Motaleate Shahri

ISSN: 2717-4417

Current Issue

Articles in Press

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aim. Scope & subject area

Editorial Board

Indexing and Abstracting

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

Article Publication Charges

News

FAQ

Related Links

Publication Ethics

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

Repository Policy

CRITERIA FOR AUTHORSHIP

Author Complaint Process

Governing body

General Points

Before submitting

Guide to Preparing and Submitting Articles

Citation and Referencing Guide

Uploading the manuscript and Submitting

After Submitting

Critical Review of Rules and Regulations Affecting the Facades of New Buildings (Case Study: Hakimieh Neighborhood in Tehran)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urban Planning, Campus of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Science and Research, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Highlights

Several laws and regulations have been implemented to bring order to the disorderly appearance of new buildings in Tehran; however, a significant level of confusion persists.
The compliance level with the official document requirements pertaining to the facade components of buildings in Hakimieh neighborhood, Tehran, stands at 58%.
The deficiency in both the content and structure of the documents has contributed to a decline in the realization of the identity components of building facades, as outlined in the official documents.

Introduction:
The facade, serving as a crucial link between people and the urban environment, plays a pivotal role in shaping a city's identity. While changes in facades signify societal progress, the disconnect between new buildings and local identities contributes to urban chaos. Despite recent efforts, the persistent visual disturbance in cityscapes raises a critical question. This research aims to analyze theoretical literature, compare findings with legal frameworks, and assess the realization of building facade criteria in new structures in Tehran's Hakimieh neighborhood. Through interviews, the study seeks to uncover reasons for non-compliance.
Theoretical Framework:
The significance of the urban landscape lies in its identity and connection with perspectives, as explored by Cullen (1971). A visually appealing cityscape enhances urban identity, characterized by building facades, structural heights, and distinctive urban spaces. On a smaller scale, cityscapes encompass elements such as building facade features, material composition, color and texture, light and shadow play, windows, sidewalk features, and urban furnishings (Doyran et al., 2011). The building facade, as a crucial variable, influences the identity aspects of urban landscapes by establishing correlations and structural order within urban environments.
Methodology:
A comprehensive mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, guides this research. The initial phase involves an in-depth analysis of literature and theoretical foundations related to building facade identity components. The field observation stage evaluates buildings constructed within the last three years in Hakimieh neighborhood based on the extracted components. Data collection involves examining approximately 300 buildings, using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of facade identity components. Interviews with city officials, builders, and consumers aim to extract nuanced insights from the research findings.
Results and Discussion:
The degree of fulfillment of the country's official documents' requirements for facade identity components in buildings less than three years old in Hakimieh neighborhood is determined to be 58%. A detailed analysis reveals the highest realization rates in components banning the use of curtained facades (96.4%), unconventional forms (94.7%), and construction of facilities in a visible manner (82.7%). Governance strategies and guidelines, while not fully executed and occasionally conflicting with consumer preferences, have nevertheless influenced nearly 60% of the observed urban landscape.
Conclusion:
The chaotic state of Hakimieh neighborhood's building facades is not solely the outcome of implementing laws and approvals; various contributing factors and sometimes contradictory approaches have intensified the crisis. Notably, the lack of specific criteria in urban planning and architecture, stemming from a collective and widely accepted perspective, exacerbates the challenges in the existing situation. In conclusion, this critical review sheds light on the intricacies of urban facades, emphasizing the need for a holistic and comprehensive approach to enhance urban identity and mitigate visual disturbances.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Abbasi, Z. (2016). Facade and urban aesthetic standards bodies with a focus on indigenous identity (Case between Motahhari lSquare to the intersection of proof in Qom). Modiriat-e Shahri. 16(47), 276-255. [in Persian]
Ahmadi, B. (2008). Haghighat va Zibaee [Truth and Beauty]. Tehran: Markaz. [in Persian]
Alexander, C. (1970). The timeless way of building, New York: Oxford University Press.
Alexander, C. (2016). The Nature of Order. )Translated by R Sirous-Sabri and A. Akbari), Tehran: Parham.
Amanpour, M., Tahbaz, M., Karimifard, L. (2020). Investigating the geometric proportions of the facades of modern residential buildings in Tehran with regard to visual beauty in order to improve urban design. Negaresh hay no dar joghrafiyaye ensani. 13(3), 852-876.. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.66972251.1400.13.3.39.2 [in Persian]
Aminzadeh, B. (2009). Arzyabi zibaee va hoviat makan [Evaluating the beauty and identity of the place]. Hoviate Shahr, 7, 3-14. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.17359562.1389.4.7.1.6 [in Persian]
Aminzadeh, B. (2014). Arzesh ha dar tarahi manzar, [Values in urban landscape design]. Tehran: University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Bastehnagar, M. (2013). The Color of Persian Landscape the Position of Color in Iran’s Tourism Brand, Manzar. 6(29), 58-65. [in Persian]
Behnava, B., Pourzergar, M. (2021). Impact of New Materials on Dynamics of Four Recent Decades in Iranian Architecture 1980-2020. Naqshejahan. 11(3), 49-66.. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.23224991.1400.11.3.5.2 [in Persian]
Behzadfar, M. (2010). The identity of the city, Case-Study: Tehran. Tehran: Nashre Shahr. [in Persian]
Beiti, H., Porjavad-Asl, B. (2023). An Investigation into the Feasibility of Façade Design Guidelines for Newly Constructed Residential Facades (Case Study: Bagh-Shomal District along the Historic-Cultural Area of Tabriz Metropolis). Gofteman Tarahi Shahri. 3(4), 46-28.. [in Persian]
Bemanian, M., Gholami-Rostam, N., Rahmat-Panah, J. (2009). Anasor hoviat saz dar memari sonnati khane haye Irani [Elements of identity in the traditional architecture of Iranian houses. Islamic art studies]. Motaleat Honare Eslami. 13, 55-68. [in Persian]
Bentley, I., Alcock, A., Murrain, P., McGlynn, S. and Smith, G. (1985). Responsive Environment: A Manual for Designers. London: Architectural Press.
Brolin, B. C, (1980). Architecture in context: fitting new buildings with old. Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp. Michigan: The University of Michigan.
Carmona, M. (2006). Public Places Urban Spaces: the dimension of urban design. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Chamilothori, K., Chinazzo, G., Rodrigues, J., Dan-Glauser, E. S., Wienold, J., & Andersen, M. (2019). Subjective and physiological responses to façade and sunlight pattern geometry in virtual reality. Building and Environment, 150, 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.009
Chen, B., Adimo, O.A., Bao, Z. (2009). Assessment of Aesthetic Quality and Multiple Functions of Urban Green Space from Hangzhou Flower Garden, China. 93(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.06.001
Choo, H., Nasar, J. L., Nikrahei, B., & Walther, D. B. (2017). Neural codes of seeing Architectural Styles. Scientific Reportts, 7, 40201. https://doi.org/10.1101/045245
Coburn, A., Kardan, O., Kotabe, H., Steinberg, J., Hout, M. C., Robbins, Berman, M. G. (2019). Psychological responses to natural patterns in architecture. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 62, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.02.007
Cullen, G., (1971). The Concise Townscape. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Damanigol, A., PourMousavi, S.N. (2019). context-oriented urban facades design guideline (case study: the historical context of the masjid mohalla, Dezful. Modiriat-e Shahri. (58), 151-174. [in Persian]
Doyran, I., Khodayi, D., Gholami, S. (2011). Sanjesh-e moalefe-ha-ye basari dar manzar-e shahri (ba takid bar mahale hosseiniye azam-e zanjan) [Assessment of visual components in urban landscape (with emphasis on Hosseinieh Azam neighborhood in Zanjan)], geography and environmental studies. 3, 45-60. [in Persian]
Einallahi, K. (2013). Mavazin-e entekhab-e rang dar nama [Color selection standards in facade], Memari va Farhang. 51, 21-23. [in Persian]
El-Darwish, I. I. (2019). Fractal design in streetscape: Rethinking the visual aesthetics of building elevation composition. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(3), 957-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.08.010
Falamaki, M. (2010). Gostare-ha-ye memari [Architectural ranges]. Tehran: Nashr-e Qaza. [in Persian]
Fardpour, S., Dolatabadi, F., Mahdavi-Nejad, M. (2021). Moaser-sazi mafhoom-e esalat manaee dar memari namaye shahri-e tehran (motale-e moredi: nama-ha-ye dore-ye Pahlavi avval va dovom) [Contemporization of the concept of semantic originality in Tehran urban facade architecture (case study: facades of the first and second Pahlavi period)], Hoviate-e Shahr. 50, 5-16. https://doi.org/10.30495/hoviatshahr.2022.17740 [in Persian]
Ghasemi-Esfahani, M. (2004). Ahl-e koja hastim? (Hoviat-bakhshi fi baft-ha-ye maskooni) [Where are we from? (Identity of residential contexts)]. Tehran: Rozaneh. [in Persian]
Gillham, B. (2000). The Research Interview. London: Rautledge.
Golipour, M., Shahabian, P., Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B. (2021). Reading The Factors Affecting the Promotion of Residential Facades in Tehran from the perspective of activists. Barname-rizi-ye Shahri va Mantaghe-e. 6(17), 119-146. https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2021.63069.1374 [in Persian]
Habib, F., Naderi, S.M., Foruzangohar, H (2008). Porseman-e tabaee dar kalbad-e shahr va hoviat [Subsequent question in the body of the city and identity], Hoviat-e Shahr. 3, 14-18. [in Persian]
Habibi, E., Khatami, S.M. (2021). Analyzing of Tehran’s urban facade’s identity case study: Shariati Street. The role of the world - theoretical studies and new technologies of architecture and urban planning. 20(65), 46-25.  [in Persian]
Hajmaleki, M., Daneshjoo, K., Shahcheraghi, A. (2022). Explaining Strategies to Promote Identity in Tehran's Contemporary Architecture (with Emphasis on the Facade of Buildings in the Street View). Gofteman-e tarahi-ye shahri. 3 (4), 92-107. [in Persian]
Høseggen, R., Wachenfeldt, B. J., Hanssen, S. O. (2008). Building simulation as an assisting tool in decision making: Case study: With or without a double-skin façade? Energy and Buildings, 40(5), 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.015
Hosseini-Nasab, S., Mahdizadeh-Saradj, F., Khanmohammadi, M., Ghamari, H. (2022). Evaluation of the Residential Facades in Tehran from the Neuro-Aesthetics Approach. Manzar, 14(60), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2022.317574.2169
Imamoglu, Ç. (2000). Complexity, preference and familiarity: Architecture and nonarchitecture Turkish students’ assessments of traditional and modern house facades. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0155
Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2000). Law of the Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Program of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/93301. [in Persian]
Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2004). Law of the fourth program of economic, social and cultural development of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94202. [in Persian]
Islamic Consultative Assembly. (2010). Law of the fifth five-year development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/790196. [in Persian]
Jam, F., Azemati, H., Ghanbaran, A, Ebrahimpour, R, and Esmaili, J. (2019). Vakavi tasir-e rang bar ghezavat-e zibaee-shenasan-e va Shakhes-ha-ye harkat-e cheshmi motakhasesan memari va gheyre Motakhasesan barresi moredi: nama-ye sakhteman-ha-ye maskooni shahr-e tehran [Analyzing the effect of color on the aesthetic judgment and eye movement indices of architectural experts and non-experts, a case study: facades of residential buildings in Tehran]. Name-ye memari va shahrsazi. 12(26), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.30480/aup.2020.786 [in Persian]
Karimi, S., Nasr, A. (2011). Ravesh-ha-ye tajziye va tahlil-e dade-ha-ye mosaheb-e [Interview data analysis methods], Pazhoohesh. 1, 71-94. [in Persian]
Keshtkaran, R., Habibi, A., & Sharif, H. (2017). Aesthetic Preferences for Visual Quality of Urban Landscape in Derak High-Rise Buildings (Shiraz). Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(5), 94. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n5p94
Khakzand, M., Mohammadi, M., Jam, F., Aghabozorgi, K. (2013). Shenasai-ye avamel moather bar tarahi-ye badaneha-ye shahri ba takid bar ab'ad ziba'e shenasi va zist‌mohiti (nemoone‌‌ moredi: khiaban-e wla‌'esr shahr qeshm) [Identifying factors affecting the design of urban bodies with emphasis on aesthetic and environmental aspects (case example: Vali Asr Street - Qeshm city)]. Urban studies. 3(10), 15-26. [in Persian]
Khatami, S.M., Bujari, P. (2019). Tahlile chalesh-ha-ye nama-ha-ye shahri-e tehran dar sade-ye akhir [Analysis of the challenges of Tehran's urban facades in the recent century]. Modiriat-e Shahri. (58), 91-111. [in Persian]
Khoddamipoor, A., Zabihi, H., Mofidi-Shemirani, S.M. (2019). Evaluation of components influential on promotion of landscape identity of architecture of contemporary views, Pazhouhesh va Barnam-e-rizi-ye Shahri. 41, 197-214. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.22285229.1399.11.41.13.2 [in Persian]
Krier, R., (1979). Urban space. Academy Editions, London: The University of Michigan.
Krier, R., (1992). Architecture and Urban Design. Wiley.
Lynch, K. (2015). The Image of the City,) translated by M. Mazini , Tehran: University of Tehran.
Madanipour, A., (1996). Design of urban space: an inquiry into a socio-spatial process. Willey Press, The University of Michigan.
Mahan, A., Mansouri, S.A. (2017). The Study Of “Landscape” Concept with an Emphasis on the Views of Authorities of Various Disciplines. Bagh-e Nazar, 14(47), 17-28.
Mahanfar, S., Porzargar, M., Dehbashi Sharif, M. (2021). Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography (Summer) 2021, Vol. 13. No 3 Evaluation of the aesthetic components of the facade in the administrative buildings of Tehran in the years 1961-2011 from the perspective of designers and ordinary people. Negaresh-ha-ye no dar joghrafiya-ye ensani. 13(3), 450-475. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.66972251.1400.13.3.21.4 [in Persian]
Mahdavinejad, M., Pourfathollah, M. (2014). New Lighting Technologies and Enhancement in Sense of Belonging (Case Study: Tehran Buildings). Pazhouhesh-ha-ye Joghrafiya-ye Ensani. 47(1), 131-141. https://doi.org10.22059/jhgr.2015.51238 [in Persian]
Memarian, G. (2005). Seiri dar mabani-ye Nazari-ye memari [A tour of the theoretical foundations of architecture. Tehran: Soroush. [in Persian]
Mikellides, B. (2012). Colour psychology: the emotional effects of colour perception. 105-128. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095534.1.105
Moughtin, C., Cues ta, R., Sarris, C., Signoretta, P., (1999). Urban Design: Method and Technique, Oxford: Architectural Press.
Naghizadeh, M. (2007). Edrak-e zibaee va hoviat-e shahr (dar partov-e eslami) [Perceiving the beauty and identity of the city (in the light of Islam)]. Isfahan: Shahrdari-e Esfahan. [in Persian]
Nasr, T., Majedi, H. (2013). The Significance of “Identity” in Urban Planning. Armanshahr. 11, 269-277. [in Persian]
Norberg-Schulz, C. (2002). The Concept of Dwelling. (Translated by M. Yarahmadi(, Tehran: Agah.
Pakzad, J. (2003). Phenomenology of Residential Building Façade and the Evolution Process of its Expectations. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, 14(14), 91-102. [in Persian]
Pakzad, J. (2006). Simaye shahr va anche kevin lynch az an mifahmid [The appearance of the city and what Kevin Lynch understood from it], Abadi. 16, 20-25. [in Persian]
Pakzad, J. (2007). Osoul-e Baft-e shahrhaye sonnati iran. [The principles of the fabric of traditional Iranian cities]. Tehran: Shahidi. [in Persian]
Pendar, H., RastegarZhaleh, S. (2022). Performance Assessment of Façade Committees (Over 2014-2021) and Development of Future-Study Scenarios Using AIDA Technique (Case Study: Façade Committees in Municipal Areas of Tehran Districts). Bagh-e Nazar, 20(119), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2022.308820.5016
Peponis, J., Burdett, R., Hanson, J. (1983). Space syntax, a different urban perspective. The Architects'. J., 178, 47-63.
Pourfathollah, M. (2020). Bahr-e-giri az methodology gorooh-ha-ye bahs dar barresi chalesh-ha-ye komite-ha-ye nama shahre Tehran [Utilizing the methodology of discussion groups in examining the challenges of Nama committees in Tehran]. Moteleat-e tarahi-ye shahri va pazhoohesh-ha-ye shahri. 4(4), 1-8. [in Persian]
Prieto, A., Oldenhave, M. (2021). What Makes a Façade Beautiful? Architects' Perspectives on the Main Aspects That Inform Aesthetic Preferences in Façade Design, Facade Design and Engineering, 9(2),21-46. https://doi.org/10.7480/jfde.2021.2.5540
Rakhshan, E, Zabihi, H., Majedi, H. (2017). Reload the identity components in the view of contemporary cities. Modiriat-e Shahri. 17(51), 75-86. [in Persian]
Ranjazmayazari, M., Ansari, M. (2021). Comparative Study of Facade Ornament, a Factor in Understanding of Scale, Function and Structural Expression (Case Study: Modern and Postmodern Era). Hoviat-e Shahr. 15(2), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.30495/hoviatshahr.2021.15272 [in Persian]
Sadeghi, A., Mousavi-Servineh-Baghi, E.S. Khodaee, Z. (2017). Utilizing Iranian - Islamic Approach in the Analysis and Improvement Process of the Quality of Urban Facades. JIAU, 16. 69-84. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87934 [in Persian]
Sattarzadeh Fathi, M., Heidari, F. (2018). The role of façades in the formation of physical identity in the Iranian cities, Heidari Hum. Capital Urban Manage., 3(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijhcum.2018.03.01.008
Shammai, A., Pourahmad, A., (2015). Urban Rehabilitation and Renovation A geographic Perspective, Tehran: University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Sharghi, A., Zarghami, I., Ramezanpour, M. (2021). The Effect of House Facade Signs On the Stigma of Resident`S Socio-Economic Status)Case S tudy: Tehran Municipal District 4). Hoviat-e Shahr. 15(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.30495/hoviatshahr.2021.14941 [in Persian]
Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution. (2015). National document of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/1633949. [in Persian]
Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2007). Comprehensive plan of Tehran city. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://b2n.ir/z27781. [in Persian]
Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2008). Cleaning and improvement of facades and walls, adaptation of footpaths and sidewalks, arrangement to the urban landscape. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from http://dastour.ir/brows/?lid=326113. [in Persian]
Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2012): Criteria and indicators necessary to recover the identity of Islamic-Iranian urban planning and architecture. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://www.haftshahrjournal.ir/article_20395_c261d3dc307aacca6f3ceb50723861a8.pdf. [in Persian]
Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2016). Guidelines for identification of landmark buildings and their approval by tourism. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://rrk.ir/Files/LawAttachments/11236745735f4ccca14e8fef837b4461.PDF. [in Persian]
Supreme Leader (2017). Document of Iranian Islamic basis model of progress. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://b2n.ir/u95120. [in Persian]
Tehran Islamic Council. (2013). Requirement of Tehran municipality to submit a bill of instructions for organizing facades of Tehran city. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: http://laws.tehran.ir. [in Persian]
Tehran Islamic Council. (2017). Design, monitoring and implementation of facades of the city of Tehran. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: http://laws.tehran.ir. [in Persian]
Tehran Municipality. (2013). Guide for the design and control of urban facades, Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: http://memarnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tarahivanama.pdf. [in Persian]
Tehran Municipality. (2018). New rules and regulations of the detailed plan of the integrated city of Tehran. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://tka-eng.com/wp-content/uploads/tehran-detailed-design-1398.pdf. [in Persian]
Tehran Municipality. (2020). Criteria for coordination, continuity and visual coherence of facades of Tehran city. Reference date: 13/06/2023. Retrieved from: https://www.hamestan.com/document/general-criteria-of-tehran.pdf. [in Persian]
Vitruvius, P. (2008). Ten Books on Architecture. (Translated by R. Fayaz), Tehran: University of Art.
Wigginton, M., Harris, J. (2002). Intelligent skins. London: Routledge.
Yammiyavar, A. P., and Roy, M. (2019). Influence of Visual Elements in Building Facades in the Formation of Experiential Perception. In Research into Design for A Connected World Springer, Singapore. 2, 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5977-4_26
Yazdani, I., Morvati, N. (2010). Globalization and the Challenges before National Identity in Developing Countries. Tahghighate Siasi va Beinolmelali. 6, 1-23. [in Persian]
Yousefi Bejarsari, Gh., Khatami, S.M., Safavi, S.A. (2022). Determining the position of human factors and intervening organizations in the process of the formation urban facadesin Tehran. (23), 5-24. https://doi.org20.1001.1.25386050.1401.1401.23.1.7 [in Persian]
Motaleate Shahri
Volume 13, Issue 49 - Serial Number 49
February 2024
Pages 47-64
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 26 December 2022
  • Revise Date: 20 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 29 June 2023
Share
How to cite
Statistics