ISSN: 2717-4417

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

University of Urmia

10.34785/J011.2018.024

Abstract

The growing population and increasing urbanization have caused a phenomenon known as urban sprawl in major cities of the world. This issue has imposed much economic and environmental consequences on cities. According to this review, it is necessary to recognize and assess this phenomenon. This study is a theoretical-practical research in terms of objectives and a descriptive-analytical one in nature. Today, landscape metrics and spatial data are used widely throughout the world to measure and evaluate urban sprawl. In the present study, to measure urban sprawl in Urmia, the spatial-temporal data and landscape metrics are used for the first time to measure urban sprawl in Iran. In this regard, satellite images related to the years 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2015 were collected. Then, the data was classified into two categories of constructed and unconstructed lands using artificial neural network. Afterwards, changes were detected by ENVI4.8 software program and the urban sprawl in Urmia was assessed applying landscape metrics (shape index, fractal dimension index, contiguity index, number of patch index, largest patch index) using the Fragstats4.2 software program.
Investigation of shape index indicates the sprawl trend in Urmia. During 1991-2011, this index continuously declined, indicating the reduction of sprawl trend in the Urmia during this period. From 2011 onward, the trend has taken an uptrend that shows the increase of sprawl trend in the city.  This points to the irregularly made patches that lead to random growth and unplanned development of urban areas.
Fractal dimension describes the complexity and fragmentation of each patch by perimeter to area ratio. Increased complexity and fragmentation causes increased perimeter and thus increased fractal dimension. Therefore, increased fractal dimension shows an increase in the urban sprawl intensity. During 1991-2011 in Urmia, the intensity of sprawl was declining partially. However, during 2011-2015, the phenomenon of sprawl and developments in suburb areas intensified in the city.
The high value of Contiguity Index means more compaction. This index had a balanced trend during 1991-2011 and maintained its existing compaction. However, during 2011-2015, this index transformed and went through a significant downtrend, showing the tendency for sprawl in the city.
Number of Patches Index intensifies when the extent of sprawl increases. The investigation of this index in the study area indicates the reduction of sprawl area during 1991-2011, so the intensity of sprawl reduced to some extent. But, after this interval, i.e. from 2011-2015, sprawl intensified in Urmia.
The investigation of this index in the study area shows an oscillating trend in a way that the trend reduced during 1991-2001 and, thus, the sprawl intensity in the region reduced. During 2011-2011, the value of this index increased and the studied area tended more intensely toward urban sprawl. Finally, sprawl intensity in Urmia increased significantly during 2011-2015.
The results of the present study show that urban sprawl in Urmia has followed a descending trend during 1991-2011 and an ascending trend ever since.

Keywords

Main Subjects

- Ahmadi, Q., Azizi, M., Zebardast, E. (2010). “A Comparative Study of Sprawl in Three Middle Cities of Iran (Case Study: Ardabil, Sanandaj, Kashan)”. Journal of Art University, No. 5. PP. 25-43. [In Persian].
- Al-shalabi, M., Pradhan, B., Billa, L. et al. J Indian Soc Remote Sens (2013) 41: 405. doi:10.1007/s12524-012-0215-6
- Arakhi, S., Mosazadeh, H., Khodad, M., Mosaviyeh Parsaei, M. (2016). “Evaluation and analysis of physical development in the middle city using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case study: City of Qonbad)”. Journal of Geography and Urban Planning Perspective of Zagros, No. 26. PP. 17-42. [In Persian].
- Asqarian, A., Jabbariyan Amiri, B., Alizadeh Shabani, A., Feqhi, J. (2014). “Spatial growth forecast and Urban sprawl in City of Sari by using Auto-Markov model cells and Shannon Entropy Index.”. Journal of Applied Ecology. No. 2. PP. 13-25. [In Persian].
- Consulting Engineers of Tarho amayesh, 2010, the revision plan of Urmia's Comprehensive plan, volume 1, urmia, Housing and urban development organization of West Azerbaijan .[In Persian].
- Dadashpour, H., Miri lavasani, A. (2016). “Analysis of spatial patterns of sprawl in Tehran metropolitan region”. Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography). No. 1. PP. 123-146. [In Persian].
- Dadashpour, H., Salarian, F. (2016). “Analyzing the Impact of Demographic Factors and the Development of Built of  land on Sprawl in the Central Region of Mazandaran”. Journal of Geography and Regional Development. No. 24. PP. 157-184. [In Persian].
- Ebrahimzadeh, E,. Rafiei, Q,. (2008). “Analysis of the Pattern of Physical - Spatial Development by using the Shannon Entropy and Heldren of Models and the Desirable Model for Future Expansion”. Journal of Human Geography, No. 69. PP 49-62. [In Persian].
- Esmaeilpour, N. (2010). “The Effect of Sprawl on the Destruction of Agricultural lands Safashahr and its Adjustment Strategies”. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, No. 4. PP 73-96 . [In Persian].
- Feng, L., Li, H. (2012). "Spatial Pattern Analysis of Urban Sprawl: Case Study of Jiangning, Nanjing, China." J. Urban Plann. Dev., 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000119, 263-269.
- Frankel, A., Ashknazi, M. (2008). Measuring Urban Sprawl: How Can We Deal with It?. Environmental and Planning and Design, vol 35, PP 59-79.
- Hamidi, Sh., Ewing, R. (2014). “A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States”. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning. No. 128. PP. 72-82.
- Hampanezhad, E., Nazarian, A. (2014). “Explanation and Analysis of the Physical Growth and Development Process of Urmia Based on Applying Overlapped Aerial Images in GIS software”. Journal of Geographical of Land. No. 39. PP. 37-52. [In Persian].
- Hemanandhini, S., Suresh babu, S., Vinay, M.S. (2016). “Urban Sprawl Prediction and Change Detection Analysis in and around Thiruvannamalai Town Using Remote Sensing and GIS”. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. No. 5. PP. 3233-3244
- Hosseini, H., Hosseini, M. (2016). Analysis of Affecting Factors on Creating Sprawl in Urban Areas of Iran. Journal of  Planning and Spatial Planning. No. 4. PP. 33-66. [In Persian].
- Jalalian, H., Ziyaeian, P., Daraei, P., Karimi, Kh. (2014). Analysis of Urban Sprawl and land use Changes (Comparative Studies in City of Urmia and Isfahan). Journal of Physical-Spatial Planning. No. 4. PP. 73-98. [In Persian].
- Ji, W., Ma, J., Twibell, R. W., & Underhill, K. (2006). Characterizing urban sprawl using multi-stage remote sensing images and landscape metrics. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 30(6), 861-879.
- Masoumi, Z. (2016). “Analysis of the pattern of development around the cities in the Isfahan metropolitan area to assess land use changes”. Master's Thesis, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University. [In Persian].
- Mathws, M., Johny, A. (2016). Geoinformatics in Sprawl modeling- An Overview. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management. PP 79-86
- McGarigal, K., (2015). “FRAGSTATS 4 Tutorial”.
- Megahed, Y., Cabral, P., Silva, J., Caetano, M. (2015). Land Cover Mapping Analysis and Urban Growth Modelling Using Remote Senseing Techniqes in Greater Cario Region- Egypt. ISPRS International Journal of Geo- Information, 4, 1750-1769; doi: 10.3390/ijgi4031750
- Mohammadyari, F., Pourkhabbaz, H., Aqdar, H. (2015). “Vegetation mapping and monitoring of its change using remote sensing and GIS techniques (Case Study: Behbahan Township)”. Journal of Geographic Information (sepehr). No. 92. PP. 23-34. [In Persian].
- Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., Ajza Shokohi, M., Qasemi, Y. (2013). “Behshahr spread pattern analysis based on quantitative models of regional planning”. Journal of Research and Urban Planning. No. 8. PP. 93-112. [In Persian].
- Mokhtari, R., Hosseinzadeh, R., Safarli, E. (2014). An Analyze of Smart growth patterns in fourteen areas of Isfahan metropolitan, Based on regional planning models. Urban- Regional Studies and Research Journal, No. 19. PP. 65-84. [In Persian].
- Movahed, A., Mostafavi Saheb, S., Ahmadi, M. (2015). “Explaining the pattern of spatial –physical expansion of Saqqez from sustainable urban perspective”. Journal of Studies Urban Planning. No. 5. PP. 55-75. [In Persian].
- Parsi, H., Farmoheini, B. (2015). “Analysis of the Phenomenon of Urban Sprawl on the Outskirts of Big Cities (Case Study: The northern slopes of Isfahan ”. Journal of Urban Studies. No. 10. PP. 49-62. [In Persian].
- Pourmohammadi, M., Jamkasra, M. (2012). “Analysis of the Sprawl Pattern of Tabriz”. Journal of Geographical Research. No. 100. PP. 31-54. [In Persian].
- Qorbani, R., Pormohammadi, M., Mahmoudzadeh, H. (2014). “Ecological Approch in landuse chang modeling of Tabriz metropolitan using multi temporal satellite images, multi criteris analysis and Cellular Automata Markov Chain (1984-2038)”. Journal of Urban Studies. No. 8. PP. 13-30. [In Persian].
- Rahnema, M., Rezaeian, B. (2015). “Measure of the Distribution and Density of the Iranian Metropolises by using quantitative models”. Journal of Arid Regions Geographics Studies. No. 16. PP. 87-107. [In Persian].
- Razavi, N., Molaei Qilichi, M. (2013). “Measuring urban sprawl through remote sensing data”. Online publication planning and urban design of Abadnameh. No. 6. PP. 75-98. [In Persian].
- Rostaei, Sh., Ahadnezhad Roshti, M., Farokhiyeh Somea, M. (2015). “  Assess of  Space the city development with an emphasis on land use changes using multi-temporal satellite images (Case Study: City of Urmia)”. Journal of Geography and Planning. No. 50. PP. 189-206. [In Persian].
- Seifoddini, F., Pour Ahmad, A., Darish, R., & Alvar Dehaqani, N. (2014). “Contexts and challenges of smart urban growth policies (Case study: Lorestan)”. Journal of geography and urban planning: perspective of Zagros. No. 79. PP. 57-79. [In Persian].
- Seyfoddini, F., Ziyari, K., Pourahmad, A., Nikpour, A. (2013). “Explain the distribution and density of urban form in Amol  with approach to sustainable  of urban form”. Journal of Human Geography. No. 80. PP. 155-176. [In Persian].
- Sheykhi, H., Zaker Haqiqi, K., Mansouri, S. (2014). “Study of sprawl and development strategies in city of Boroujerd and Its infill development strategies”. Journal of Research and Urban Planning. No. 15. PP. 37-56. [In Persian].
- Shokrgozar, A., Jamshidi, Z., Jamshidi, P. (2015). “Evaluating the Principles and Guidelines of Urban Intelligence Growth in Future Development of Rasht City Based on Heldern Population Density Model”. Journal of Geography and Development. No. 41. PP. 45-64. [in Persian].
- SINGH, B. Urban Growth Using Shannon’s Entropy: a Case Study of Rohtak City. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, North America, 3, apr. 2014. Available at: <http://technical.cloud-journals.com/index.php/IJARSG/article/view/Tech-237>.
- Statistical Organization of Iran, Accessed in 2011,www.amar.org. [In Persian].
- Tabibiyan, M., Asadi, I. (2009). “Review and analysis of spatial development sprawl in metropolitan areas”. The Journal of Letter Of Architecture and Urbanism. No. 1. PP. 5-24. [In Persian].
- Taubenböck, H., Wegmann, M., Roth, A., Mehl, H., Dech, S. (2009). Analysis of urban sprawl at mega city Cairo, Egypt using multisensoral remote sensing data, landscape metrics and gradient analysis.
- Teymori, A., Rabieifar, Z., Hadavi, F., Hadavi, M. (2013). “Assess and forecast of horizontal expansion of the city of Qazvin, with an emphasis on land use changes during the period 1986-2011”. Journal of Urban Economics and Management. No. 5. PP. 15-27. [in persion].
- Varesi, H., Rajaei Jazin, A., Qanbari, M. (2013). “Analysis of Factors of Urban Sprawl and Physical growth of City of Ghonabad using entropy and Holdren models”. Journal of Territorial planning. No. 6. PP. 79-100. [In Persian].
- Vinoth Kumar, J. A., Pathan, S. K., Bhanderi, R. J. (2007). Spatio-temporal analysis for monitoring urban growth–a case study of Indore city. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 35(1), 11-20.
- World Urbanization on Prospect: Highlights. (2014).United Nations. PP 32. Retrieved from: www.esa.un.org
- Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Majidi Heravi, A., Kaviyani, A. (2013). “A comprehensive explanation of the causes and affecting factors the horizontal distribution of cities Case Study: City of Yazd”. Journal of Applied Research of Geographic Sciences. No. 25. PP. 173-193. [In Persian].
- Zebardast, E., Shadzaviyeh, H. (2012). “Identify affecting factors on urban sprawl, and its relationship with urban spatial structure Case study: City of Urmia”. The Journal of Letter Of Architecture and Urbanism. No. 7. PP. 89-112.[In Persian].
- Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Yao, H. J. (2008, June). Measurement and pattern analysis of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS A case study of Wujiang, China (1978–2004). In Earth Observation and Remote Sensing Applications, 2008. EORSA 2008. International Workshop on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
- Ziyari, K., Hataminezhad, H., Torkaman niya, N. (2013). “Introduction of smart urban growth”.  Journal of Municipalities. No. 104. PP. 17-19. [In Persian].