Urban Sociology
somayeh shalchi; Maryam Allah dousti
Abstract
فرهنگ یکی از مهمترین مولفههای حیات شهرها محسوب میشود و سیاستگذاری فرهنگی شهری می-تواند در نقش محرک و تسهیلگر سیاستهای توسعه شهری ظاهر شود. شهر تبریز به عنوان ...
Read More
فرهنگ یکی از مهمترین مولفههای حیات شهرها محسوب میشود و سیاستگذاری فرهنگی شهری می-تواند در نقش محرک و تسهیلگر سیاستهای توسعه شهری ظاهر شود. شهر تبریز به عنوان یکی از مهم-ترین کلانشهرهای ایران در طول تاریخ همواره از ابعاد مختلف مورد توجه قرار داشته و یکی از تاثیرگذارترین شهرها بر تحولات فرهنگی ایران محسوب میشود. در این پژوهش سعی بر آن بوده است که سیاستهای فرهنگی شهر تبریز در چهار محور اصلی نامگذاری معابر عمومی، ساخت المانها و تندیسها، مواجهه با گذشته شهر و سیاستهای قومیتی، از چشمانداز ساکنین آن مورد مطالعه قرار بگیرد. همچنین به این موضوع پرداخته شود که ساکنین شهر تبریز سیاستهای فرهنگی شهرشان را چگونه روایت می-کنند و چه درکی از آن دارند؟ این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و با روش تحلیل مضمون(تحلیل تماتیک) انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، زنان و مردان تحصیلکرده بالای 25 سال هستند، که بیش از 10 سال در شهر تبریز زندگی کرده و آگاهی کافی در رابطه با درک سیاستهای فرهنگی را داشته باشند. نمونه شامل ۱۵ نفر (۸ نفر مرد و ۷ نفر زن) بوده که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شده و نحوه گردآوری دادهها از طریق مصاحبه نیمه ساخت یافته بوده است. در بخش نظری این پژوهش، از نظریات لوفور و تولید فضا، بنیامین و خاطره، دوسرتو و مقاومت، میزتال و حافظه بهره بردهایم. یافتههای این پژوهش در قالب هفت تم اصلی " رنج نسیان، ردپای خاطره، فروپاشی مکرر، سیاست حافظه، دیگرِی شهر، کانالیزه کردن فضا و کنشگری مقاومتی" بیان شدهاند. یافتههای این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در سالهای اخیر با اعمال سیاستهای از بالا به پایین و گاه نامناسب، شهر تبریز از الگوی توسعه شهری تاریخی و پیشین خود فاصله گرفته، مسیری متفاوت در پیش گرفته است. که همین امر ساکنین را با مقاومت نسبت به این سیاستها و با نوعی تعصب نسبت به شهرشان روبهرو کرده است.
Urban Sociology
Mohammad Reza Zamiri; mahin nastaran; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee
Abstract
Highlights:
- Socio-spatial segregation at the urban neighborhood level is a significant manifestation of spatial inequality and injustice, affecting the overall quality of urban life and access to resources.
- The main objective of this research is to assess and quantify the social and spatial segregation ...
Read More
Highlights:
- Socio-spatial segregation at the urban neighborhood level is a significant manifestation of spatial inequality and injustice, affecting the overall quality of urban life and access to resources.
- The main objective of this research is to assess and quantify the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within the neighborhoods of Bojnord, with a specific focus on understanding how these patterns have evolved over time.
- The research findings indicate that the clustering of the Turkmen population within Bojnord's neighborhoods has notably intensified between the years 1385 and 1395, signaling a growing trend of ethnic concentration.
- This study further explores the broader implications of residential segregation, particularly how it influences the quality of life, access to services, and social cohesion in urban neighborhoods.
Introduction:
In recent years, the study of socio-spatial segregation has gained increasing importance within the fields of urban and social sciences, especially with the advent of advanced computational tools that facilitate more precise measurements and analyses. Socio-spatial segregation at the neighborhood level represents one of the most visible and impactful forms of spatial inequality and social injustice within urban settings. By providing tools for effective measurement, researchers and policymakers can better evaluate and analyze the extent and severity of these inequalities, gaining insights into the distribution of resources and opportunities across different social groups.
Moreover, tracking the evolution of segregation over time within a specific geographical area allows for a deeper understanding of how urban development, migration patterns, and policy interventions influence the spatial organization of populations. This, in turn, sheds light on the degree to which citizens have equitable access to essential services, such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, as well as the overall quality of life in different urban neighborhoods.
Theoretical Framework:
The primary goal of this research is to measure the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within the neighborhoods of Bojnord and to analyze how these patterns have evolved over time. The central research question that guides this study is: What are the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation among ethnic groups in Bojnord, and how are these dimensions changing in response to broader social, economic, and political factors?
Since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province in 2003, the city has undergone rapid growth and transformation. Its population has nearly doubled, and its physical area has tripled by 2021, largely due to significant waves of migration from nearby villages, other cities, and even regions beyond the provincial borders. These demographic changes have inevitably led to shifts in the social and spatial organization of the city, raising important questions about the nature and consequences of residential segregation in this context.
Methodology:
The research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing the latest population statistics, along with data on the ethnic and religious composition of Bojnord's neighborhoods. This data was collected and analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of residential segregation in the city. In addition, the study draws on population statistics and compositions from previous census periods, particularly those following Bojnord's designation as the provincial capital, to track changes in segregation patterns over time.
To measure the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation, the study utilizes the Geo-Segregation Analyzer software, which generates detailed maps to visualize the distribution and concentration of different ethnic and religious groups within the city. These maps provide a clear representation of how various social groups are spatially organized within Bojnord, highlighting areas of significant ethnic clustering and isolation.
Results and Discussion:
The analysis reveals that the distribution of populations, particularly those who have migrated to Bojnord in recent years, is heavily influenced by the city's ethnic and cultural diversity. Among the 26 districts of Bojnord, the highest dissimilarity index was observed between the Turkmen and Tat ethnicities, indicating a pronounced level of segregation between these two groups.
Despite the high concentration of Turkmen and Tat populations in certain neighborhoods, the Tat group does not exhibit significant spatial isolation compared to other ethnic groups. However, the clustering of the Turkmen population within Bojnord's neighborhoods increased markedly between 1385 and 1395, coinciding with a substantial influx of Turkmen immigrants during this period. This trend has continued in subsequent years, although at a slower pace, as immigration rates have declined recently.
The results of this study offer valuable insights into the extent and intensity of segregation among different social groups, both ethnic and religious, within Bojnord's neighborhoods. Various indicators were employed to measure the dimensions of residential segregation, revealing that much of the population growth in Bojnord over the past two decades has been driven by immigration rather than natural population growth. Immigrant groups, particularly those belonging to specific ethnic and religious communities, have tended to settle in neighborhoods where others of similar backgrounds are already concentrated, further reinforcing the spatial concentration of these groups in specific areas of the city.
Conclusion:
The findings of this research indicate that since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province, residential segregation among ethnic groups has intensified, with the Turkmen ethnic group showing the most significant growth in segregation indices. If this trend continues, it may lead to heightened social tensions and conflicts, as the spatial separation of ethnic groups can exacerbate existing inequalities and contribute to social fragmentation.
Given Bojnord's status as a provincial capital and its diverse ethnic composition, the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within urban neighborhoods poses significant challenges for urban planners and policymakers. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the quality of life for all residents, ensuring equitable access to housing, support services, and opportunities in key areas such as employment, education, and healthcare. Policymakers must consider strategies to promote greater social integration and cohesion within the city, fostering a more inclusive and just urban environment for all its inhabitants.
Urban Sociology
sara farahpoor; Sina Razzaghi Asl
Abstract
Highlights
- This research develops a new approach to applying an artistic medium as the subject of urban studies.
- Researchers can identify and classify the dominant patterns of urban life in Tehran’s historical center through the narratives in Iranian movies.
- Urban spaces in the ...
Read More
Highlights
- This research develops a new approach to applying an artistic medium as the subject of urban studies.
- Researchers can identify and classify the dominant patterns of urban life in Tehran’s historical center through the narratives in Iranian movies.
- Urban spaces in the historic area of Tehran in recent Iranian movies are commonly represented as isolated, dangerous spaces.
Introduction
Urban spaces, especially in historic areas, have undergone a transformation as a result of de-semantic processes and new formulations of declined urban areas. The process has led to a decline in the quality and transformation of the inhabitants’ everyday life in these areas. Since cinematic spaces best reflect the nature of everyday urban life, looking at urban spaces through the lens of the movies may be an approach that enables a new way of encounter with space and history.
The relationship between cinematic spaces and urban spaces will help to understand the contrast between urban development and the everyday life of the residents of urban areas from a human point of view, an aspect that has often been neglected by other approaches to urban studies. This relationship, which originates from the emergence of the movies at the heart of the modern urban society and continues to this day, was also manifested in Iran from 1930. In fact, the production of the first moving pictures coincided with major urban developments in the historical center of Tehran.
On the other hand, many urban spaces in these areas have gradually been emptied of their original functions and meanings over time, and they have assumed a representative, false function instead. The loss of connection and continuity between the historic area and other parts of the city has led to the transformation of urban spaces into something other than the environment containing the flow of everyday urban life. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and classify urban themes and the dominant patterns of everyday urban life in Tehran’s historical center through visual data and narratives in Iranian movies.
Theoretical Framework
In order to elaborate on the theoretical framework, it is necessary to explain the notions of space, representation, and everyday life, and this will not be possible without referring to Henri Lefebvre. Lefebvre considers space to be three-dimensional, related to society, time, and history. In the book Production of Space, he presents three formulations of the concept of space by stating that urban spaces are created through the dialectical interaction of three modes of production. The first mode is the tangible, material dimension of spatial experience (real space), the second is the representation of space (mental space) as a concept that is built by existing discourses and conventional ideologies, and the third is representational space, or lived space, as a concept that is understood from space through everyday life and is a combination of the first two forms.
Accordingly, reliance on the creative capabilities of the movies demonstrates that the notion of representational spaces in this article can help to understand and explain the evolution of these spaces and the symbolic determination that they accept and display in each period of time.
Until achievement of theoretical saturation, the authors continued the review and analysis of the movies based on the criteria taken from the theoretical framework of the research, including the representation of the historic center of Tehran in the movies and the detailed representation of the urban spaces in this area, the connection between the movie plots and the changes made in the function and quality of these spaces as a result of the intervention policies adopted in the historical center, and the representation of the everyday life of the residents of historical districts and their methods of resistance against the above developments. In the first phase of thematic analysis, all the elements presented in the movie text which contained meaning related to the purposes of the research were extracted and translated into semantic expressions. In the next phase, the frequent concepts were outlined and highlighted. Then, the categories formed from the selected relevant codes were classified under one main theme, and this process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.
Finally, in the explanation of each theme, the movies were described and analyzed based on the common themes that make up a central category and based on a time trend. While drawing the semantic and historical relationships between the main themes, the authors portrayed the transformations taking place in the representation of urban spaces under each main theme and in each historical period.
Method
Utilizing the method of thematic analysis in the study of Iranian movies, this research seeks to adopt a new approach to spatial transformation in this area. For this purpose, thirty Iranian movies released between 1964 and 2019 were selected to make up the sample.
Findings and Discussion
The findings demonstrate that the Iranian movies are capable of providing a rich image of the relationship between the evolution of urban spaces and the patterns of everyday urban life in Tehran’s historic area. These patterns are formulated in five themes under the following titles: urban transformation, conversion of the social context in Tehran’s historic area, wandering around the city, social life at a caravanserai, and resistance efforts in everyday urban life in Tehran’s historic area.
Conclusion
It seems that the image represented in Iranian movies of everyday interactions in the historic area of Tehran has been severely damaged in the recent decades. Spaces that were once reflected as places of praxis and resistance are represented today as dangerous, isolated spaces, which is a result of injecting new meaning into the urban area and manipulating the citizens’ mental image.
Meanwhile, the approach adopted in some movies to depicting the methods of resistance in everyday urban life turns into something more than just a representation of space. In other words, perhaps due to the inherent nature of the image in the representation of reality and the filmmaker’s creativity in the reflection of liberating forms, the characters of a movie can challenge the structure of the social environment using unconventional forms of presence in space and creating meaning through resistance efforts and praxis in urban life.
Acknowledgment
This article is extracted from the first author’s master thesis in titled “Studying the representation of urban spaces transformation in Tehran`s historical fabric on Iranian cinema” at the Shahid Rajai University of Tehran.
Urban Sociology
Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo; بنیادی Bonyadi; Atoosa Modiri
Abstract
Highlights- This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting the levels of residents’ place attachment.- The results demonstrate that place attachment consists of four dimensions: spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and spatial social bonding.- Of all these four dimensions, ...
Read More
Highlights- This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting the levels of residents’ place attachment.- The results demonstrate that place attachment consists of four dimensions: spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and spatial social bonding.- Of all these four dimensions, spatial social bonding was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment.- The method of validation factor analysis validated the place attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions. IntroductionMany urban planners and designers have considered the topic of the quality of the emotional relationship between man and their place of residence, or place attachment, in recent years. In the past, the relationships between neighborhood residents who knew each other and were aware of each other’s circumstances contributed to healthy, familiar emotional relationships among them. In other words, neighborhoods, being familiar social units, involved profound cultural roots, pursued certain traditions and customs, and even continued the rites and ways of life and the norms and customs inherited from the past. In modern cities, however, kinship, shared religious beliefs, and moral values give way to anonymity and individualism as the emotional bonds of the local community weaken. Over time, neighborhood connections have lost some of their function. Lack of familiarity with people in the neighborhoods, lack of joint activities, and lack of ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural ties as firm as before have reduced people’s levels of emotional connection, i.e. their senses of place attachment with their residential neighborhoods. Therefore, this article aimed to provide structural modeling to investigate the aspects effective on attachment to residential areas.Theoretical FrameworkIn recent years, many researchers have examined the aspects of place attachment through structural equation modeling, providing a framework for their classification. Understanding the dimensions of place attachment through structural equation modeling allows researchers to better explore the potentials of this concept and its complexity, which makes up the objective of this study along with identification of the dimensions. The construct of spatial attachment consists of spatial identity, spatial dependence, spatial social bonding, and spatial emotion.MethodologyThe development of a valid, trustworthy method to measure and evaluate the dimensions of place attachment has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years, with quantity-oriented academics highlighting the multidimensionality of the construct. However, no one, simple scale of measuring is agreed upon by academics and researchers in the field due to the diversity of the methodologies used in the operationalization of the idea and the levels of relevant multi-dimensionality. Because of this significance, this research sought to investigate the dimensions affecting the level of residents’ place attachment. Since this was not easily possible, the indexing technique was used for examination. In this technique, indicators were considered to identify the dimensions, and questions were asked in the questionnaire to measure them. For assessment of the respondents’ opinions about the research topic, their responses were measured with a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a simple random sampling method was used to select the sample in the Haft Chenar neighborhood. The sample size was 687, and data analysis was made using the SPSS software version 22. For this purpose, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used. Results and DiscussionThe findings demonstrated that the level of attachment of the Haft Chenar neighborhood residents is high. On the other hand, the results of the analysis of the structural model of the research supported the hypothesis that place attachment is a quadratic component consisting of the four identified dimensions of spatial identity, spatial affect, spatial dependence, and social connection with the place. It is noteworthy that among all these four dimensions, social connection with the place was identified as the most powerful predictor of place attachment in the research, indicating that the level of social connection in a neighborhood is high, which can directly increase the level of residents’ attachment to the place. Meanwhile, spatial identity received the lowest score for the Haft Chenar neighborhood. Therefore, it seems that residents’ identity to place can be expected to increase due to the experiences formed in the context given that this factor has won the lowest score among the residents, who can realize this by planning and designing an active node and center in the context of these residential neighborhoods and by creating attractive, pleasant places for socializing and embedding community places in the long run. Moreover, a number of solutions were provided for urban planners and designers to increase attachment in the Haft Chenar neighborhood given that these four dimensions of convergent narrative for the structure indicated spatial attachment.ConclusionThe spatial attachment model was experimentally tested given spatial attachment as a secondary component and the claim of this research that spatial dependence, spatial identity, spatial affection, and social connection with place constitute different primary dimensions of place attachment. Hence, the validation factor analysis method confirmed the validity of the spatial attachment structure as a quadratic component consisting of four dimensions. As demonstrated by the fitness indices of the model, it is suitable for research data. AcknowledgmentThis article is taken from Amir Ebrahimi Hasanakloo's Master's thesis entitled "Investigation and evaluation of factors affecting the increase of residents' attachment to residential neighborhoods (with an approach to Haft Chenar neighborhood - District 10 of Tehran)" which was supervised by Dr. Naser Bonyadi and Dr. Atoosa Modiri in the urban planning department of the Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch.
Urban Sociology
parastoo mohammadyan; Nasibeh Zanjari; Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz; Ahmad Delbari
Abstract
Highlights
Among the examined variables, economic status and then health status exhibited the greatest impacts on satisfaction with the place of residence in the elderly.
The elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence.
There are different sources of residential ...
Read More
Highlights
Among the examined variables, economic status and then health status exhibited the greatest impacts on satisfaction with the place of residence in the elderly.
The elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence.
There are different sources of residential satisfaction or dissatisfaction among older people in different societies.
Introduction
With the advancement of technology and health and medical sciences, the population of the elderly is increasing all over the world, in such a way that the population of people aged sixty years or more is estimated to reach 2.03 billion by 2050 (Nations, 2015; Zhao & Chung, 2017). The elderly are among the valuable capitals of any country and a symbol of the development of societies. As a result, understanding the needs of this part of the society and planning to meet their needs can improve their quality of life and life expectancy (Moghimi & Momeni, 2019). In most epidemiological studies, the factors affecting the health of the elderly have been studied, one of which is satisfaction with their place of residence, with a great impact on the performance and well-being of the elderly (Balfour & Kaplan, 2002). Satisfaction with the place of residence is an important issue in environmental psychology because it is one of the most prominent environments in human experience, especially for the elderly; For those with physical and financial limitations, their homes and places of residence often make up the focus of their daily lives, which makes it very important to understand and identify the factors affecting satisfaction with the place of residence (Rioux & Werner, 2011). Satisfaction with the place of residence is a factor with great impacts on the health, performance, well-being, and quality of life of the elderly. In Iran, however, there have not been enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the level of satisfaction with the place of residence and the relevant factors in the elderly in the city of Sanandaj, Iran.
Theoretical Framework
In the present study, the theoretical framework of Rioux and Warner’s research was used. This framework includes two parts of satisfaction levels: residence and predictive factors. The examined levels of satisfaction with the place of residence included the assessment of the dimensions of the neighborhood (beauty, safety, etc.), access to services and shopping centers (transportation and conditions of sidewalks), social relations with neighbors (mutual, positive respect and respect for privacy, and internal features of the house (desirability, comfort of accommodation, absence of coercion, etc.). The investigated predictive factors included the convenience of the physical environment (properties of the residence, distance from shopping centers, and distance from green spaces), social environment (meetings, visits, and transition in the neighborhood), self-perceived well-being (self-perceived health, self-perceived economic status, etc.), and demographic characteristics (age, gender, household size, etc.) have been investigated (Rioux & Werner, 2011).
Methodology
The present research is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 older people in the city of Sanandaj, Iran in 2021. The population included all the residents of Sanandaj aged 60 years or older. In this study, the multistage cluster sampling method was used. The data were collected using a questionnaire measuring satisfaction with the place of residence, and the SPSS software version 24.0 was used to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
The mean age of the older adults in the present study was 68.34 with a standard deviation of 7.26, and 55% of the participants were men. The mean score of satisfaction with the place of residence in this study was 3.65 with a standard deviation of 0.54, the lowest mean score pertained to the quality of the surrounding environment (mean = 3.51, sd = 0.90), and the highest mean concerned the facilities (mean = 3.85, sd = 0.78). Significant relationships were found between satisfaction with the place of residence and the following according to the results of bivariate analysis: gender (t = 2.47, p < 0.01), marital status (t = 4.52, p < 0.001), academic degree (f = 22.62, p < 0.001), employment status (f = 10.96, p < 0.001), economic status (f = 60.81, p < 0.001), length of stay in the neighborhood (r = -0.29, p < 0.001), general well-being (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), economic well-being (f = 60.10, p < 0.001), and self-perceived health status (f = 32.58, p < 0.001). According to the multilinear regression model, controlling the simultaneous effects of the predictor variables demonstrated that the participants with better general well-being, economic well-being, and health status were more satisfied with their places of residence. Moreover, the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. Overall, the regression model explained 59% of the changes in satisfaction with the place of residence among the participants.
Conclusion
According to the results, there was a significant relationship between satisfaction with the place of residence and well-being (general well-being, self-perceived health, and financial well-being). These results are in line with those of Rioux’s study. The elderly who considered themselves more active and healthier reported the highest satisfaction with their places of residence, because the more capable and active people are, the more easily they can match and adapt themselves to their residential conditions and places of living (Rioux & Werner, 2011) The results of the present study also demonstrated that the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. In James’s study, however, different and even contradictory results have been expressed. In some of the studies mentioned in this research, dissatisfaction has been reported with life in apartments because of overcrowded buildings; dissatisfaction has been stated with houses, on the other hand, as the residents may be far from each other in terms of location, leaving the residents less capable of establishing social connections (James, 2008). The results of this research also indicated that there is moderate satisfaction with the residence among the elderly. The findings can help policy-makers in the field of housing and urban planning to pay attention to the level of satisfaction of the elderly and their health and well-being.
Urban Sociology
Narges Ghodsi; mahin nastaran; Vahid Ghasemi
Abstract
Highlights
- A systematic classification of studies based on questions of what, why, and how with a systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis.
- The importance of reviewing the phenomenon of segregation from a wide range of dimensions (physical-spatial, political-management, and socio-economic).
- ...
Read More
Highlights
- A systematic classification of studies based on questions of what, why, and how with a systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis.
- The importance of reviewing the phenomenon of segregation from a wide range of dimensions (physical-spatial, political-management, and socio-economic).
- The importance of qualitative research explaining whats, focusing on conceptual modeling, and modeling measurement.
- The importance of research explaining whys, and focusing on identification and examination of the contextual factors affecting segregation.
- The importance of research explaining hows and identifying and examining the policies and effective trends according to all the dimensions.
Introduction
An inherent characteristic of cities, segregation pertains to the social distance between residents and their physical separation. When this phenomenon prevents some groups from accessing services, activities, and spaces, it leads to urban problems. Due to the interdisciplinary nature and large scope of this phenomenon, many researchers from different expert groups have investigated it in the past three decades. Although the number of studies is not small, it is important to note the dispersion of the principles and topics and the lack of coherent conceptual frameworks as a result of the variety of relevant specialties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the diagnostic status of the scientific Persian articles addressing the concept of segregation and to analyze the nature and quality of these research topics and present a systematic categorization thereof.
Theoretical Framework
The review of the literature shows different concepts proposed for definition of segregation. In the middle of the 20th century, segregation was first recognized as a social issue (Legeby, 2013), the main purpose of which is to investigate the distinction between two demographic groups (Feitosa et al., 2007) or the separation of several groups (Morgan, 1975; Sakoda, 1981; Jargowsky, 1996; Reardon & Firebaugh, 2002). In the 1970s, new studies were conducted for identification of the causes of the segregation of social groups, linked with spatial analysis (Morgan, 1975; Sakoda, 1981; Jargowsky, 1996; Dupont, 2004; Lima, 2001: 494; Reardon & Firebaugh, 2002; Smith, 2009: 682; Romero et al., 2012: 76).
Depending on whether one has the freedom to choose to separate, segregation can happen in two ways: voluntary and involuntary (Izadi et al., 2016: 83; Lotfi & Ghazaei, 2019: 20). Therefore, segregation includes various dimensions, such as socio-economic and spatial dimensions, in which terms it has been investigated in recent studies under the title of socio-spatial segregation.
Systematic review is made using regular methods to identify, select, and critically evaluate the conducted research and collect and analyze the obtained data in order to respond to a specific question (Crocetti, 2016: 3). A function of this technique is to examine the history of the research and extract and summarize it to improve the approaches to the study to obtain appropriate results (Ghazi Tabatabaei & Vadadhir, 2010: 59). Generation of the meta-analysis involves the statistical analysis of a large set of results from individual studies, which is performed for integration of the findings (Glass, 1976: 3). Although this technique is usually considered as part of quantitative methods, however, it can also be used for qualitative approaches (Tizchang & Azam Azadeh, 2020: 10).
Methodology
The qualitative research approach is adopted here. The method of data collection is based on the basic text type using documentary methods. The systematic review and open coding techniques were used for data analysis, followed by qualitative meta-analysis. For this purpose, 50 Persian articles based on the topic of segregation and published from 1996 to 2021 were selected and reviewed in 15 categories. The research was conducted in four stages. First, all available information from the selected studies were collected and summarized. Then, classification and coding was performed based on the evaluation parameters (principles and categories) in two groups of structural and content features. Next, all the information extracted from the studies were processed, analyzed, and interpreted based on their frequency and percentages. Finally, the research questions were answered.
The structural section sought to investigate the general characteristics of the selected articles to explain the state of research in the field of urban segregation in Iran using the results. The content section attempted to outline the researchers’ views of the original concept, research method, type of research, attributes used for segregation, type of main question, thematic principles, and aspects investigated in the field of segregation.
Results and Discussion
The findings helped to categorize the selected articles based on the types of their main questions (what, why, and how) in the form of 5 main thematic principles. These principles include investigating the concept and methodology of segregation, examining the lived experiences of residents, identifying background factors affecting the formation of segregation, and investigating the relationship between segregation and contextual factors affecting it. In addition, the evolution of the concept of segregation in the research conducted in the field was divided into four general periods: early, middle, late (current period), and future, which were then compared. Socio-spatial separation was defined on that basis. The results demonstrate that segregation is an interdisciplinary, multifaceted, context-oriented issue involving socio-economic, physical-spatial, and political-management dimensions. In the current research conditions of the country, there is need for qualitative research on subjects such as conceptual and measurement modeling of segregation (to explain what it is), identifying and investigating the background factors affecting segregation, including the structures and compositions of cities (to explain why), and identifying and examining policies and trends effective on segregation (to explain how) considering all the dimensions. In this case, it is possible through a correct understanding of the concept to more precisely investigate its spatial patterns over time in the fields of urban development, planning, and design.
Conclusion
Since segregation is an interdisciplinary discourse, many researchers from different fields have investigated it from their specialized perspectives. The necessity of using methods such as meta-analysis can be explained by the large, increased amount of available research, the authors’ different views of the subject, and the need to summarize and combine them and to identify the repetitive and problematic research areas. The results of the research demonstrate that there are still many ambiguities about the meaning of segregation despite the abundance of research and urban science experts’ greater concern in the past ten years. This is confirmed by all the results highlighted in this research, concerning the use of different Persian translations of the concept, multiple attributes involved in its description, and unclear optional or mandatory aspects of the phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to review the multifaceted phenomenon of segregation in Iran in the form of new issues, taking into account its wide range of dimensions, to obtain a better, more accurate, more comprehensive understanding thereof.
Urban Sociology
sahar esmaeilpourhamedani; Esmaeil shieh; Kianoosh Zakerhaghighi
Abstract
A common type of crime in modern cities, vandalism has had many negative consequences, causing social and cultural problems, financial losses, etc., and its negative image is more persistent in public urban spaces than those of other crimes. Moreover, the necessity of concern for the issue of vandalism ...
Read More
A common type of crime in modern cities, vandalism has had many negative consequences, causing social and cultural problems, financial losses, etc., and its negative image is more persistent in public urban spaces than those of other crimes. Moreover, the necessity of concern for the issue of vandalism becomes clearer than for other crimes by consequences such as the sense of insecurity, feeling of being victimized, sense of carelessness about urban spaces, ignorance of aesthetic aspects. At the same time, a group including psychologists and sociologists believe in the impact of internal and personality factors, and other groups including architects and urban planners believe in the effect of spatial conditions on vandalism. The main view of this paper is based on the simultaneous roles of both factors. The major purpose is to examine the role of setting and spatial conditions in prevention of vandal behavior through development of hazard perception and fear of crime commitment given the environmental, social, cultural, and other conditions in Iranian urban spaces. The case study investigates the Borje Ghorban neighborhood in the city of Hamadan, Iran, evaluated given the internal factors as containing potential vandals. This is an analytical documentary study that examines the relationships between the variables with the method of correlation. The paper assumes that vandals are uniformly distributed in the public urban spaces of the neighborhood. The spatial variables and prevalence of vandal behavior were extracted from objective field observations and questionnaires. The data were then analyzed with SPSS and statistical tests. The roles of location, monitoring, and population density were considered as spatial indicators under investigation. In data collection from the passages in the public urban spaces in the Borje Ghorban neighborhood, a very important role was considered for movement to make it possible to classify and separate the information on the target passages and spaces. The parameters considered in the separation of the spaces included wave movement, change of level, the floor, typicality, details, publicity, complexity, suitability, scale, street lighting, and here and there. The assessment of the independent variable of monitoring involved parameters such as inside-outside and outside-inside control, land use installation and space involvement in time periods, and street restaurant tables. The data concerning the independent variable of population density were collected given the available documents and residential density based on land uses including local and extra-local uses. Residential population density and peripheral population density were assessed at the same time. The parameters considered for collection of data on the role of the setting included the quality of successive views, sense of the setting, healthy environment, healthy image, healthy behavior, and covert spaces in public urban spaces. The findings were consistent with the theoretical expectations and research literature, and the results indicated that the quality and quantity of monitoring, population density, and setting are effective on vandals’ hazard perception as they commit vandalism. In other words, presence at particular settings causes a sense of fear of crime commitment due to the expected consequences, which ultimately prevents vandal behavior, or causes it to occur elsewhere.
Urban Sociology
masoumeh Hedayati marzbali; Mohamad Javad Maghsoudi tilaki
Volume 5, Issue 18 , May 2016, , Pages 21-36
Abstract
As crime rates have rapidly increased globally, crime prevention has received a great deal of attention among scholars in recent years. Neighbourhoods play a significant role in the lives of those who live and socialise within their boundaries, and how they interact in the neighbourhood environment. ...
Read More
As crime rates have rapidly increased globally, crime prevention has received a great deal of attention among scholars in recent years. Neighbourhoods play a significant role in the lives of those who live and socialise within their boundaries, and how they interact in the neighbourhood environment. Certain characteristics of the neighbourhood can affect residents’ perceptions towards neighbourhood problems. Both the social and physical conditions of the neighbourhood may affect the perception of the residents on the surrounding environment. The incivilities thesis posits that signs of incivilities contribute to an increase in the fear of crime. Despite the theory that management of incivilities can make safer communities, the empirical literature on examining the indirect effect of the incivilities thesis is limited. Interventions require a better understanding of the neighbourhood correlates of both cognitive (perceived risk) and affective (fear of crime) responses to crime. The affective dimension of fear of crime refers to the emotional responses to fear of being a victim of specific crime types, while the cognitive dimension refers to risk of crime victimisation. This study examines the associations between disorder, perceived risk and fear of crime by considering gender as a control variable in a sample of 160 residents in Penang, Malaysia. Five research hypotheses were put forward and tested using the structural equation modelling on a priori hypothesised theoretical model. The effect of perceptions of disorder on perceived risk and fear of crime was investigated. Of particular interest in this investigation was the possible contextual effect of gender on the residents’ perception of their neighbourhood. The results of structural equation modelling reveal that high disorder is positively associated with perceived risk and fear of crime. Likewise, perceived risk mediates the relationship between disorder and fear of crime. Consistent with prior research, women perceived higher levels of disorder, perceived risk and fear of crime. This would suggest that women perceived their immediate surroundings in negative terms and they are the gender more fearful of crime. This may presumably refer to a lack of physical strength, less mobility for this group of people and reinforced beliefs of vulnerability through communication, behaviour and interactions. In addition, over time, the results of the present study provide empirical support for the initial classic theory, incivilities thesis. In fact, lowering the level of crime is not the only way of alleviating risk perceptions and fear, particularly amongst women. Although we do not claim that fear is independent of direct victimisation, other factors such as environmental factors can play a significant role in mitigating fear of crime. Therefore, based on the study findings, we suggest that local planning authorities need to pay attention to such important matters in neighbourhoods as street lighting provision and maintenance, eliminating concealed spots, designing streetscapes to enhance visibility, and last but not least increasing the visibility of the police to citizens.
Urban Sociology
Elham Davoodi; atoosa modiri
Volume 4, Issue 16 , November 2015, , Pages 81-92
Urban Design
m f; a a
Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 3-14
Abstract
Abstract Immigration, differences, permanent displacement and rapid population growth in Tehran are some barriers of social interactions in its neighborhoods. While the social interactions is one of the main parameters in formation social capital of the city, the role of citizens social interactions ...
Read More
Abstract Immigration, differences, permanent displacement and rapid population growth in Tehran are some barriers of social interactions in its neighborhoods. While the social interactions is one of the main parameters in formation social capital of the city, the role of citizens social interactions are neglected in urban regenerations as an interventional approaches in urban restoration methods. The urban regeneration with regards to its essence and strategies could be the only way for urban planners in contemporary Tehran. In this issue, landscape regeneration of Tehran public squares could be known as a key factor in increasing citizens social interactions. In this research, a qualitative method with inductive approach has been applied. Besides, 10 squares of the Tehran have been analyzed as case studies. Four factors defied for choosing these ten squares which categorized as a) having historical backgrounds, b) Participation in social and cultural transformations, c) having sufficient dimensions and proportions, d) the presence of the square in the citizens mind. According to these four factors the case studies have been chosen which named Azadi, Engelab, HassanAbad, Toupkhaneh, Vali-e-Asre, Ferdowsi, Vanak, Imam Hussein, RahAhan and Ghazvin. As, social interactions have time-place factors, environmental factors that effect on it has been studied by analyzing objective elements (physical and natural) and subjective elements (memories and human relations) of landscape of the case studies. According to the results or this survey the three square that received the most points, selected for further study with SWOT matrix. Each square have been visited by the authors and by field survey the points and matrix have been extracted. Aerial photos help the authors to have a similar approach in analyzing the landscape factors, too. Results of this part of the research, shows that most of the central green spaces of the squares used only for its greenery and no activity or social interactions could be seen in these areas. Besides, absence or lack of urban furniture especially awning or any kinds of shelters, are one of the most weakness parts of the case studies. Rapid urban traffic flow with absence of safe connection pedestrians’ ways to the central part of the squares are the next noticeable factor which have a great roll in decreasing the social activity. In conclusion, some strategies of landscape correction of the squares have been established: organizing natural elements and urban furniture, organizing pedestrian and vehicle flows, increasing selective functions and regenerating squares memories of the past and the present or future. Process of landscape regeneration of urban squares has been recognized as a diagram consists of analyzing natural, artificial and human factors. The natural factor consists of vegetations pattern, water quality, vista elements. The artificial factors, included, buildings and functions. While the humanity factors are based on citizens’ behavior pattern and memories in social and individual scale. By, discovering each factor patterns, strategies of regeneration based on increasing social interactions of citizens could be defined in combination. Each square has its own regeneration strategy based on its social, historical, natural and environmental condition.
Urban Scape
j m; h d
Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 61-72
Abstract
Abstracts The cities are the most outstanding symbols of modernity and are the main context for constructing and developing public spheres. In Iran, the urban public spaces, despite their significant function in creating social interaction, have usually been neglected and unused. Urban gardens and parks, ...
Read More
Abstracts The cities are the most outstanding symbols of modernity and are the main context for constructing and developing public spheres. In Iran, the urban public spaces, despite their significant function in creating social interaction, have usually been neglected and unused. Urban gardens and parks, as public spaces, due to this neglecting, encounter many physical and social problems. Reparation and reconstruction of these public spaces could create an emancipating context for social and economic participation and for developing physical and aesthetic aspects of cities. This research using mixed methods rely on social impact assessment approach to study the economic, social and cultural impacts of reparation and reconstruction of urban gardens and parks on everyday life of people. Social impact assessment approach argues that any project in the field of development should be oriented to increase participation of people. So, the best model of development is sustainable development. Social impact assessment approach includes the process of analyzing and managing the intended or unintended consequences of any social policy, especially urban planning. In other words, social impact assessment approach attempts to explain and predict the consequences of a project in the context of people’s everyday life. This approach can help the policy-makers and decision-makers to pay attention to the cultural, ritual and social aspects of the local residents. In this research, we have used mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) to study the different dimension of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks. In quantitative section, survey method and questionnaire technique were used to study the residents of discrete 18, and in qualitative section we have used individual interview and focused group interview to study the opinions of experts and policy-makers. In this way, social impact assessment of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks, in quantitative section, was analyzed in two different aspects: from the viewpoints of respondents and in relation to civilities and social interaction. But in qualitative section it was analyzed in aspects such as “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on cultural and social interaction”, “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on social security of the residents”, “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on mental and physical health”, “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on availability of urban equipments”, and “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on the social and economic situation of interested groups. The findings show that this repairing and reconstructing result in positive aspects like increasing social solidarity, social trust, social capital, sustainable development and individual gratifications. In other words, we can say that it has different functions such as psychological, social and cultural, aesthetic, environmental and political. Therefore, it is argued that all the urban residents are the interested groups in these projects. According to the results, some suggestions could be provided like: providing security for urban gardens and parks, preventing any kind of vandalism, inventing counseling centers and recreational equipments, and increasing the interaction between residents and policy-makers.
Urban Design
A. K.; M. B.
Volume 2, Issue 6 , June 2013, , Pages 75-87
Urban Planning
Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 13-26
Abstract
The post-industrial revolution era is characterized by increasingly global urbanization with the resulting problem of the shortage of housing. In fact, housing has become not only one of the desperate needs but also an ever-growing concern of human being who has always been preoccupied with finding ...
Read More
The post-industrial revolution era is characterized by increasingly global urbanization with the resulting problem of the shortage of housing. In fact, housing has become not only one of the desperate needs but also an ever-growing concern of human being who has always been preoccupied with finding a solution to this issue. Maskan-e-Mehr is deemed to be the greatest national project in housing. Due to the wide scope and newness of the project, an evaluation of the results is necessary. Generally, housing satisfaction as one of the widely studied issues along with housing environments proves to be a part of the life satisfaction. As a matter of fact, satisfaction means the amount of individuals’ accessibil -ity to the intended objectives. The identification of the effective factors responsible for the satisfaction and dissatisfaction rate of the residents can be helpful both in the analysis of the existing living conditions and in the future decisions to improve the quality of the housing environments and to avoid the same defects in the future locations. This study can assist the policy-makers and planners in designing an effective architecture for Maskane-Mehr projects to meet the needs of the residents. The present article undertakes to evalu-ate the satisfaction level of the residents in Fatemieh site of Maskan-e-Mehr in Yazd city. Although the adopted methodology in this study is largely descriptive, the data collection includes documentary and survey carried out via distributing questionnaires and inter -viewing the residents. A formula-based sampling of 367 subjects residing in kokran was taken as the statistical sample which was, for the sake of more accuracy, raised to 400 sub -jects. To assess the extent of satisfaction of the Maskan-e-Mehr project, the questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part dealt with the independent variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, income, occupation and a medium designed to investigate the variables on the level of perception of the satisfaction of residents. The second part was devoted to the dependent variable pertinent to the satisfaction of the Maskan-e-Mehr project. These variables include integrated facilities management and maintenance, light-ing, ventilation, landscape and views, arrangement, neighborhood relations, economic, environmental dimensions, transportation, accessibility and security. The analysis of the data has been done via the SPSS20 software. According to the descriptive results obtained from applying the Chi-Square test, there is a meaningful relation between independent variants such as gender, occupation, marital status on the one hand and the satisfaction level on the other hand. Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the results show that there is a meaningful and direct relation between the age variable and that of satisfaction, whereas the education and the average income variables have a meaningful but indirect relation. The evaluative results of this research indicate that the overall satisfaction level of the residents of Fatemieh Condo is average. The residents of Fatemieh Condo are dis-satisfied with the economic condition of the condo while the neighboring residents are satisfied with criteria such as security, lighting, ventilation and the physical status of the complex. They, however, expressed an average satisfaction about the other study criteria. Taking into account the complex of Maskan-e-Mehr Fatemieh city of Yazd, it is possible to raise the level of satisfaction of the residents through provision of a range of facilities and reduction of the problems in their residential location. Finally, some solutions have been proposed for the improvement of the project, the facilities and the services for our case study.
Urban Design
Farhang Mozaffar; Ali Asadpour
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 2012, , Pages 3-12
Abstract
Social patterns in open space organizations have a key role in shaping most of 20th urban theories. This paper identifies the formal and social patterns in planning the residential open spaces in famous theories and projects of urbanization during 20th century and compares them with experiences of Iranian ...
Read More
Social patterns in open space organizations have a key role in shaping most of 20th urban theories. This paper identifies the formal and social patterns in planning the residential open spaces in famous theories and projects of urbanization during 20th century and compares them with experiences of Iranian urban organizations in an analytic manner from the past to present. Historical – interpretative method established in this research was combined with case studies. From the formal viewpoint in the early 20th century theories, 4 categories of open space organizations could be identified: "grid organization", "linear", "central" and "complex" patterns, which have been tended towards complex patterns during the second half of the century. Moreover, try to remove social hierarchy, providing class equality and common ownership of open spaces seen in the first half of the century has been replaced by social stability, social equality and simultaneous attention to both public and private open spaces. However, the modern construction in country is almost the continuation of the early century proven strategies that mainly use the central and grid patterns and lack of certain social patterns in their designs. Hence, considering current world conditions and national experiences and achievements and belief principles, it is suggested to pay attention to the social concepts like social capital social interaction along with suitable patterns of open space organization (for example, complex) while particular separating and dividing public-private fields and measuring public priorities.
Urban Sociology
Volume 1, Issue 2 , June 2012, , Pages 71-85
Abstract
The process of gender-specification in public urban realms and the ignorance of different characteristics and needs of different groups in societies by urban designers have resulted in the loss of the real identity of these realms. Women are an example of the groups whose needs of attendance in public ...
Read More
The process of gender-specification in public urban realms and the ignorance of different characteristics and needs of different groups in societies by urban designers have resulted in the loss of the real identity of these realms. Women are an example of the groups whose needs of attendance in public urban realms and their appointment in interaction with others in order to be efficient members in the society have been neglected. The current research has been formed to depict and present important features of the presence of women in public urban realms by emphasizing their needs. It has to be mentioned that descriptive, descriptive – analytic methods with some library research and also survey method in descriptive – analytic way with field studies as well as observations, interviews and questionnaires as data gathering procedure and SPSS and LISREL as analysis and assessment procedure have been applied in the current research. In the main article in addition to discussing the main topics, the results of them in case of the attendance of women in public urban realms have been presented. The results of this research indicate that designing aspects such as access, security, comfort, along with the phonetic nature, attractions and dynamics, event disclosure, ambiguity in urban public realms, are affective on motivating the presence of women in these realms.
Urban Planning
Volume 1, Issue 2 , June 2012, , Pages 87-100
Abstract
A comprehensive planning of urban transportation to provide an urban necessity, that is commuting, is inevitable. In megacities, the complexity and the potential for disruption are greater; therefore, the urban transportation planning must be effectively managed. The most important transport problems ...
Read More
A comprehensive planning of urban transportation to provide an urban necessity, that is commuting, is inevitable. In megacities, the complexity and the potential for disruption are greater; therefore, the urban transportation planning must be effectively managed. The most important transport problems are often related to urban areas and they take place when transport systems, for a variety of reasons, cannot satisfy the numerous requirements of urban mobility. Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport system to move people, consumers and freight between numerous origins and destinations. In Iran, the history of new transportation systems is limited to the last 50 years and they were established decades after formation of modern urbanism. It is very important that the three factors of transportation, population and urban development perform their roles parallel to each other in communities. Cities in our country and in developed countries may have the same urban and transportation properties but we cannot always deal with their urban problems in the same way. In the past decades, Tehran, the capital of Iran and Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province have enjoyed a rapid growth in the number of vehicles, and daily journeys have been increasing rapidly. Moreover, most of the journeys and the commuting take place by private and semi-collective transportation and only a few passengers use public transportation. As a result, it is necessary to enhance the culture of using public transportation along with improving its quality. In this study, based on the past history of population and urban transportation of Iran and France as two developing and developed country respectively, urban transportation development in them has been compared. For this purpose, the capitals of Tehran and Paris, as two megacities and two cities of Sanandaj and Rennes in these countries with low population, geography and demographic characteristics have been chosen and studied. The results show that the urban population has increased much more rapidly in developing countries than in developed ones. Undesirable growth of private and semi-private transportation in developing countries has doubled the urban problems. In contrast, public transportation systems and urban railway systems, particularly, in Iran have grown very slowly or insignificantly compared to France. Given the circumstances, it seems, in the coming years, the urban transport system in most of the large, medium and small cities in Iran will have a difficult time for the citizens. In collective transportation systems of our country, we must achieve seven principal factors: higher capacity, higher speed, lower cost, lower energy consumption, using green energy, safety and comfort of passengers. The main feature of urban transport in our country is that direct employment is very high. So it is necessary to modify the current trend of development of transportation with proper investment and also by changing the traditional, cultural and employment patterns. Otherwise, the challenges of traffic, environmental pollution and indiscriminate use of fossil energy would endanger the healthy life of most urban areas.
Slum Settlements
Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 3-12
Abstract
This paper is a practical attempt to choose social changing methods instead of environmental regenerations in order to manage and upgrade informal settlements areas. The approach of this research is in this way that inhabitants of informal settlements are accepted as residents with an urban right and ...
Read More
This paper is a practical attempt to choose social changing methods instead of environmental regenerations in order to manage and upgrade informal settlements areas. The approach of this research is in this way that inhabitants of informal settlements are accepted as residents with an urban right and they are the best resources for changing and upgrading of these areas. The objectives of this research work were to introduce social capacity and its relationship with local sustainable development in two different groups. Inhabitants and economical activists were selected as the study groups. Verifying the results based on the groups is the method to find out the way for achieving local sustainability. It was a descriptive surveying. Structure of social capacity and sustainable development were generated by expert ideas for informal settlement. The study approved that the social capacity is a mental structure influenced by the main motivations of the neighborhood’s activists to reside in the neighborhood. However, each group had different qualifications in this relationship and it is clear that each group uses its social capacities to achieve its own goals. Therefore, each group would have its special effects on sustainability and future of neighborhood life. The results revealed the existence of a positive and meaningful relationship between social capacities and the neighborhood sustainable development and if the clever exploration occurs, the chance of achieving local sustainability is not unexpected. The confidence of resident’s group in official institutions, and the importance placed to the neighborhood by the economical activists are the prime components, which had meaningful correlation with the majority of social capacity components. In addition, each program capable to persuade inhabitants to live longer and motivate people for remaining in that local area will be effective for developing social capacity. Moreover, it was found that there was not any sustainability in social dimension; social capacity will be useful for achieving this goal.
Urban Design
Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 69-80
Abstract
Collective memory is the common memory of individuals, as members of a group, of the experienced events in a social and spatial framework. Collective memory brings about the place identity by creating meanings in a space. This place identity can end up with promoting personal identity; therefore, disregarding ...
Read More
Collective memory is the common memory of individuals, as members of a group, of the experienced events in a social and spatial framework. Collective memory brings about the place identity by creating meanings in a space. This place identity can end up with promoting personal identity; therefore, disregarding the collective memories of a city leads to huge expenses as identity crises. Thus, this research is carried out to identify the key factors on promoting collective memory in Tehran’s squares. In this regard, the research begins with giving an account of ‘collective memory’ and its relationship to place and square through the study of valid documents with the emphasis on Murice Halbwachs’s theory of the collective memory. Afterwards, the preliminary effective factors, derived from the documents studied were identified in both Tajrish and Baharestan squares by means of observation and documents study. In order to test the proposed model of factors, collective memories of visitors of Tajrish and Baharestan square were asked by semi-structured interview. Then, the key factors affecting the formation and promotion of collective memories of citizens were extracted through the combined content analysis (qualitative and quantitative) of interviews. Finally, the significance of the extracted factors was determined by comparative analysis. Based on the outcomes of the study of documents, these factors were fallen into two main categories: spatial factors and characteristical factors. While the result of the study of documents led to the identification of collectivity, tranquility, singularity, flexibility, insideness and outsideness, integrity, continuity, orientation, identification, and transparency, the consequence of both content and comparative analysis added “escape” to the mentioned factors. These factors affect the collective memory in three different ways. The first group of factors will end up with the formation of collective memory, while the second group influences the image of that memory and the last group brings about the continuity of memory. In addition, content and comparative analysis laid great emphasis on characteristical factors in formation and promotion of collective memory in both Tajrish and Baharestan squares.
Urban Sociology
Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 81-94
Abstract
Nowadays, more attentions have been paid on sustainability and following its goals in cities development and planning. Mentioning sustainable development principles as fundamental concepts that their main attentions are on preserving capitals for intergenerational justice, have become an ongoing and ...
Read More
Nowadays, more attentions have been paid on sustainability and following its goals in cities development and planning. Mentioning sustainable development principles as fundamental concepts that their main attentions are on preserving capitals for intergenerational justice, have become an ongoing and general purpose in city development plans. Since taking this route without being aware of the cities’ conditions might be impossible, evaluation of achievement of sustainable development goals has become government’s agenda. Extensive research and literature reviews have been done on assessment of sustainable development with various approaches and methods. Measuring achievements of sustainable development can be discussed from two main substantive and procedural perspectives. Substantive dimension includes the variables affecting the outcome of policies and consists of social, economic, and environmental sustainability evaluation. In fact, these variables represent the development of city. Whereas, procedural perspective refers to methods and processes of achieving sustainable development and urban planners’ role in this case is to arrange procedures and processes for sustainable decision- making. Moreover, this dimension consists of basic factors that can act as a backup and stimulus for sustainability. Considering focusing of majority of research works conducted in Iran is on substantial dimension of sustainable development, this study intended to discuss the relationship between sustainable development and social capital, institutional capital, and capacity building. In addition, we evaluated and compared procedural indicators of sustainable development in both cities of Karaj and Qazvin. Research variables were institutional capital, social capital, and capacity building. In this study, the main techniques used for data collection were interviews with experts and managers and administering questionnaire in the field. Interviews were used to collect data in capacity building indicators and questionnaires were used for social capital and institutional capital data collecting. We used Simple Random Sampling for indicators of social capital. Whereas, non-probability purposive sampling was used for institutional capital and capacity building indicators. For data analysis, the inferential statistics, descriptive and qualitative significance test means and methods were used. Our results revealed a significant difference between the variables of social capital, institutional capital, and capacity building in these cities. However, the indicators in Qazvin were in a better situation compared with Karaj. Thus, it seems that Qazvin has a better orientation in moving towards sustainable development in comparison with Karaj. Moreover, it seems that Qazvin is moving in the right path towards sustainability and has accelerated move towards sustainable development compared to Karaj.
Urban Design
Shahab Abbaszadeh; Sevda Tamry
Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104
Abstract
With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ...
Read More
With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.
