparing the treeless scenario with other scenarios, the thermal comfort conditions change to a large extent and all scenarios create better environmental conditions than the treeless state. Also, because the row pattern in most receptors and most hours of the day has a lower average of PMV, it is the best pattern compared to others. Also, the sextuple pattern has a high index in most cases, and the quadruple pattern has a similar function to the sextuple one. Therefore, it can be concluded that the row and scattered pattern create better comfort conditions than other patterns. The results of this research can be used by architects, landscape designers, and urban designers. In this research, different patterns of trees have been compared with each other, so in future research, other plantings such as grass, shrubs, and shrubs and the effect of different planting patterns can be compared with each other.

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Urban Sustainability

Future study of the historical context of Yazd city based on the drivers of world heritage sustainability

mehrab mehrabi; Majid Ansari; MOHSEN RAFIEAN

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2022.012

Abstract

Sustainability is a complex concept and has many applications in urban areas. In terms of sustainability, world heritage cities such as Yazd have a special place. Sustainability studies of heritage cities such as Yazd are different from other cities due to the presence of historical-cultural heritage ... Read More Sustainability is a complex concept and has many applications in urban areas. In terms of sustainability, world heritage cities such as Yazd have a special place. Sustainability studies of heritage cities such as Yazd are different from other cities due to the presence of historical-cultural heritage elements in them. Accordingly, considering that the city of Yazd contains a precious heritage that has been inherited from generation to generation and based on the sustainability view, there is a need for the present generation to be diligent in preserving and transmitting it to the next generation, as well as increasing texture changes. The world heritage of the city of Yazd makes it necessary to be aware of the future of this valuable fabric and, based on this knowledge, to overcome the future developments of the study area. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the drivers that affect the process of sustainable development of the world heritage of Yazd and also to map the future scenarios of this living world heritage with emphasis on sustainable development. In this study, first, by studying the relevant documents, 24 variables were identified as effective factors on the process of sustainable development of the World Heritage Site of Yazd. Then, with the aim of identifying the propulsions of the study area, the effect and effectiveness of these factors on the dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) using fuzzy TOPSIS technique and a survey of experts in this field, based on the Likert scale (Range of 7) and was evaluated in two separate questionnaires. According to the findings of population research, resident participation, migration, competitiveness, tourism services, protection of the world heritage (physical-functional) and employment play the most important role in the future of the world heritage of Yazd. In analyzing the situation of world heritage context scenarios in Yazd, the current situation of Yazd historical heritage is far from the ideal scenario and tends more towards the critical scenario and sees a ups and downs ahead to maintain stability. If we assume the planning scene in the form of a range from critical conditions to complete desirability and consider critical conditions as complete distance from ideal goals and utility as complete proximity to ideal goals, it must be said that the historical context is not going in the right direction at the moment. It is not in good condition.

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Urban Planning

Transition of regional cities to metropolis(spatial dynamism of Rasht , Iran)

roghaye heydari; Esmaeil Aliakbari; Ahmad pourahmad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2023.001

Abstract

During its life, the city has been subjected to many changes under the influence of internal-external factors, in the context of place and over time, and has given shape and dimensions to its growth and development in different directions. Therefore, considering pattern of growth and expansion of the ... Read More During its life, the city has been subjected to many changes under the influence of internal-external factors, in the context of place and over time, and has given shape and dimensions to its growth and development in different directions. Therefore, considering pattern of growth and expansion of the city, continuous monitoring land use changes and land cover in large cities is critical for managing the growth and sustainability of the urban ecosystem. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the spatial dynamics of regional cities in transition to the metropolis (case study: Rasht city) and by descriptive-analytical method. The research data were collected by documentary method and using Landsat satellite images. For data processing, Davis model, satellite images (creation of land use maps and land cover of Rasht city in four classes (urban and built areas, water and paddy areas, forests and agricultural lands as well as gardens) as well as application of spatial metrics at the class level, using FRAGSTATS software have been used. Qualitative findings that the trend of spatial dynamics in Rasht has been intensive and based on rapid transition. This dynamics is constantly evolving and have repercussions and consequences under the influence of various factors such as natural forces and capabilities, political components, economic policies and development plans, development of infrastructure and communication system, integration of peripheral spatial phenomena in the physical boundaries of the city, informal settlements expansion as well as immigration flows. As far as its objective characteristics and reflections are concerned, one can point to the changes in land use system and land cover, urban sprawl, imbalance in the spatial organization of the network and urban hierarchy, service-rendering and the expansion of the city's economy foundations. Quantitative findings of the study also confirm the increase in urban land use levels from 4915 hectares to 9960 hectares and in contrast to the decrease in agricultural coverage from 29504 to 28233 hectares and a similar decreasing rate in paddy cover and forest areas during 1372-1398. Also, the results of spatial metrics show a 103% increase in urban areas and the breakdown of agricultural lands and paddy fields; The song follows the rapid spatial dynamics of the city to physical dispersion.

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Urban Sociology

The evolution of the image represented by the historical fabric of Tehran in Iranian cinema

sara farahpoor; Sina Razzaghi Asl

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 November 2022

Abstract

Background: Urban spaces, especially in historical contexts, have undergone a transformation that is a result of de-semantic processes and new formulations of urban declined areas. A process that has led to a decline in quality and transformation of the everyday life of inhabitants in these areas. Since ... Read More

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Urban Sustainability

Social capital as a sustainable living environment among the residents of Mehr housing (Case study: Mehr housing Baharan Sanandaj)

hossein daneshmehr; saaied khani; vorya molasalimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 November 2022

Abstract

The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. ... Read More The present study is generally conducted in the field of sociological factors and the status of social capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological factors and contexts affecting the status of social capital among the residents of Mehr Baharan Housing in Sanandaj. For this purpose, all residents of Mehr Baharan housing in Sanandaj have been studied as a statistical population.In terms of methodology, the research is of survey-applied type, based on descriptive-correlation methods. The data required for the research were collected through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire. The formal validity of the questions was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questions was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and Pearson correlation, independent t-test, ANOVA and multivariate regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings in statistical software confirmed the research hypotheses, meaning that there was a positive relationship between the level of apartment culture, the degree of neighborhood relations, the level of familiarity with the social environment, satisfaction with residence and social capital of residents. There was also a positive and significant relationship between access to facilities and quality of urban services and infrastructure with the social capital of residents, but no significant relationship was observed in the dimension of social relations. Also, no significant relationship was observed between the type of housing and social capital of the residents and only there was a significant relationship in terms of spatial affiliation. There was a positive and significant relationship between contextual variables (residence history, income and marital status) and social capital of residents. (Spatial affiliation, social cohesion and social relations) and a positive and significant relationship was observed between the residents 'marital status, but there was a significant relationship between the variables (age, gender, occupation, education) and residents' social capital. According to multivariate regression analysis, the variables of apartment culture, neighborhood relations and level of familiarity affected the social capital of Mehr housing residents and explained about 32% of the changes in the dependent variable.

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Urban Design

Measuring the Emotional Response of Users in Urban Spaces through Physiological-Perceptual Method

Faeze Rahmani Jami; Maryam Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 November 2022

Abstract

The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of ... Read More The effects of emotions on all of human daily decisions are undeniable. Using, staying or leaving urban spaces, and how to use these spaces are related to the emotions of users in urban space. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the factors affecting emotions in urban spaces and prioritize them in the selected space. In the first step, the literature reviews was done and then a conceptual model for measuring emotional response is presented. Base on this model, emotions can be measured in three physiological, perceptual and behavioral layers and based on that, the affective response of users in the urban space can be investigated. The case study of this research is a sequence of Imamat Street in Mashhad. The research was done based on a mixed method. A biometric sensor device (Empatica-E4) was used to collect data in the physiological level. Cognitive data was collected through walking interviews and videos. In addition, measuring the speed of walking in the behavioral layer was considered. The resulting data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and finally factors affecting the emotional response have been identified in this street. The factors identified as a result of the analysis in the three mentioned layers have been adapted to each other. Based on exploratory analysis through SPSS software, the factors affecting the emotional response have been prioritized. 20 people participated in this survey and shared their emotional response in selected sequence of Imamat Street which has one kilometer length. Results showed that, users’ emotional response was pleasant. According to the results of the data at the biological layer, it was found that the part with a dominant of natural character. Also the monotonous sections, inactive environments of this street and traffic limits cause unpleasant emotional response. The analysis of perceptual data showed that the presence of greenery and retails have a greater effect on a pleasant feeling. The analysis of movement speed also shows that in environment where there is attractiveness, diverse and relaxed decrease the speed of movement in the space and the desire to stay. Based on results, it was found that factors such as greenery, traffic, landuse and activity, behavioral patterns, crowd, noise pollution, etc., have an effect on the emotional response. In order to prioritize the factors affecting the emotional response in the mentioned space, the data were analyzed in the physiological and cognitive layers in the SPSS software. The results were rather same. It can also be concluded that among the factors affecting the emotional response, the effect of non-physical factors, such as natural elements, crowd, noise pollution, land use and activity have more influences than physical factors like type of flooring, facade and etc. Among these, the type of activity including exercise, the presence of a group of elderly people and the existing nature, including tall trees on the edge of the park, vegetation visible from inside the electricity organization and the presence of plants and decorative flowers in space have the more effect on the desired emotional response.

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Urban Design

The sound perception assessment of people on the Chahar bagh Abbasi pedestrian axis in Isfahan

Marzieh Shafiei; Bahador Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 November 2022

Abstract

Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting ... Read More Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting the role of sound in urban design and planning has led to an increase in environmental disturbing sounds such as traffic congestion, leading to an unclear sonic perception among citizens. These indicate the necessity of considering soundscape studies in the design of urban environments. Therefore, In this paper, the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis as one of the most valuable historical- cultural urban spaces in Iran has been conducted, in order to answer the following questions: 1) What are the sound components affecting the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area? 2) How is the overall characteristic of soundscape in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? 3) What are the auditory imageable elements in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? In order to understand qualitative measures, first, the sound sources in the area were identified via sound walking and recording. Then, 384 questionnaires were filled out by people in the area. Sound walking has been conducted on common weekdays in spring 2022. Respondents were free to choose the desired path in the area but they had been asked to visit all of the parts of the area to have a comprehensive visit. The results of the assessments indicated that the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis is comprehensively positive from the respondent’s perception. Results also showed that the sounds of people’s conversation, people's footsteps, and birds are the most effective sound sources in defining the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area. Also, auditory imageability elements were including sound marks such as people’s conversation, people’s footsteps, and bicycle sounds. Sonic rhythms included Azan and fountains. Keynotes were people’s conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds. Sound signals included Azan, children’s play, and people’s conversation. Azan as a meaningful sound in Islamic culture and the sound of children's play as a sign of the vibrant urban space is of great importance. Therefore, it seems necessary to preserve these sound sources in the area. The people's conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds are the sonic harmony of the area. As a whole, results showed that users’ perception is the most important pillar in soundscape pleasantness.

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Urban Design

Evaluation of the indicators of creating a sense of place in new urban developments, Case Study: (Qods township)

ahmad shahivandi; Shirin Eslami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 November 2022

Abstract

Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. ... Read More Nowadays, the concept of place and sense of place is one of the most important issues in urban spaces and is a challenge for many urban experts. Sense of place is the outcome of human emotions and perceptions about surroundings, which creates a special relationship between the individual and the environment. This sense is the most important factor that can transform a space into a special place with specific characteristics and perceptions and behavior. The present article intends to measure the sense of place and to investigate and recognize its effective indicators in new urban development. For this purpose, the Qods township, located in Qom, has been selected as a case study. First, this article describes the concept of place, its sense of place, its levels, and its constituent components from various scientific fields and its experts. Then, considering the three main components of the sense of place, namely: The Physical, Function, and perception, along with the indicators and their sub-indices, in a conceptual framework to measure the sense of place in the Qods Township. This research has been conducted through a mixed paradigm and a descriptive-analytical research method. Data collection tools are library-documentary studies, With the statistical society, 245 residents of the Qods Township have been taken. Data analysis tools in the format of two descriptive and inferential analyzes using statistical methods of Structural Equation Modeling and Pearson correlation test were used in the Spss 23 and Amos Graphic software. Also, measuring the fitting of the conceptual model of research, according to the indicators of structural equations, indicate that the conceptual model of this research is desirable. Based on the research findings, among the 3 identified components, 12 indicators and 45 related sub-indicators, functional-activity, perceptual-semantic and physical-aesthetic components, respectively, have more weight in measuring the sense of place from the point of view of Qods township residents.

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Urban Sustainability

Local Climate Zoning of Tehran metropolitan base on physical structure

Aliakbar Shamsipour; Saeed Sepasi Zangiabadi; Ali Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2022

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Urban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Urban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to and use a combination of urban and natural factors. The Local Climate Classification (LCZs) (proposed by Stuart & Oak) 2012 includes a new and systematic classification of places for study. LCZ classifies climates according to the physical structure of the city. LCZs are individually characterized by one or more distinctive features that, for most classes, take into account land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings. Local Climate Zoning classifies the climate of urban spaces with a focus on the physical structure and surface coverage of the city. The LCZ classification has 17 different classes, each of which represents characteristics. LCZ classes are individually identified by one or more distinctive characteristics that for most classes, land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings are considered. Classes 1 to 10 pay more attention to the physical structure created by humans. Classes A to G pays more attention to the natural aspect of the city. Data and Methods Three types of data (meteorological data, satellite images, and spatial information layers) were used for this study. Satellite images of the city of Tehran for two periods of summer and winter. Information layers of Tehran and its suburbs include land use data, land cover and building floors of Tehran, and atmospheric data of temperature, precipitation, speed, and wind direction in the 20 years of Doshan Tappeh, Geophysical and Mehrabad meteorological stations in Tehran. To create a map of the local climate classes in Tehran, the images in the SAGA-GIS environment have been converted to a spatial resolution of 100 meters. The measured area has been cut and saved in kml format and added to the Google Earth program, where the sample of each climatic class was performed. This stage is the most important and decisive stage of the research, which has been done with sufficient accuracy and patience with many samples. Results The city of Tehran has a variety of local climatic classes with a variety of natural and human environments. Tehran is a heterogeneous metropolis in terms of form and performance, and because of this heterogeneity, all LCZ classes in the city are visible. The results of this study were as follows: Local climates with dense texture and medium height (Class 2), and dense and short (Class 3) are predominant. These two classes are local climates, known for their high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity; They are generally concentrated in the center and areas northeast of Tehran. inside the metropolis of Tehran, low-rise and mid-rise neighborhoods were obtained. The percentage of mid-rise buildings is much higher, which has made Tehran a mid-rise city in terms of building height. Buildings with green space between them are much less visible. Most of the city's green space is in the form of various parks in the city, which is why LCZ4 to LCZ6 are less visible than LCZ1 to LZC3. Barren lands and agricultural lands are a significant percentage of them outside the city limits. In addition, the building density of building spaces causes impermeable surface coatings, which are also an important factor in creating hot spots and stains. In addition to the above, dense urban spaces along with the narrow passage network show the sky visibility factor (SVF) and low air conditioning capacity. Barren lands with rocky outcrops and without vegetation in the mountainous strip north and east of Tehran have created different climatic classes of urban space. These zones are cooled with low heat capacity and higher altitude during the night, and their high-temperature difference with the urban space, which faces the phenomenon of urban heat island, provides the ability to form a north airflow towards the city. As the mountain range in the north of Tehran is identified as a cool and favorable urban air supply area. The south and southwest sides of Tehran are characterized by two different characteristics of the high distribution of urban centers and agricultural and garden lands. Tehran satellite urban centers receive various factories and industries that are not able to operate in the urban area of Tehran, and this has led to the formation of a local climate class of heavy industry and air pollution zone. Conclusion In the obtained classifications, areas with the potential to form with high urban heat load, the ability to cause high pollution in the city. cool air supply and the ability to provide clean air were identified. Also, the percentage of impermeability in the city is higher than in the suburbs. So, the possibility of flooding inside the city is much higher. Areas with low sky visibility have been created in the urban area, which are the same areas that have high heat in the city.

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Urban Scape

The effect of visible Configuration and scape of tall buildings from urban passages on the perceptual-psychological reactions of people facing them (Case study: Zagros Tower in Hamedan)

pooria saadativaghar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 November 2022

Abstract

The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological ... Read More The increase in the number of tall buildings that are built with various forms in the narrow streets of the cities raises the need to pay double attention to these buildings. These buildings impose many effects on the city and its citizens. The present study has been formed about the oppression (psychological effects) of this building on the city and its citizens. In fact, in the present study, by focusing on the feeling of oppression that is created by the tall buildings in the urban landscape and is felt by citizens on a daily basis, The effect of configuration-related parameters and landscape of tall buildings on perceptual and psychological components was investigated. In the present research, after extracting the psychological variables affected by the appearance and view of tall buildings with the library-document research method, in a survey research method, the impact of the variables related to the appearance and the visible view of the tall building in the case study of this research on Psychological variables were discussed.The results of this section showed that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the oppression of the participants who encounter these buildings increases and the satisfaction with the oppression decreases. In order to discover the underlying properties of perceptual variables, exploratory factor analysis was used and the results showed that the 16 perceptual variables were grouped into 4 qualities: pleasant, depressing, greenness and remarkable. The effect of the solid angle of the building on the depression rate of the landscape also indicated that with increasing the solid angle of the building, the landscape becomes unpleasant and depressing, but the effect of trees and vegetation on this environmental quality requires more research. In the continuation of the research, the oppression of the Zagros tower (the case study of this study) on the participants who face the tower from different streets was compared (with the international standard in this field) The results of this section also showed that (according to the mean statistics) the pictures taken from Beynolnahreyn Street, from the participants' point of view, have the lowest level of oppression and the highest level of satisfaction, and vice versa, the pictures taken from the intermediate positions of Aref, Taleghani, Jahannama, and the middle positions of Mirzadeh Eshghi and Jahannama were perceived with the highest amount of oppression and dissatisfaction, so it seems that from the perspective of the mentioned streets, the impact of the tower on perceived psychological pressure (oppression) of Participants have received less attention. This method can be used as a practical tool used by urban decision-makers in the discussion of locating tall buildings (with the aim of psychological sustainability of the urban landscape) if additional studies are carried out.

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