Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
This paper investigates the evolution of development approaches from “Urban Reconstruction” to “Sustainable Urban Regeneration” emphasizing “social sustainability” (the most recent approach).The decline of environmental quality, social status and economic vitality have been amongst the most fundamental problems in the concept of urban development. In recent decades, various policies have been implemented in cities, especially in inner cities, to address this critical situation. Developed countries have examined different approaches for solving in theory and practice such issues as the post-industrial shift from manufacturing to service industries, Fordism to post-Fordism, natural or non-natural disasters (earthquakes, war…), globalization and social change. Developing countries have also been confronted by such problems as a result of rapid growth and its consequences. By looking at these policies from an analytical and historical perspective, distinct stages from “Urban Reconstruction” to “Urban Regeneration” can be defined based on prominent attributes, political approaches and institutional frameworks. “Sustainable Urban Regeneration” has been propounded in recent years, introducing sustainability and sustainable development in the field of urban development. The question and the objective of this research are forged explicating this approach, its aspects and components; exploring “what the components and aspects of “Sustainable Urban Regeneration” are and how they could be defined under the recent approach of “Social Sustainability”. The research method is a "documentary" one based on "Content Analysis" and "Logical Argumentation". This paper seeks to summarize the approaches that have affected change since the mid- twentieth century and to define the components and dimensions of sustainable urban regeneration taking into account the most recent approach of social sustainability.
Keywords
- " Urban Reconstruction"
- " Urban Renewal"
- " Urban Regeneration"
- " Sustainability"
- " Sustainable Urban Regeneration"
Main Subjects
- بحرینی، حسین(1376)شهرسازی وتوسعه پایدار، رهیافت شماره هفدهم، شورای پژوهشهای علمی کشور، تهران.
- حاجیپور، خلیل(1386)مقدمه ای برسیر تحول و تکوین رویکردهای مرمت شهری(دوره زمانی بعد از جنگ جهانی اول تا آغاز هزاره سوم)، اندیشه ایرانشهر، فصلنامه ای در زمینه شهرشناسی، سال دوم، شماره نهم و دهم.
- حبیبی، سید محسن و مقصودی، ملیحه ( 1381 ) مرمت شهری، تهران : انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
- صحیزاده، مهشید، ایزدی، محمدسعید(١٣٨٣) حفاظت و توسعه: دو رویکرد مکمل یا مغایر؟ ،" آبادی" دوره ١٤ ، شماره ٤٣، صفحات ٢١- ١٢ .
- عبدی دانشپور، زهره (1387) درآمدی بر نظریههای برنامهریزی با تأکید ویژه بر برنامهریزی شهری، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی،چاپ اول، تهران.
- کریپندورف، کلوس(1388)تحلیل محتوی:مبانی روش شناسی،)ترجمه هوشنگ نایبی(، نشرنی، تهران.
- لطفی، سهند ( 1390 )تبارشناسی بازآفرینی شهری، ازبازسازی تا نوزایی، چاپ اول، انتشارات آذرخش، تهران.
- Assefa G. and Frostell B. (2007), Social Sustainability and Social Acceptance in\technology Assessment:A Case Study of Energy Technologies, Technologies in Society (29): 63-78.
- Berry, B.J.L( 1985), ‘Islands of renewal in seas of decay’, in P. E. Peterson(Ed.), The New Urban Reality (The Brookings Institution, Washington ,DC), pp. 69–96.
- Beswick Carole-Ann . Tsenkova, Sasha. (2002)Overview Of Urban Regeneration Policies in Urban regeneration: learning from the British experience / edited by Sasha Tsenkova University of Calgary.
- Bevilacqua ,Carmelina, Calabrò, Jusy, Maione ,Carla.)2013),The Role of Community in Urban Regeneration: Mixed Use Areas Approach in USA Proceedings REAL CORP 2013 Tagungsb and 20-23 May 2013, Rome, Italy.
- Blackman, T. (1995) ,Urban Policy in Practice ,London, Routledge.
- Bohl, Charles C. (2002),.Place making: Developing town centers, main streets, and urban villages. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.
- Calthorpe, Peter, Fulton, William..(2001),The regional city. Island Press, pp.279-285.
- Chan Edwin Æ Grace K. L. Lee (2008),”Critical factors for improving social sustainability of urban renewal projects,Springer Science+Business Media.
- -Godschalk, David, and William Anderson.( 2012).Sustaining Places: The Role of the Comprehensive Plan, APA Report 567.
- CLG (Communities and Local Government) (2007e) Strong and Prosperous Communities: The Local- Government White Paper – Making It Happen: The Implementation Plan, London: HMSO.
- Colantonio &Dixon(2011),( Urban Regeneration & Social Sustainability: Best Practice from European Cities.
- Couch,C.(1990) Urban Renewal: Theory and Practice [Chapter 1 covers post-war approaches to the reconstruction of urban areas], Basingstoke: Macmillan.
- DETR.(2000), (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions)Sustainability Counts,London,DETR
- EC.(2006 ),European Institute for Urban Affairs 2006.
- EU Ministers.(2006),European Conference of Ministers Responsible for Spacial/RegionalL Planning (CEMAT)
- Fainstein, S. Gordon S., I and Harloe ,M. ( 1992), Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
- Gibson, Micheal and Kocabaş, Arzu (2001) “London: Sustainable Regeneration- Challenge andResponse”. Paper presented to the Rendez-vous Istanbul: 1.International Urban Design Meeting, Mimar Sinan University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Hemphill L, McGreal S & Berry J (2004) An Indicator Based Approach to Measuring Sustainable Urban Regeneration Performance: Part 2, Empirical Evaluation and Case Study Analysis Urban Studies 41: 757-772 .
- Hopkins. C . Benjamin. C. and Carter. A. ( 1997) Regeneration - Some Legal and Practical Issues BURA. London
- LUDA .(2003) Appraisal of Urban Rehabilitation Literature and Projects, Including a Glossary of Terms and a Preliminary Set of Indicators Characterising LUDA. Large Scale Urban Distressed Areas (LUDA), Dresden.
- McDonald, S.; Malys, N.; Malienė, V.(2009)Urban regeneration for sustainable communities: A case study, Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15(1): 49–59.
- Ng ,M.K. (2005) Quality of life perceptions and directions for urban regeneration in Hong Kong Social Indicator Research 71: 441-465.
- ODPM (2003) Creating sustainable communities: making it happen, Thames Gateway and the growth areas. ODPM, London.
- ODPM (2004) Creating sustainable communities: greening the Gateway. ODPM, London.
- ODPM (2006) UK Presidency. EU Ministerial Informal on Sustainable Communities. EuropeanEvidence Review papers. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.
- Roberts, P. 2000. The evolution, definition and purpose of urban regeneration, in P. Roberts and H. Syke(eds.). Urban Regeneration, A Handbook. British Urban Regeneration Association, SAGE Publications,London, 9–36.
- Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. (eds.) (2000) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook, London: Sage
- Roberts, P.; Jeffrey, P)2006( Signposts to sustainable communities: lessons from the exemplar learning programme2006. RENEW, London..
- Senkova, Sasha (2001) Urban regeneration: learning from the British experience / edited by Sasha Tsenkova University of Calgary. September/October,
- Tiesdel,S.,Oc,T.&Heath ,T.(1996)Revitalizing historic urban quarters, Oxford ,UK ,Architectural Press.
- Turok, Ivan (2004) “Urban Regeneration: what can be done and what should be avoided?”. Paper presented to International Urban Regeneration Implementations Symposium, Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Centre, Istanbul.
- URBACT.( 2010),”Impact of the Crisis and Responses of Cities” ,European Programme for Sustainable Urban Development.
- Urban Task Force.(1999) Towards an Urban Renaissance London, Landor Publishing.
)