نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران.

2 مدرس مدعو، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

10.34785/J011.2023.003

چکیده

بحران دلبستگی به مکان به مفهوم بحران معنی اجتماعی از فضا و زمان، از بارزترین مشکلات شهرسازی معاصر است. بحرانی که در ایجاد محلات شهری، فاقد تاریخ و فاقد ارتباط تبلور یافته است. شهرسازی سده بیستم بیش از آن که معطوف به کیفیت ارتباطات باشد، متوجه کمیت ارتباطات بوده و از این رو پیوستگی احساسی با مکان یا به عبارتی دلبستگی مکان به عنوان مهم ترین ابعاد ارتباط انسان و محیط فضایی در آن مورد غفلت و فراموشی قرار گرفته است.کمااین که با بررسی محلاتی با سطح بالای دلبستگی به مکان میان ساکنان و بررسی و شناسایی ابعاد مؤثر می توان به افزایش دلبستگی مکانی و تقویت ارتباطات عاطفی در محلاتی با سطوح پایین از ارتباطات دامن زد. از این رو،  این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر دلبستگی مکانی ساکنان در محله هفت چنار در ناحیه یک از منطقه ده شهرداری تهران انجام گرفته است. حجم نمونه 687 عدد بوده و تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نسخه  22 نرم‌افزار Spss انجام شد.  بدین منظور از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و مدل معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان می دهد که هریک از ابعاد چهارگانه شامل هویت مکانی، وابستگی مکانی، پیوند اجتماعی با مکان و عاطفه مکانی مناسب ارائه ساختار دلبستگی مکانی به عنوان یک مؤلفه درجه دوم در مطالعات محلات شهری هستند. علاوه بر آن، مدل معادلات ساختاری پژوهش حاکی از برازش خوب مدل و تأیید نقش همه ابعاد در شکل گیری دلبستگی مکانی است. همچنین در میان چهار بعد شناسایی شده عاطفه مکانی و پیوند اجتماعی با مکان بیشترین امتیازات و به ترتیب وابستگی مکانی و هویت مکانی کمترین امتیازات را به خود اختصاص دادند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the effective dimensions on measuring the level of residents' attachment to residential areas: Haft Chenar neighborhood, District 10, Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo 1
  • بنیادی Bonyadi 2
  • Atoosa Modiri 3

1 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights
- This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting the levels of residents’ place attachment.
- The results demonstrate that place attachment consists of four dimensions: spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and spatial social bonding.
- Of all these four dimensions, spatial social bonding was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment.
- The method of validation factor analysis validated the place attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions.
 
Introduction
Many urban planners and designers have considered the topic of the quality of the emotional relationship between man and their place of residence, or place attachment, in recent years. In the past, the relationships between neighborhood residents who knew each other and were aware of each other’s circumstances contributed to healthy, familiar emotional relationships among them. In other words, neighborhoods, being familiar social units, involved profound cultural roots, pursued certain traditions and customs, and even continued the rites and ways of life and the norms and customs inherited from the past. In modern cities, however, kinship, shared religious beliefs, and moral values ​​give way to anonymity and individualism as the emotional bonds of the local community weaken. Over time, neighborhood connections have lost some of their function. Lack of familiarity with people in the neighborhoods, lack of joint activities, and lack of ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural ties as firm as before have reduced people’s levels of emotional connection, i.e. their senses of place attachment with their residential neighborhoods. Therefore, this article aimed to provide structural modeling to investigate the aspects effective on attachment to residential areas.
Theoretical Framework
In recent years, many researchers have examined the aspects of place attachment through structural equation modeling, providing a framework for their classification. Understanding the dimensions of place attachment through structural equation modeling allows researchers to better explore the potentials of this concept and its complexity, which makes up the objective of this study along with identification of the dimensions. The construct of spatial attachment consists of spatial identity, spatial dependence, spatial social bonding, and spatial emotion.
Methodology
The development of a valid, trustworthy method to measure and evaluate the dimensions of place attachment has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years, with quantity-oriented academics highlighting the multidimensionality of the construct. However, no one, simple scale of measuring is agreed upon by academics and researchers in the field due to the diversity of the methodologies used in the operationalization of the idea and the levels of relevant multi-dimensionality. Because of this significance, this research sought to investigate the dimensions affecting the level of residents’ place attachment. Since this was not easily possible, the indexing technique was used for examination. In this technique, indicators were considered to identify the dimensions, and questions were asked in the questionnaire to measure them. For assessment of the respondents’ opinions about the research topic, their responses were measured with a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a simple random sampling method was used to select the sample in the Haft Chenar neighborhood. The sample size was 687, and data analysis was made using the SPSS software version 22. For this purpose, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used.
 
Results and Discussion
The findings demonstrated that the level of attachment of the Haft Chenar neighborhood residents is high. On the other hand, the results of the analysis of the structural model of the research supported the hypothesis that place attachment is a quadratic component consisting of the four identified dimensions of spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and social connection with the place. It is noteworthy that among all these four dimensions, social connection with the place was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment in the research, indicating that the level of social connection in a neighborhood is high, which can directly increase the level of residents’ attachment to the place. Meanwhile, spatial identity received the lowest score for the Haft Chenar neighborhood. Therefore, it seems that residents’ identity to place can be expected to increase due to the experiences formed in the context given that this factor has won the lowest score among the residents, who can realize this by planning and designing an active node and center in the context of these residential neighborhoods and by creating attractive, pleasant places for socializing and embedding community places in the long run. Moreover, a number of solutions were provided for urban planners and designers to increase attachment in the Haft Chenar neighborhood given that these four dimensions of convergent narrative for the structure indicated spatial attachment.
Conclusion
The spatial attachment model was experimentally tested given spatial attachment as a secondary component and the claim of this research that spatial dependence, spatial identity, spatial affection, and social connection with place constitute different primary dimensions of place attachment. Hence, the validation factor analysis method confirmed the validity of the spatial attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions. As demonstrated by the fitness indices of the model, it is suitable for research data. 
Acknowledgment
This article is taken from Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo's Master's thesis entitled "Investigation and evaluation of factors affecting the increase of residents' attachment to residential neighborhoods (with an approach to Haft Chenar neighborhood - District 10 of Tehran)" which was supervised by Dr. Naser Bonyadi and Dr. Atoosa Modiri in the urban planning department of the Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Place Attachment
  • Haft Chenar Neighborhood
  • District 10
  • Two-Factor Model
  • Structural Equation Modeling
Adewale, B. A., Ibem, E. O., Amole, S.A., & Adeboye, A. B. (2020). Place attachment in Nigerian urban slums: Evidence from inner-city Ibadan. Cities,
Aksel, E., & Imamoglu, C. (2020). Neighborhood location and its association with place attachment and residential satisfaction. Open House International, 45(3), 327-340.
Bagozzi, R. P., M. Gopinath, & U. Nyer. (1999). The Role of
Emotions in Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27 (2): 184-206.
Bayat, F., Hesari, E., Ghahremani, S., Besharati kivi, S., Hamidi, R., and Hamidi, N. (2022). Analyzing the Causal Model between Place Attachment and Social Participation in Residences through the Mediation of Social Cohesion. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 5,  711–732 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-022-00179-1
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.
Brocato, E. D. (2006). Place Attachment: An Investigation of Environments and out comes in a Service Context, Dissertation at University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy.
Brown, B. B., Altman, I., & Werner, C. M. (2012). Place attachment. In International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home (pp. 183-188).
Charkhchian, M. (2009). Analysis of the factors increasing attachment to the urban public spaces with emphasis on activity variety. PHD Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Iran Science and Technology University at Iran in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. [in Persian]
Chawla, L. (1992). Childhood place attachments. In I. Altman, & S. Low (Eds.), Place
attachment (pp. 63–86). New York: Plenum Press.
Dehnad, N., Mahdinejad, J., & Karimi, B. (2021). Explaining the relationship between the components affecting the quality of collective open space in promoting the sociability of the environment. Motaleate Shahri, 10(37), 45-56. [in Persian]
Design and architecture consulting engineers. (2016). Haft Chenar neighborhood improvement plan. [in Persian]
Falanga, R. (2022). Understanding place attachment through the lens of urban regeneration. Insights from Lisbon. Cities, 122.
Falahat, M. S. (2006). The concept of a sense of place and the factors affecting it. Honarha-Ye-Ziba Journal, 26, 57-66. [in Persian]
Faruq Muhammad, U., Zakri bin Wan Abdullah, W. M., Jarmai Baba, Z., Osman Ibrahim, G. A., Aaron, A. J., Okoye, K. C. (2021). Place Attachment in Traditional Urban Neighborhoods. PJAEE, 18(4).
Garson, G. D. (2009). Logistic regression from statnotes: Topics in multivariate analysis. Retrieved 6/5/2009 from http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/statnote.htm
Ghafourian, M., & Aghaei, S. (2016). Flexibility criteria for design of apartment housing in Iran. Soffeh26(3), 41-64.
Guest, A. M., & Lee, B. A. (1983). Sentiment and evaluation as ecological variables. Sociological Perspectives, 26, 159–184.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hammitt, W. E., Backlund, E. A., & Bixler, R. D. (2006). Place bonding for recreation places: Conceptual and empirical development. Leisure Studies, 25, 17-41.
Hay, R. (1998). Sense of place in developmental context. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 18, 5-29.
Hashemnejad, H., Mohammad Hoseini, P., Heidari, A. (2013). Sense of place and place attachment, international journal of architecture and urban development, 3(1). [in Persian]
Herbolsheimer, F.; Ungar, N.; Portegijs, E.; Dallmeier, D.; Schaap, L.; Smith, T.; Stubbs, B.; Deeg, D.; Peter, R.; Castell, M.V. (2021). Neighborhood environment, social participation, and physical activity in older adults with lower limb osteoarthritis: A mediation analysis. Health Place, 68, 102513.
Hesari, E., Peysokhan, M., Havashemi, A., Gheibi, D., Ghafourian, M., Bayat, F. (2019). Analyzing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment and Its Relationship with Residential Satisfaction in New Cities: The Case of Sadra, Iran. Social Indicators Research, 142 (3), 1031-1053. Doi: 10.1007/s11205-018-1949-5}
Hidalgo, M. C. & Hernandez, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of environmental Psychology, 21, 273-281.
Hummon, D. (1992). Community attachment: local sentiment and sense of place, In I. Altman and S. Low (Eds), Place Attachment, New York, Plenum.
Inalhan,G.,Yang,E.,Weber. (2021). Place attachment theory, a handbook of theories on designing Alignment between people and the office environment, Routledge.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, P. (1997). Lisrel 8 user’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Jorgensen, B., & Stedman, R. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners’ attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233–248.
Jorgensen, B., & Stedman, R. (2007). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316–327. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.003.
Khasali Baboli, M. (2017). Sustainable neighborhood development, a case study of Haft Chenar neighborhood of Tehran. 4th National Conference on Architecture and Urban Planning, Sustainability and Resilience, from Ideal to Reality. Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch. [in Persian]
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford Press.
Kyle, G., Mowen, A., & Tarrant, M. (2004). Linking place preferences with place meaning: an examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 439- 454.
Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., & Manning, R. (2005). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings. Environment and Behaviour, 37, 285-303.
Lestari, W. M., & Sumabrata, J. (2018). The influencing factors on place attachment in neighborhood of Kampung Melayu.Earth and Environmental Science ,126. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012190
Liu, S., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2022). Contrasting migrants' sense of belonging to the city in selected peri-urban neighbourhoods in Beijing. Cities, 120.
Low, S. M., & Altman, I. (1992). Place attachment: a conceptual inquiry, In Low, S.M. and Altman, I. (Eds.) Place Attachment, New York, Plenum Press, 12, 1-12.
Lu, T., Zhang F., & Wu, F. (2018). Place attachment in gated neighborhoods in China: Evidence from Wenzhou. Geoforum, 92: 144-151.
Marris, P. (1982), ‘Attachment and Society’, in C. M. Parkes and J. Stevenson-Hinde (eds), The Place of Attachment in Human Behavior, Tavistock Publications, London, pp. 185-201.
Mesch, G., & Manor, O. (1998). Social ties, environmental perception, and local attachment. Environment and Behavior, 30(4), 504-515, doi:1177/001391659803000405.
Miao, J., Wu, X., & Sun, X. (2019). Neighborhood, Social Cohesion, and the Elderly's Depression in Shanghai. Social Science & Medicine, 229, 134-143.
Milligan, M. J. (1998). Interactional past and potential: the social construction of place attachment. Symbolic Interaction, 21(1), 1-33, doi: 1525/si.1998.21.1.1.
Norouzi zadeh, Z., Bayat, F., Besharati Kivi, S., Rohani, A., Hamidi, R., Hamidi, N., Zare, N. (2021). Evaluation and Comparative Study on the Components Affecting the Formation of Sense of Belonging in the Old and New Contexts of Tabriz. Building Engineering & Housing Science, 14(1), 51-60. [in Persian]
Pourjafar, M. R., Khabiri, S. & Izadi, S. (2021). Place Attachment at the Neighborhood Scale: A Systematic Review of Two Decades of Research in Iran. ArmanShahr, 14(34). [in Persian]
Proshansky, H. M. (1978). The city and self–Identity. Environment and Behavior, 10(2), 147-169.
Proshansky, H.M., Fabian, A. K. & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place Identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 57-83.
Ramkissoon, H., Weiler, B., & Smith, L. (2012). Place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour in national parks: the development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(2), 257-276.
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviors: A structural equation modeling approach. Tourism Management, 36, 552–566.
Riley, R. (1992). Attachment to the ordinary landscape. Low SM, Altman I, editors. Place attachment. New York: Plenum Press.
Rubinstein, R. L. & Parmelee, P. A. (1992). Attachment to place and representation of the life course by the elderly, In I. Altman and S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment, New York, Plenum Press.
Saleh Sedgh Pour, B., Hasan Nia, S., & Ebrahim Damavandi, M. (2014). Modeling emotional intelligence and happiness structural equation with the intermediate role of self-efficacy and academic intermediary, Journal of Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 32-60. [in Persian]
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). The relations between natural and civic place attachment and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 289–297.
Schreyer, R., Jacob, G., & White, R. (1981). Environmental meaning as a determinant of spatial behavior in recreation. In Proceedings of the applied geography conferences (Vol. 4; pp. 294–300). Binghampton, NY: SUNY Binghampton.
Salmi Mohd Isa, Hepy H. Ariyanto & Shaian Kiumarsi (2020) The effect of place attachment on visitors’ revisit intentions: evidence from Batam, Tourism Geographies, 22:1, 51-82.
Sedigh Sarvestani, R. A., Nimrouzi, N. (2010). Investigating the relationship between participation in neighborhood relations and the feeling of security in neighborhoods of Mashhad. DANESH-E-ENTEZAMI, 12(2): 185-220. [in Persian]
Shumaker, S. A., & Taylor, R. B. (1983). Toward a clarification of people-place relationships: A model of attachment to place, In N. R. Feimer and E. S. Geller (Eds.), Environmental Psychology: Directions and perspectives, New York, Praeger, 119-251.
Stokols, D., & Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. Harvey (Eds.), Cognition, Social behavior, and the environment, Hillsdale, Erlbaum, 441-488.
Tuan, Y.F. (1977), Space and place: The perspective of experience, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
·         Tuan, Y. F. (1979). Landscapes of fear. New York: Pantheon.
·         Tumanan, M. A. R., Lansangan, J. R. G. (2012). More than just a cuppa coffee: A multi-dimensional approach towards analyzing the factors that define place attachment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 529-534.
 
Uzzell, D., Pol, E., & Badenas, D. (2002). Place identification, social cohesion and environmental sustainability. Environment and Behavior, 34(1), 26-53.
Vaske J. J., & Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behavior, The Journal of Environmental Education, 32:4, 16-21.
Wang, M., Yang, Y., Jin S., Gu, L., & Zhang, H. (2016). Social and cultural factors that influence residential location choice of urban senior citizens in China- The case of Chengdu city. Habitat International, 53, 55-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.011.
Williams, D. R., & Scot Anderson, B. (1995). Measuring Place attachment: More Preliminary results. Paper presented at the 1995, Leisure Research Symposium, NRPA Congress, San Antonio.
Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830-840.
Wua, R., Lib, Z., Liua, Y., Huanga, X., & Liuc, Y. (2019). Neighborhood governance in post-reform Urban China: Place attachment impact on civic engagement in Guangzhou. Land Use Policy, 81: 472-482.