Motaleate Shahri

Urban Scape

Explaining the Visual Management Process of the Historical Urban Landscape with an Emphasis on Environmental Affordances (Case Study: Zandiyeh Area of Shiraz)

hajar Asadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 3-20

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.139979.4985

Abstract

HighlightsThe characteristics of the urban landscape, both objective and subjective, encompass perceptual and cognitive components.The historic urban landscape, as an objective–subjective phenomenon, reflects the meaningful connection between historical imagery and user perception. Given the large-scale ... Read More HighlightsThe characteristics of the urban landscape, both objective and subjective, encompass perceptual and cognitive components.The historic urban landscape, as an objective–subjective phenomenon, reflects the meaningful connection between historical imagery and user perception. Given the large-scale nature of visual management in urban landscapes, coordination with local-level policies is essential.The current condition of Shiraz’s historic fabric reveals three key categories of issues: design and planning challenges, management challenges, and challenges in contextual understanding.Within the visual management process, the stages of “formulating visual protection goals” and “organizing the landscape” are currently at the weakest levels and should be prioritized for intervention. IntroductionThe crisis of distorted and illegible urban landscapes in contemporary cities stems from rapid urban development coupled with neglect of perceptual dimensions in urban planning. This challenge is particularly evident in many Iranian cities, where historic urban areas have undergone extensive demolition and reconstruction, often lacking sensitivity to their visual identity (Mahmoudzadeh & Saheli, 2019; Roustaei & Nazeri, 2019). In this context, the implementation of a visual management model is essential. Such a model can improve the conditions of historic urban landscapes by evaluating and guiding restoration plans before execution, reducing the likelihood of visual degradation.Given its historical significance and its role in forming urban identity and supporting the local economy, Shiraz requires special attention. Through the application of visual management strategies, it is possible to address perceptual deficiencies, allowing users to develop deeper visual and emotional connections with historical spaces. The research aims to address the following questions:What are the components and steps of the visual management process for historic urban landscapes in Shiraz?Which stages should be prioritized when managing Shiraz’s historic landscape?From the perspective of experts, which aspects of environmental affordances (with emphasis on framing) are most critical in the Zandiyeh District? Theoretical FrameworkAccording to Bell (2008, 2019), landscape is a process occurring between physical and non-physical realms, forming an objective–subjective phenomenon. Landscape emerges from the interaction between humans and their environment, shaped by a meaningful relationship between the observer and the place (Mansouri et al., 2021). Within this framework, visual management focuses on organizing urban landscapes and offers structured criteria for evaluating their visual conditions.This model serves to monitor visual coherence, strengthen visual identity, and enhance the relationship between symbolic elements, visual attractions, and public spaces (Pourjafar et al., 2009). A major obstacle in achieving effective visual management is the limited understanding of human-scale needs and environmental affordances by designers. These affordances can be categorized as “perceptual” and “cognitive,” or “overt” and “hidden,” depending on the level of user awareness and engagement. MethodologyThis study employs an applied and analytical research approach using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The Delphi technique was used to identify and prioritize the stages of visual management with input from experts in urban design, planning, and landscape architecture. The relative importance of each stage in the context of Shiraz was evaluated using the Friedman test.The case study focuses on the Zandiyeh District of Shiraz, analyzed using the “Photo Grid” technique to examine visual framing and affordances. A visual questionnaire was distributed to 40 experts through snowball sampling, capturing expert assessments of environmental and perceptual affordances within different spatial networks of the area. Results and DiscussionThe visual management process for historic urban landscapes includes seven stages:Assessing the current situationIdentifying the needs of the landscapeSetting a visual frameworkFormulating visual conservation goalsPlanning the landscapeOrganizing the landscapeAnalysis and evaluationExperts rated the first two stages—“assessing the current situation” and “identifying needs”—at an average of 2.65, indicating a moderate condition. However, the later stages were evaluated as weak or very weak: “setting a framework” (2.45), “planning” (2.35), “analysis and evaluation” (2.28), “formulating goals” (2.25), and “organizing the landscape” (2.23). These findings indicate systemic weaknesses across the visual management process.Three primary areas of challenge were identified:Design and Planning Issues: fragmented spatial structure, lack of visual hierarchyManagement Issues: limited coordination among institutions, absence of visual strategiesContextual Understanding: insufficient recognition of historical continuity and symbolic meaning ConclusionFor successful visual management of historic urban landscapes, the use of techniques like “Photo Grid” during the framing phase enables a more precise understanding of visual and environmental affordances. This research moves from general analysis to detailed contextual evaluation, offering practical insights for future interventions.The results show that Zones 1 and 5 (especially near the Vakil Mosque and Bath) achieved the highest scores in environmental friendliness and imaginability. In contrast, Zone 2 (Divankhaneh area) received the lowest rating due to neglect, visual isolation, and poor readability. Zone 3 also requires attention, as it ranked second in terms of needed improvement. These findings can guide urban policymakers and designers in prioritizing areas for visual rehabilitation, particularly within historically sensitive contexts like Shiraz.

Urban Economy

Spatial analysis of small-scale agglomeration economies: specialization and diversity of economic activities in Kazeroon city

Gholamreza Moradi

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 21-34

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.141197.5042

Abstract

HighlightsAgglomeration economies are observable in small cities like Kazerun, not just in large metropolitan areas.Both specialized clusters and economic diversity emerge in a linear or ribbon-like form across the city.The formation of specialization or diversity is influenced by activity type and pedestrian ... Read More HighlightsAgglomeration economies are observable in small cities like Kazerun, not just in large metropolitan areas.Both specialized clusters and economic diversity emerge in a linear or ribbon-like form across the city.The formation of specialization or diversity is influenced by activity type and pedestrian accessibility.The intra-urban scale, particularly at the street level, is more effective for identifying localization and urbanization economies. IntroductionThe spatial distribution of economic activities within a city and their interrelations—along with the physical forms they take—have long been of interest to geographers, urban planners, and economists. Agglomeration economies, and their manifestations in the forms of localization and urbanization economies, not only provide functional benefits for businesses but also create distinct spatial patterns. These patterns—whether clustered, concentrated, or linear—hold significant implications for urban form.While most previous research has focused on agglomeration economies at the regional or city-wide scale, emphasizing productivity, growth, and employment at the firm or industry level, such studies often overlook intra-city scales. In particular, little attention has been paid to how economic activities and businesses are spatially organized within neighborhoods and along individual streets, and how this distribution relates to the city’s spatial structure.This study aims to fill that gap by examining whether agglomeration effects, specifically localization and urbanization economies, occur in small cities such as Kazerun. The research investigates the spatial characteristics of specialized clusters (localization) and diverse activity patterns (urbanization) in relation to streets, business types, and forms of urban access. Theoretical FrameworkAgglomeration refers to the geographical clustering of firms and businesses, and the benefits that emerge from proximity are referred to as agglomeration economies. These external economies can be categorized into two types:Localization economies, which arise from the co-location of firms operating in the same industry, leading to specialized spatial clusters and enhanced productivity.Urbanization economies, which result from the general co-location of diverse industries within the same urban area, promoting innovation and service diversity.Localization economies are sector-specific, while urbanization economies are cross-sectoral. Both types create externalities that foster knowledge spillovers and innovation. The spatial manifestations of these externalities are termed specialization (for localization) and diversity (for urbanization).This study analyzes the spatial distribution of economic activities at the street level to identify these agglomeration patterns in a small-city context. MethodologyKazerun, a small city in southwestern Iran with a population of approximately 96,000, was selected as the study area. Business data were obtained from the Kazerun County Chamber of Guilds, covering 30 major streets and a total of 3,804 businesses.To analyze the spatial patterns of specialization and diversity, the following indices were applied:Location Quotient (LQ): to measure the degree of specialization and identify localization economies.Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and Shannon Diversity Index: to measure the level of economic diversity and identify urbanization economies.The spatial results were visualized using thematic maps to illustrate how economic activities are distributed across different streets. Results and DiscussionThe Location Quotient (LQ) results reveal notable examples of specialization:Khorramshahr Beltway in vehicle services (LQ = 2.25)Imam Khomeini Street in computer-related services (LQ = 4.53)Pardis Boulevard in real estate services (LQ = 6.75)Other streets and their respective LQ values are detailed in tabular form in the full study.In terms of diversity, results from the HHI and Shannon indices indicate that streets such as Imam Khomeini, Qadamgah, North Shohada, North Hafez, and Saadi exhibit the highest levels of economic diversity. Conversely, streets like Salman Farsi, South Ferdowsi, and North Ferdowsi demonstrate high levels of specialization. These spatial patterns suggest that the interplay between pedestrian accessibility, street width, and proximity to the central business district significantly influences the emergence of economic specialization or diversity. ConclusionAlthough some previous studies have posited that large cities are more conducive to economic diversity, this study demonstrates that similar diversity can also emerge at the street level in small cities. The findings align with recent scholarship that emphasizes the spatial dispersion of agglomeration effects in the information age, beyond central business districts.In Kazerun, the benefits of agglomeration economies manifest in both specialized and diverse clusters, often in linear formations along prominent streets. This reflects the influence of factors such as the nature of services provided, physical space requirements, levels of pedestrian and vehicular access, and proximity to dense population areas.Examples include:Technical services (e.g., vehicle repair) clustering along major roadways like Khorramshahr BoulevardAgricultural services concentrated on wider, less walkable streets like FerdowsiReal estate agencies locating in newer, developing areas (e.g., Pardis Boulevard)Medical services centralized within walkable zones in the urban core (e.g., Salman Farsi Street)Mixed-use, diverse streets such as North and South Shohada, Abuzar, and Imam Khomeini accommodating a variety of activities due to their narrower widths and central locationsThese patterns underscore the relevance of intra-urban spatial analysis for understanding agglomeration dynamics in smaller urban settings.

Urban Management

Communication action in the management of urban projects (case study: urban management in Zanjan)

Alireza daviran

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 35-48

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.142281.5089

Abstract

HighlightsThe decline of social capital due to monopolization, the inability of urban management to advance urban projects, and citizen dissatisfaction are among the consequences of obstacles to communicative action.Strengthening the sense of belonging, promoting communicative action, enhancing institutional ... Read More HighlightsThe decline of social capital due to monopolization, the inability of urban management to advance urban projects, and citizen dissatisfaction are among the consequences of obstacles to communicative action.Strengthening the sense of belonging, promoting communicative action, enhancing institutional cooperation, fostering consultation-based expertise, encouraging pluralism, and achieving institutional synergy are identified as the most effective outcome conditions in urban project management.In certain administrations, communicative activism fosters a sense of belonging and enhances the social capital of managers and staff.Communicative activism mitigates challenges in managing and implementing urban projects by fostering synergy and pluralism rooted in shared understanding.IntroductionUrban management today faces a wide array of physical, economic, social, and environmental challenges. Despite the development of various planning policies to address these issues, implementation often falters due to inter-departmental and inter-organizational functional problems. One effective approach to overcoming these challenges is achieving integrated thinking in the planning and execution of urban projects. Such integration stems from continuous communication and interaction among urban managers and experts within a transparent and pragmatic network—ultimately leading to action-oriented planning.This research is grounded in the assumption that the primary challenge facing urban management lies not only in the formulation of plans but also in weak inter-organizational communication. Focusing on the case of Zanjan, the study investigates how communicative action impacts the preparation and implementation of urban management plans.The central research questions are as follows:What are the main internal and inter-organizational challenges in the preparation and implementation of urban projects?How do urban management entities perceive one another’s actions, and what role can communicative action play in improving project outcomes?Theoretical FrameworkOne approach to achieving integrated planning is through communicative action, a concept rooted in the philosophy of Jürgen Habermas. Communicative action is a form of social behavior oriented toward mutual understanding. In this paradigm, a distinct form of rationality—relational rationality—is introduced, merging knowledge and values and framing spatial planning as a social construct.Here, communication becomes the primary source of truth discovery, and human wisdom is seen as emerging through interpersonal interactions rather than as a product of political governance or isolated reasoning. Communication, in this context, is central to governance and policy development.MethodologyThis study employs a qualitative, phenomenological research design using an inductive interpretive method based on grounded theory. Due to the cyclical and evolving nature of the grounded theory process, theoretical sampling was used throughout data collection, with semi-structured interviews as the main tool. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, resulting in a final sample of 45 mid-level managers and experts from 10 executive institutions with consistent inter-organizational interaction in Zanjan (e.g., Roads and Urban Development, Municipality, City Council, Governorate, Water, Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Engineering Organization).Data collection included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Given limitations in recording due to participants' reluctance, efforts were made to establish trust and maintain participant anonymity. Data were analyzed through open coding, followed by axial coding and selective coding to identify core categories and concepts. A paradigmatic model was developed to explain causal, contextual, intervening, strategic, and consequential conditions. For validity assurance, a technical audit was conducted, and procedures were confirmed by two experts familiar with qualitative data analysis.Results and DiscussionThe analysis revealed that managers at both middle and high levels, depending on their organizational roles, often operate within rigid administrative structures and prioritize institutional interests over collaborative engagement. This tendency, driven by fear of losing authority or being reprimanded, reflects a limited form of instrumental action as described by Habermas. Consequently, urban development becomes shaped by individualistic and monopolistic thinking, resulting in citizen dissatisfaction.In contrast, successful instances of communicative action—such as those leading to the development of Sabzeh Maidan Complex, the pedestrianization of key streets, the reopening of Zainabiyeh Street, completion of the sewer network, expedited reviews of zoning change requests, active implementation of national housing programs, and reforms in the electrical grid—highlight the benefits of enhanced inter-agency cooperation.ConclusionThe findings indicate that the absence of communicative action leads to negative outcomes such as individualism, diminished specialization, weakened work commitment, reduced trust, declining social and organizational capital, short-term decision-making, and citizen dissatisfaction. Conversely, implementing communicative action in some administrative units has fostered a greater sense of belonging, strengthened social capital among staff, and reduced project implementation challenges through enhanced synergy and pluralism based on shared understanding.

Urban Sociology

Qualitative Analysis of the Social Sustainability of Mehr Housing in the New Town of Golman Urmia: Modern Marginalization

Afshar Kabiri; Javad Jahangirzadeh

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 49-62

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142227.5086

Abstract

HighlightsThe rapid growth of the urban population in recent decades has intensified the housing crisis, making it a critical concern for urban societies.The Mehr Housing Plan was introduced as a supportive social policy aimed at providing affordable housing for low-income households and stabilizing ... Read More HighlightsThe rapid growth of the urban population in recent decades has intensified the housing crisis, making it a critical concern for urban societies.The Mehr Housing Plan was introduced as a supportive social policy aimed at providing affordable housing for low-income households and stabilizing housing prices.Despite improving physical access to housing, the plan has resulted in residential complexes that are physically homogeneous but culturally diverse and socially fragile.Neglecting the issue of social instability in these communities may transform Golman into a modern ghetto, perpetuating cycles of poverty and marginalization.Extended AbstractIntroductionIn the past few decades, the rapid urbanization of Iranian cities has escalated the demand for housing, transforming housing shortages into a fundamental challenge for urban governance. In response, a variety of housing policies have been implemented, such as urban regeneration, land provision, rental schemes, social housing, and more recently, the Mehr Housing Plan. This plan emerged as a flagship social policy initiative aiming to deliver low-cost housing to underserved urban populations while curbing speculative price increases.Despite achieving quantitative progress in homeownership among low-income groups, the qualitative implications of the Mehr Housing Plan remain understudied, particularly in relation to social sustainability. In this context, the new city of Golman near Urmia has witnessed the rapid expansion of Mehr housing complexes, often lacking adequate consideration for social cohesion, infrastructure, and long-term community stability. This study aims to qualitatively examine the social sustainability of Mehr housing in Golman using an ethnographic approach grounded in residents' lived experiences.Theoretical FrameworkTraditionally, housing was viewed narrowly as a physical shelter meeting basic physiological needs such as rest, protection, and food preparation (Pourmohammadi, 2014). However, contemporary interpretations expand this view, emphasizing housing as a comprehensive residential environment encompassing employment opportunities, educational facilities, health services, recreational spaces, and cultural integration (Mokhbar, 2013). In this broader context, housing becomes a multidimensional phenomenon essential to quality of life and social well-being.In the 21st century, the discourse surrounding housing and urban development has evolved to include social sustainability as a core dimension. This concept—despite its conceptual ambiguity and lack of universally accepted definitions (Colantonio, 2009; Marta & Giulia, 2020)—has become a focal point in assessing the viability and inclusiveness of urban housing policies. Notably, prior studies on Mehr housing have predominantly emphasized physical and economic parameters, often neglecting the sociocultural and psychological dimensions of housing stability.This research does not aim to test a specific theory of social sustainability; rather, it seeks to fill a critical gap in the literature by examining how social sustainability is constructed and perceived by residents of Mehr housing through a qualitative, interpretative lens.MethodologyThe study employed a qualitative ethnographic methodology to explore the social dynamics within Mehr housing complexes in Golman. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and field observations. A purposive sample of 22 participants—including residents and community managers—was selected based on theoretical saturation. The collected data were analyzed thematically, integrating both the emic (insider) perspectives of participants and the etic (outsider) analytical viewpoint of the researcher.Results and DiscussionFindings reveal pervasive social instability within Golman's Mehr housing. Key indicators include weak neighborhood identity, low levels of social capital, concentrated poverty, perceived social exclusion, cultural heterogeneity, spatial segregation, and dissatisfaction with the quality of life—despite nominal homeownership. Residents frequently cited issues such as delayed project delivery, contractor dishonesty, poor construction quality, lack of community cohesion, and insufficient experience with apartment living—particularly among migrant populations from rural areas.Furthermore, cultural disparities among residents have inhibited the development of a shared social fabric, undermining trust, cooperation, and a sense of place belonging. These findings suggest that the current trajectory of Golman's development risks transforming it into a zone of "modern marginalization"—a ghetto-like environment masked by formal homeownership but riddled with socio-spatial inequalities.ConclusionFrom a sociological standpoint, the Mehr housing complexes in Golman are significantly distant from meeting the essential criteria of socially sustainable communities. These include equitable access to services and employment, safety, local participation, social cohesion, and a stable sense of community. Instead, residents experience social disorganization, cultural fragmentation, and a profound sense of exclusion and dissatisfaction.Without proactive interventions to address these socio-cultural deficits—such as community engagement programs, mixed-income housing models, and infrastructural improvements—Golman is likely to devolve into a modern manifestation of poverty ghettos. Conversely, even modest improvements in quality of life without addressing structural inequalities may merely result in superficial inclusion, masking deeper patterns of marginalization.

Urban Ecology

A meta synthesis approach in the field of place making studies with a biophilic approach

elnaz khalili; Seyed Muslim Seyedolhosseini; toktam hanaee; sanaz saeedi mofrad

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 63-76

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.140601.5008

Abstract

HighlightsThis article emphasizes the fundamental relationship between placemaking and biophilia.Biophilic placemaking indicators are categorized into five core dimensions.Natural peri-urban spaces are identified as key platforms for rebuilding the human–nature connection.The concept of “biophilic ... Read More HighlightsThis article emphasizes the fundamental relationship between placemaking and biophilia.Biophilic placemaking indicators are categorized into five core dimensions.Natural peri-urban spaces are identified as key platforms for rebuilding the human–nature connection.The concept of “biophilic placemaking” is proposed as an emerging theoretical framework. IntroductionRapid and often unregulated urbanization has profoundly disrupted natural ecosystems, degraded green infrastructure, and weakened the physical and psychological bonds between humans and nature. These disturbances have exacerbated environmental issues such as air and water pollution, biodiversity loss, and the urban heat island effect. As a result, contemporary urban design is compelled to adopt strategies that address ecological degradation while also enhancing human health and well-being.This study investigates how integrating biophilic design principles into placemaking processes can provide a nature-based framework for reshaping urban environments—enhancing livability, fostering environmental resilience, and supporting healthier communities. Specifically, it examines how nature-based solutions, grounded in ecological and psychological principles, can respond to pressing urban and planning challenges while encouraging citizens to reconnect both emotionally and functionally with their surroundings.Placemaking is an interdisciplinary approach aimed at designing meaningful, inclusive, and sustainable spaces that foster a sense of belonging, identity, respect for nature, and social participation. While previous research has explored various social, cultural, economic, and environmental dimensions of placemaking, the incorporation of nature-centric design principles—often referred to as biophilic or nature-based urbanism—remains relatively underexplored.Accordingly, the central research question is: How can nature-based design principles be effectively integrated into urban placemaking to enhance the quality of urban life and the built environment?To answer this, the study conducts a qualitative meta-synthesis of global scholarly literature to explore the intersection between placemaking and biophilia. By synthesizing current research, this study seeks to uncover patterns, identify key findings, offer conceptual insights, and evaluate how the integration of these paradigms has evolved in recent years. Theoretical FrameworkThis research is anchored in two interrelated theoretical foundations: placemaking and biophilic design.Placemaking is conceptualized as a holistic, people-centered approach to designing urban public spaces. It emphasizes the creation of meaningful environments that promote social interaction, inclusivity, cultural identity, and emotional attachment. In parallel, biophilic design builds on E.O. Wilson’s hypothesis of humans’ innate affinity for nature, asserting that integrating natural elements into built environments can enhance mental, emotional, and physical health.Through a comprehensive literature synthesis, the study explores how these two frameworks intersect—uncovering synergies where biophilic strategies can enrich place-based urban design, especially in nature-adjacent and peri-urban contexts. MethodologyThis study employs a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, based on the seven-step model introduced by Sandelowski and Barroso. This method facilitates the systematic aggregation and reinterpretation of qualitative findings from diverse case studies, aiming to generate new theoretical insights.The literature review was conducted across major academic databases—including Web of Science, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar—focusing on peer-reviewed publications from 2017 to 2023. A total of 25 qualitative studies were selected using rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis was performed through inductive coding using MAXQDA software. The extracted themes were then validated using the CASP checklist and reviewed by experts in urban design to ensure credibility and transferability. Results and DiscussionThe analysis resulted in the identification of five main thematic dimensions—environmental, social, economic, functional, and physical—encompassing 12 subcategories and 28 indicators. These themes reflect how placemaking and biophilia converge across spatial and disciplinary scales to enhance urban quality.Environmental Dimension: Integration with nature enhances biodiversity, regulates microclimates, and improves air and water quality.Social Dimension: Biophilic public spaces strengthen community ties, promote inclusivity, and support psychological well-being.Economic Dimension: Green infrastructure contributes to increased land value, stimulates tourism, and reduces operational and maintenance costs.Functional Dimension: Biophilic design enhances usability through improved comfort, sensory engagement, and spatial adaptability.Physical Dimension: The use of natural aesthetics and materials reinforces place identity, emotional attachment, and cultural continuity.These findings demonstrate that placemaking and biophilic design are not isolated frameworks but mutually reinforcing paradigms. Together, they form the conceptual foundation for biophilic placemaking—an integrated strategy for creating healthier and more sustainable urban environments. ConclusionThis study concludes that biophilic placemaking provides a compelling, multidimensional strategy for addressing the social, environmental, and psychological needs of urban populations. By bridging the divide between built environments and nature, this approach fosters the development of spaces that are not only sustainable and resilient but also restorative, inclusive, and culturally meaningful.As an emerging theoretical framework, biophilic placemaking offers new possibilities for reimagining urban futures—through designs that are ecologically grounded, socially engaging, and deeply connected to human well-being.

Urban livability

Explaining the impact of physical, visual and environmental indicators on urban health in the city of Qom

Ali Mahdi

Volume 14, Issue 54 , May 2025, Pages 77-92

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2024.142075.5078

Abstract

HighlightsCoordinated and aesthetically pleasing urban design and management enhance tranquility, psychological satisfaction, and positive social interactions among Qom’s residents.Disordered spaces with inadequate infrastructure and multiple pollutants negatively affect the physical and mental ... Read More HighlightsCoordinated and aesthetically pleasing urban design and management enhance tranquility, psychological satisfaction, and positive social interactions among Qom’s residents.Disordered spaces with inadequate infrastructure and multiple pollutants negatively affect the physical and mental health of residents in Qom’s informal settlements.Pollution, high population density, and the lack of green spaces in the shrine area seriously threaten the health of citizens and pilgrims in Qom.IntroductionOne of the critical concerns in urban studies is understanding how environmental changes impact urban health. The growth of informal settlements and rapid transformations in urban areas often lead to challenges such as poor environmental quality, scarcity of green spaces, pollution, and inadequate housing—factors that collectively harm both the physical and mental well-being of citizens.In Qom, especially in peripheral areas, these issues are particularly pronounced. Informal settlements suffer from environmental degradation, diverse forms of pollution, insufficient healthcare and sanitation facilities, and disorganized urban structures. These physical issues, coupled with socioeconomic difficulties, pose serious threats to public health.As a religiously significant city in Iran, Qom faces unique urban health challenges. Beyond physical and architectural issues, psychological, social, and environmental dimensions substantially influence residents’ quality of life. This study aims to assess how these environmental factors affect urban health and quality of life in Qom, while identifying key challenges across multiple dimensions of health.Theoretical FrameworkUrban environmental quality is a multidimensional concept involving physical, social, economic, and psychological components. Research has consistently shown that the quality of the urban environment significantly influences public health. Lansing and Marans (1966) emphasized that a high-quality environment enhances residents’ well-being and satisfaction, which directly contributes to their overall health.Urban environmental quality is closely associated with indicators such as quality of life, citizen satisfaction, environmental perception, and urban livability—all of which affect health outcomes. Poor urban design can lead to a range of physical, psychological, and social problems.In this context, the medical and social models of health offer distinct perspectives. The medical model focuses on individual clinical interventions, whereas the social model highlights the influence of socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural conditions. The Ottawa Charter (1989) identifies essential prerequisites for health, including peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, and social equity. These principles form the basis for evaluating environmental impacts on public health in Qom. MethodologyThis study adopts a descriptive-analytical and survey-based approach to examine how environmental factors affect urban health in Qom. Data were collected through both library research and fieldwork. The field study included photography, on-site observations, citizen interviews, and standardized questionnaires administered to household heads.The statistical population comprises households residing in various parts of Qom, particularly in informal settlements, where environmental degradation and health challenges are more acute.Results and DiscussionA key question of the study was to identify the major health-related challenges faced by Qom's residents. The findings reveal that psychological and social health issues are more pressing than physical ones. According to the Friedman test, these two dimensions rank higher in severity.Visual and physical environmental quality emerged as critical factors influencing all dimensions of health. As shown in Table 14, visual quality positively affects mental, physical, and social well-being, whereas poor physical conditions have a negative impact on physical and social health.In essence, urban environments with high visual quality can foster feelings of calm, satisfaction, and reduced stress. Conversely, chaotic and disordered environments can provoke stress, dissatisfaction, and a sense of instability.ConclusionThe analysis confirms that the quality of the urban environment significantly influences the physical and mental health of residents. Environments lacking visual and physical harmony are associated with elevated stress, anxiety, and discomfort. In Qom—especially in peripheral zones and around the Hazrat Masumeh shrine—these issues are especially visible. Urban disorganization, inadequate green spaces, pollution, and flawed urban design are among the most critical concerns.This study underscores the need for urban planning strategies that prioritize environmental quality and public health. Based on the research findings, efforts to improve visual and physical quality, expand green spaces, reduce pollution, and address residents’ psychological and social needs are crucial to enhancing quality of life.Therefore, urban design in Qom should be health-centered and environmentally responsive to ensure better living conditions for its citizens.

The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City

Volume 3, Issue 11 , August 2014, , Pages 3-18

Abstract

Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for ... Read More Nowadays, a faster pace of changes and transformations in different phenomena such people's lifestyles has meant changes in their thinking and needs also. Since people’s lifestyles are more oriented toward isolation, it is more important to reflect at their lives collectively. People's need for places of social interaction and meeting psychological needs have become one of the requirements of urban life. Public spaces are the only spaces where all citizens of every class, age, race, and association have the right to use without any limitation. Environmental quality of urban public spaces is one of the focuses of recent urbanism research and attempting to create an urban public space that meets users desires behavior has always been considered as one of the main strategies of urban projects. Urban parks as a part of public spaces in cities have a fundamental role in resolving human needs. Most urban theorists believe that urban parks are one of the main components of an urban system because in addition to their functional role they increase socialization in urban spaces. Thus, in order to make these spaces more dynamic and to meet the needs of the people, the behaviors shaping the spaces should be noted and examined. Since most parks’ compliance with the needs of users and environmental qualities is, there is a need for a systematic program based on the behavior of users. Furthermore, issues such as neglect of social values, cultural - identity values, and the neglect of physical and structural values have lead to the formation of public spaces that do not meet people’s needs in urban areas. In addition, neglecting to improve the environmental quality of urban public spaces such as urban parks, not taking into account the effective qualities of urban transportation and connections, and the exclusive emphasis on the subjective perception by urban planners and designers has resulted in the formation of urban areas which does not have the capacity to be responsive and flexible in the accordance with people’s expectations and behaviours. For the purposes of this research, Mardom Park in the city of Hamadan was selected as a case study. This study aims to identify and assess the stimulants and patterns of user behavior in terms of their needs and the environmental quality of urban parks. This study was based on fieldwork with a cross-sectional approach and seeks to answer the following question: “what effects do behavioral patterns and domains have on improving the environmental quality of urban parks?” In this study, in order to provide a conceptual framework document-based research was carried out, theoretical issues explored in detail and then analyzed using existing approaches. For this purpose, in addition to the qualitative analysis of urban spaces and behaviors formed in space because of spatial characteristics, quantitative analysis of indicators using questionnaires was used. The quantitative indicators was analyzed by SPSS. The results show that the quality and amount of the influence of environmental quality factors on the quality of activities, which are primarily behaviors or behavioral patterns, are not the same. In addition, the analyses outcomes show direct influence of behavior on environmental quality and environmental quality on behavior. The results indicate on the one hand, human needs are the outcome of behaviorial influences on space and environment and the ability of underlying environment. On the other hand, enhancement of environmental quality and influence of environmental factors on areas and behaviorial patterns in urban parks are not only a quantitative and technical concepts.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan)

Volume 1, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 95-104

Abstract

With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented ... Read More With the onset of industry revolution, automobile invention and development of cities, the pedestrian and pedestrian-oriented spaces and urban spaces role priority gradually faded and the quality of urban public spaces, urban open spaces, and the pedestrian walkways decreased. Lack of pedestrian-oriented spaces and current low quality pedestrian spaces affect citizens' social interactions in contemporary metropolitans. Pedestrianism is a part of daily journey and activity of citizens in metropolitans, however, pedestrians' need and security is ignored in current cities. In doing so, majority of current urban spaces in our cities are defined as road way, where the presence of automobile is preferred on designs of high-quality and appropriate pedestrian-oriented spaces. Nevertheless, these spaces play an essential role in increasing contacts and citizens’ social interaction level. In this regard, ignoring human scale and the pedestrians' needs are the problems ahead. Lack of quality in pedestrian-oriented open spaces has led to poor citizens’ presence and social interactions. Hence, identifying factors affecting the quality of mentioned spaces for meeting citizens’ needs and increasing the presence and social interaction level is more important than before. Tabriz metropolitan is not an exception either. Having more roadway spaces compared with pedestrian-oriented way has made the life difficult for the citizens. By conducting rigorous literature review, the study derived influential factors forming theoretical framework of the research (including factors affecting urban pedestrian-oriented spatial quality: vitality, legibility, security, and permeability factors). Research utilized mixed-method approach, where aforementioned influential factors extracted from literature review, formed the qualitative part of the study. In the quantitative part used as the validity of the research, Tarbiat & Valiasr axes in Tabriz metropolitan were studied and evaluated. In other words, the study examined the verification of extracted theoretical framework from literature review, through conducting a survey in quantitative part. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to gather the data about pedestrian-oriented spatial quality and citizens’ satisfaction of the mentioned spaces. G*POWER software and Cochran sampling technique were used to calculate the sample size of the study. Ultimately, using SPSS software the data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. This study indicated that vitality, legibility, and permeability factors, the main factors of urban spaces qualities, play an important role in Tabrizian citizens’ satisfaction of pedestrian-oriented spaces. The finding of this research can be utilized for designing more sociable and friendly atmosphere pedestrian-oriented spaces, where citizens' social interactions are concentrated.

Physical–EnviromentalRehabilitaion Of The Central Core Of City Textures ,Toward Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Centeral Texture Of The Khorramabad City)

Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 73-88

Abstract

Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the ... Read More Abstract: The history of the old city centers , due to the geographical center , easy access , and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high , despite the positive features of downtown , the texture of physical problems ( exhaustion ),environmental problems , in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues . In this regard, research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires, interviews and observation's). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation's (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical, social , physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods, the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths , the existence of valuable historical element ( final weight ,./ 272) , existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets ( final weight , ./176 ) and easy access to other parts of the city ( final weight , ./134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings ( final weight ,./206 ) , microlithic parts ( final weight , ./161) and the narrow and impermeable streets ( final weight , ./135) are the most important weaknesses . However, the high potential of uncultivated area ( final weight ,./ 239) , the potential of constructing tourism spaces ( final weight , ./183 ) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture ( final weight , ./139 ) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study, also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight ,./266 ) , insecurity and impermeability passages ( final weight , ./194 ) and not defining public open space in quarters ( the final weight ,./143) are the most important threas to the desired range .The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that, the environmental problems ,economic problems , management problems, social problems , most of it is devoted to . Well as the physical aspects of, poor quality buildings , including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study.are . According to final analysis,in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths, opportunities, reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied.To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus, in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies, planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors, decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street –Free Region of Qeshm

Volume 3, Issue 10 , May 2014, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban ... Read More Outward-oriented architecture has a short history in Iran and the history of establishment of outward-oriented buildings placed next to one another in the margin of a phenomenon called street is even shorter. Urban facades are considered as the most influential elements affecting the quality of urban spaces, the modification of which can enhance the aesthetic qualities of the city. In recent decades, developments whether in materials, variety of styles or acceleration in construction have resulted in addressing the issue of façade and reorganization of urban facades. A review into the objectives of the study shows that the urban landscape aesthetic and environmental goals are essential in realizing the desired landscape. Therefore, urban facades as an example of urban micro perspective are not an exception to this rule. The goal of the present research is to address special characteristics of Qeshm city with an emphasis on aesthetical and ecological dimensions and identifying effective factors in the design of urban facades in Vali-e Asr Street in Qeshm as the most prominent street of that city. Looking at the landscape and urban facades of Qeshm Island as well as other cities and metropolises which meet the functional characteristics at national and international levels, it is evident that these urban facades are not in good aesthetical and ecological conditions. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of the present research. It should be noted that method used in the aforesaid research is an analytical-applied one. A surveying method was used in field studies. Data collection was based on field observations and a questionnaire survey of experts and users examining data dispersion indices of the data under study. The questionnaires were randomly (with an in-depth interview) distributed among different segments of the island at different hours. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings regarding the the viewpoints of people and experts of the aesthetical dimension are presented. The index includes the following criteria as evaluation priorities in aesthetic (façade) beauty: proportions, cleanliness, balance and order in aesthetical dimension and attachment to place, meaningfulness, serenity, legibility and mental attraction in subjective dimension. From an ecological view, indices such as material resistance against moisture, green space to provide heat comfort, resistant materials against heat and green and oxygen generator walls are priorities in the design of urban facades according to experts. In conclusion, understanding priorities in the aesthetical and ecological points of view, a desirable urban perspective can be created. It can be stated in a general survey that it is important to address ecological and aesthetical dimensions in the design of urban facades.

Integrated Transportation Approach: Achieving Sustainable Transportationو Case study: Metropolitan Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2013, , Pages 47-60

Abstract

In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions ... Read More In comparison with the past, the public awareness and public sensitivity have notably increased through sustainability. In this regard, different departments have discussed their problems via the approach of sustainability. Sustainable development considers economic, social and environmental dimensions simultaneously. The same is true with sustainable transportation whose sustainable development policies in transportation area seek ways to provide all groups of society with appropriate access, to adjust economic costs and ,more importantly, to reduce the negative environmental impacts. However, almost all indicators show that the current experience of the transportation in our country and the consistent trend in the world are not only in the wrong direction but are also unstable in the longer term. One of the most efficient approaches to achieve sustainability is the strategy of integrating transportation system. "Integrated transportation strategy" is suggested to provide a more sustainable model of transportation to achieve sustainability and address major concerns. This research will study the case study of metropolitan Shiraz which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a population of almost 1.5 million. Facing numerous problems in the domain of urban transportation, Metropolitan Shiraz's current trend is not stable due to the city's struggling with some specific problems such as low share of public transport usage and dependency on car, high level of car ownership, growing population and density in central districts, high level of fuel usage, and increasing pollution. Several actions and plans including some action plans , special and technical programs and software have been carried out to address the aforementioned urban problems in the hope of reducing these problems , but they had not achieved enough efficiency. This study investigates the current situation of the transportation system in Shiraz using information collected via an expert opinion survey, questionnaires and interviewing some managers and experts in public or private organizations, companies, and consulting offices using special method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the system and define the priorities for future considerations. The results confirm that current set of policies undertaken by urban management and urban governance system in Shiraz almost fails to conform to the desirable criteria of Integrated Transport Approach. Although certain models have been recommended to achieve integration of transportation system, this article opted for a more comprehensive model by Potter and Skinner ( 2000 ). The finding of this research shows that, according to experts’ viewpoints, integration policies should be oriented to improving the public transport system. These policies include basic policies which will be presented as follows: the increase of the accessibility and efficiency of public bus system for potential demand areas; allocation of part of Municipality incomes to public transport sector; and establishment of separated bus lanes especially throughout the central district of the city.

The position of citizenship education in urban development plans (Exploration case: development plans of Harandi neighborhood in Tehran)

mitra azimi; mohsen afshari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.141805.5067

Abstract

In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively ... Read More In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively face these challenges in the future. Experts believe that moving towards sustainable development and continuity of development trends in cities and localities requires the presence of informed, educated and responsible citizens. Therefore, in many countries, they have started providing citizenship education from kindergartens and schools, and through the development and implementation of development plans, especially at the neighborhood level, this type of education is being pursued comprehensively. to represent Harandi neighborhood of Tehran, located in district 12 of the municipality, despite having a historical record and also providing special services in the network of economic activities of the city, is considered one of the focal points of social damage in Tehran. In order to reduce these damages, more than 18 development projects have been implemented so far. Examining these plans shows that, despite the importance and role of citizenship education in reducing the harms and problems of urban life, all aspects and aspects of it have not been considered by the planners. Now, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure and evaluate the category of citizenship education in neighborhood projects from the point of view of its existence and effectiveness. This research is of a qualitative type and while analyzing the content of the documents, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 municipal managers, employees of the active community councils in the neighborhood and experts in the urban area, and all data were analyzed using the Maxqda software. have been analyzed to provide a more accurate picture of the place of citizenship education in the development plans of Harandi neighborhood. The output of this research shows that, in addition to the need to pay attention to the structural differences of Harandi neighborhood with other neighborhoods in Tehran, the development of this neighborhood and the reduction of its damages require a special revision in local development plans based on the indicators of citizenship education.

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The flexibility indicators of Madies (water channel) on the housing configuration system in Isfahan city

Nasim Leilieyoun; Ahmad Danaeinia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142089.5079

Abstract

The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of ... Read More The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of residential units. This element, during changes that primarily occurred after the 1960s, has gradually become a barrier to the development of urban-local spaces. The aim of this research is to clarify the characteristics of Madi flexibility and its impact on the housing configuration, thereby revealing the necessity of re-linking housing architecture with this vital element. The research combines quantitative and qualitative methods and is based on observation and analysis methodologies. Data were collected in two phases: library studies and field surveys, aimed at finding the housing pattern and how residential units are organized, with results extracted based on two methods of inference and content analysis. Basic information was obtained through aerial photographs from the 1960s and analyzed using software such as AutoCAD, GIS, and Depthmap. The findings indicate that the housing configuration system is shaped based on four indices: building pattern, area, the ratio of built space to open space, and spatial integrity and coherence. The most compatible housing construction pattern is the single-row construction and fully constructed, followed by U-shaped and L-shaped patterns. Regarding the area index, residential plots with an area of 200-500 square meters and subsequently 500-1000 square meters, and in the index of built-to-open space ratio, areas with values between 0.70-0.96 have the highest flexibility. As for the index of spatial integrity and coherence, the maximum index includes the axis of Madi, passages connected to Madi, and passages connected to the main streets bordering the neighborhood. The results show that Madi architecture is in complete connection with the city and the neighborhood, representing the most important natural pattern influencing the formation of residential units and creating interconnection throughout the neighborhood. In order to create or strengthen this pattern, housing design based on the four enumerated indices plays a significant role. Conversely, neglecting these indices will have numerous negative effects on the housing configuration and the system of neighborhoods.

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Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City)

Aliakbar Salaripour; Mani Talebi Somesaraei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142096.5080

Abstract

Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City) Extended abstract Introduction Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both ... Read More Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy (Case study: Rasht Creative City) Extended abstract Introduction Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both urban management and citizens in the planning and implementation process. The lack of a long-term perspective on the profound effects of urbanism education, the low level of belief and trust in continuous learning, and the gap between educational environments and operational areas, are the main reasons for addressing the issue of critical urbanism pedagogy in Rasht creative city as a research study environment. Theoretical Framework Analysis of theoretical concepts and approaches related to "critical urbanism pedagogy" such as “Critical Urban Pedagogy”, “Urban Critical Literacy”, “Critical Urban Learning”, “Critical Pedagogy of Place” and “Critical consciousness” show that after identifying common global concerns, a specific language is needed to develop urbanism pedagogy. This grammar is based on understanding the socio-cultural issues of the society under study, and accordingly, raising public awareness of citizenship rights and commitment to social justice based on urban planning-oriented education is essential. In the continuation of this process, explaining socio-cultural conflicts and accepting the current situation leads to a review of pedagogical approaches. After that, strengthening critical awareness in spatial dimensions can be effective in improving urbanism pedagogy, insofar as this goal can be achieved by improving educational environments and creating a citizenship space based on urbanism knowledge and experiences. Methodology The research method is qualitative and using the grounded theory approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted and based on this, 102 open codes, 29 axial codes and 8 selective codes were analyzed. The sample size includes 15 experts from NGOs, university professors, education officials and urban management. The Rasht creative city is a member of the UNESCO global network, as the field environment of this research, and for UNESCO is very important that manage creative human resources to achieve sustainable development goals based on education. Results and Discussion The conceptual-executive model of "Critical Urbanism Pedagogy" of the Rasht Creative City, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research, has 5 main stages that require sequential steps, including these stages: 1. Identifying problems and with the "Critical Urban Literacy" approach; 2. Accepting and adjusting social and cultural conflicts with the "Critical Urban Education" approach; 3. Modifying ineffective pedagogical approaches with the "Critical Global Citizenship Education" approach; 4. Transforming implementation models by strengthening accountable and critical institutions with the "Critical Urban Learning" approach; 5. Developing learning environments with stakeholder participation and accountability with the "Critical Pedagogy of Place" approach. Conclusion The final result shows that reforming the executive structures and improving the quantity and quality of content in mainstream education is necessary, but not sufficient, and in order to transform the pedagogy of critical urbanism, achieving learning environments will have a more effective and efficient result. To this end, producing content with various tools in urban and virtual spaces, holding effective educational events with the participation of all stakeholders, and providing various physical infrastructures through investment incentives, government, or directing charitable urbanism actions are the executive suggestions of the research. Keywords Critical Urbanism Pedagogy, Rasht Creative City, Learning Environments, Creative city Management, Conceptual-Executive Pattern. Highlights  Rasht Creative City has material, spiritual and social capital to develop “Critical Urbanism Pedagogy”;  Recognizing and accepting socio-cultural conflicts to correct ineffective approaches in the development of urban planning education;  Expanding critical awareness of the power mechanism in maintaining and developing urban spaces in the process of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy;  Developing learning environments and publicizing urban planning education by providing infrastructure, producing content, holding events, tool-building and capacity-building in urban and virtual spaces.

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Prioritizing the components of promoting a sense of belonging to place in urban Behavioral Spaces Based on citizens' subjective perception(Case study: Western side of Imam Khomeini Street, Ardabil)

nasrin mohammadi; Rouhollah Rahimi; Vahid Vaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142717.5116

Abstract

Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban ... Read More Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban planning has rarely addressed the emotional bond between citizens and their surroundings. Imam Khomeini Street in Ardabil, as a historic urban space, exemplifies a location that requires redefining the components of place attachment and strengthening its role in fostering social connections among citizens. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors enhancing the sense of attachment in behavioral settings based on citizens' mental maps in urban spaces. The research employed a mixed-method approach, including structural equation modeling (SEM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), alongside qualitative and quantitative analyses to achieve this goal. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with 384 citizens and 15 experts in architecture and urban planning. The findings from factor analysis revealed that the components of behavioral settings fall into three main categories: preserving identity and increasing place attachment, enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures, and improving the mental image of urban facades. According to the results, the criterion of enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures had the most significant impact on citizens' mental maps. These results suggest that paying attention to the historical, identity-based, and cultural characteristics of the study site, along with creating unique spaces through appropriate design patterns and addressing citizens' needs, can help increase the sense of place attachment in urban spaces. Strategies related to the visual and functional qualities of spaces, understanding citizens' desires, and situating appropriate functions in suitable locations were found to have the greatest influence on fostering place attachment among citizens. These strategies, emphasizing the identity-based and cultural attributes within the spatial framework, can significantly enhance citizens' experiences of urban spaces. By providing an analytical framework for prioritizing the components of place attachment in urban spaces, this research can assist urban planners and designers in considering citizens' preferences and improving urban spaces based on the real needs of residents.

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The role of power in reproduction of informality in urban planning: discourse analysis of acquired rights in the revision of the Urban Renewal project in Samen District

Farshad Nourian; sara vosoughi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.141880.5073

Abstract

A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept ... Read More A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept that forms the basis of the state's bureaucratic practices. More recently, there has been a shift to expand the concept of power beyond the state and to challenge the idea of law as purely objective and neutral. According to this growing de-centered approach to informality, this article examines dynamic interconnections between law and power to shed light on the social and practical construction of law as a fundamentally indeterminate concept in urban governance, where a multitude of networked actors, both inside and outside the government, largely shape processes and outcomes. Relying on the Foucauldian Reading of Power relations and truth discourses, this article outlines how power relations can shape legality discourses in the context of controversial decision-making in urban planning. In this sense, through a Foucauldian discourse analysis of acquired rights in the revision of the Urban Renewal project in Samen District, the article provides an empirically grounded discussion that renders the power/law nexus visible. The data originated from 15 narrative in-depth interviews, 200 official documents (including planning documents, official correspondence, approvals, and reports of official meetings), as well as 130 unofficial documents (including press reports of official interviews, official meetings, official speeches, reports of official websites of the institutions). The analysis shows that the power struggles within and beyond the state produce various discourses of (il)legality, which provide different answers to critical questions such as who is entitled to interpret the acquired rights, what the definition of the acquired rights is, and Whose interest the acquired rights respond to?. As a result of the long-lasting disputes among four discourses on the acquired rights (extralegal, extended, reconciliatory, argumentative), the vast deregulation that was informally adopted to manage project investment was finally authorized in formal urban governance. The findings of this study demonstrate that informality is not necessarily the ungovernable realm outside of formal planning. This study shows that power dynamics create competing discursive claims of legality, which justify the subject positions who have the authority to determine what is legal, legitimize the elaboration of the notion of the law, and rationalize legal decisions based on serving the public interest or not. Rather than following established bureaucratic processes based on written law, these competing discursive claims of legality shape formal decision-making. In these processes, power reshapes the legal notion of law and redefines formality/informality boundaries within urban planning and governance. This complex interplay of power and law demonstrates that informality, often viewed as a violation of urban planning laws, can gradually become a regular part of urban planning. This process which can be named "informality from within formal urban planning" challenges the formality/informality binary that equates planning with law and informality with the absence of law.

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Analyzing the transformation of location-based urban uses in the era of virtual space: a case study, the libraries of three main universities in Zahedan

Amirhamzeh Shahbazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143060.5131

Abstract

Introduction Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, ... Read More Introduction Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, the increase of digital tools, and the access of individuals and institutions have caused the production and dissemination of scientific and cultural products in recent decades, especially in the first decade or two of the 21st century. This has caused an amazing transformation. Because the preparation and publication of paper scientific and cultural products are done by individuals and institutions themselves and in a digital way, instead of publishing institutions. In the meantime, the request of citizens for quick, low-cost, timely, and complete access to information has resulted in an emerging phenomenon called "research without visiting the library" based on communication and information technology, the global Internet, social networks, and virtual space. Methodology This applied research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and a sample size of 480 people (doctoral, master's, and bachelor's students) with a researcher-made questionnaire and two-stage random sampling in Zahedan city (University of Sistan and Baluchistan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan). The validity of the data collection tool has been confirmed by university professors and reliability is based on Cronbach's index (0.752). The sampling method was a simple random method. Analysis models include U-Mann-Whitney and Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model, Cramer's V, and Kruskal Wallis statistical inference model, Sign. test and Chi-Square and Crosstab, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk non-parametric statistical inference model. Results and discussion The findings showed that the traditional position of libraries as a cultural urban use with a certain population threshold and a certain functional sphere of influence is facing a significant decrease. 58% of students said they never went to the library or they rarely go. 44% of students consider the position and role of libraries to be too much or too much to decrease. In addition, there is an inverse and significant relationship between students' access to scientific databases such as Scopus, SID, and Science Direct and their belief that the position of the library is decreasing. The relationship between visiting the library and having a computer, printer, modem, and smartphone was analyzed. The results showed; that the degree of ownership or access to a desktop-laptop computer, printer, modem, or smart mobile, has an inverse relationship with the perception of the location of the library. 39% of students did not have any equipment; on the other hand, 75% of students who had complete equipment consider the position of the library as a decrease. In the supplementary analysis, it was determined that the amount of students' use of the Internet for academic research is directly related to the decrease in the library's position (with a significance level of 0.002 in Cramer's V statistical inference model), students who have used the Internet very little, 35% and students who have used the Internet a lot, 69% consider the position of the library to be low. In addition, contrary to the expectation that it was thought that the higher the level of education of the students and towards postgraduate education; The rate of their visits to the library increases; not confirmed The results of the first hypothesis test with non-parametric statistical inference "sign test" (suitable for non-normal data; and single group) with an error level of 0.033 showed that the library position is decreasing. The results of the second hypothesis test regarding the relationship between the number of students visiting the library and their level of education were rejected with Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model with a significance level of 0.16. The results of the third hypothesis test. It indicates a significant relationship between the number of students visiting the library and the characteristics of their field and faculty. Kruskal-Wallis's non-parametric statistical inference model was used to test the hypothesis. Conclusion Based on the principles of urban planning, the library is a place-oriented urban use (specifically at the neighborhood, district, and city levels) and time-oriented (specific working hours and closing hours); therefore, the location of the library has three characteristics. First, it has a specific population threshold. Second, it has a certain radius of action and sphere of influence. The third one is open and serviced only in certain time frames and hours. But the cyber revolution has caused the library to be fixed and determined without being dependent on place and time and the radius of its function; To perform its functions with the coverage of unlimited access, in the field of influence and the radius of unlimited access, in the immediate time frame, 24 hours and all 365 days of the year. The findings of survey research in three major universities (University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan) showed: that the better the students had the equipment to access cyberspace and typing and publishing, the other hand, students without these facilities considered the position of the library to be decreasing and declining. The degree of students' access to Elsevier and ScienceDirect scientific databases is inversely related to their assessment of the library's position. The results showed that the function and position of the library is permanent and rooted. However, the form of providing services is significantly and rapidly abandoned from the triple determinism of "location-oriented, compliance with the population threshold within a certain physical influence radius, time-oriented" and is intensified with the expansion of artificial intelligence. These findings make both urban planners and trustees of (university) libraries aware of the rapid process of transformations. It is suggested that research be done in the field of public libraries and for all citizens to achieve more results and the possibility of generalizing the findings.

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Conceptual Framework of Social Interactions in Urban Open Spaces: A Meta-Synthesis Analysis of Presence, Sociability, and Environmental Quality Concepts

mehrdad hedayatian; Alireza Einifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.142266.5094

Abstract

Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. ... Read More Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. However, domestic studies in architecture and urban planning primarily examine social interactions through three main concepts: "presence," "sociability," and "environmental quality," without clearly articulating the conceptual and structural relationships among these concepts or aligning them explicitly with international theoretical frameworks. This study aims to revisit and clarify these concepts within a comprehensive conceptual framework. Initially, through keyword analysis and a systematic review of global theories, the components of social interactions were categorized into five groups: physical, activity-based, perceptual, contextual, and technological, arranged according to David Canter's place model. Subsequently, employing PRISMA guidelines and the meta-synthesis method, 32 selected domestic articles were analyzed and coded using MAXQDA software. Findings indicate that "presence" primarily aligns with physical-environmental components such as facilities, accessibility, environmental comfort, and spatial organization; "sociability" corresponds closely to activity-behavioral components, including group activities, social interactions, and collective events; and "environmental quality" is specifically associated with perceptual-psychological components like attractiveness, sense of security, psychological comfort, and environmental meaning. Additionally, contextual and technological components play moderating and facilitating roles in enhancing social interactions. The final analysis demonstrates that these three concepts, through mutual interactions, provide an integrated and practical framework for understanding and enhancing social interactions in urban open spaces. This framework offers a theoretical foundation for designing more socially engaging public spaces and sets a groundwork for future research on the social quality of urban environments.

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Exploring the components of low-carbon urban tourism: a meta-synthesis approach

esmaeel ghaderi; boshra mohajer

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143031.5135

Abstract

Low-carbon urban tourism, as one of the prerequisites for sustainable development in Iran, holds special significance due to the environmental challenges stemming from greenhouse gas emissions in urban destinations. This type of tourism is introduced as an innovative solution to mitigate environmental ... Read More Low-carbon urban tourism, as one of the prerequisites for sustainable development in Iran, holds special significance due to the environmental challenges stemming from greenhouse gas emissions in urban destinations. This type of tourism is introduced as an innovative solution to mitigate environmental impacts and improve the quality of life for both residents and tourists. The present study examines low-carbon urban tourism by utilizing the meta-synthesis method, a qualitative approach for integrating and analyzing previous studies. Employing this method is essential, as the existing information in this field is scattered, and a comprehensive and coherent perspective is critical for policymaking and planning. Given the lack of comprehensive and systematic approaches to managing low-carbon tourism in urban destinations, this paper aims to pave the way for the development and implementation of low-carbon urban tourism. The research objective and main question focus on identifying the key components of low-carbon urban tourism to provide a comprehensive framework for policymaking and management in urban destinations. The proposed conceptual framework of this study, based on the analysis of 79 research articles on low-carbon tourism and low-carbon urban destinations, encompasses macro-level factors (including policymaking, economic, environmental, technological development, and legal aspects) and micro-level factors (such as low-carbon tourism service supply, demand, and destination management). The findings reveal that achieving low-carbon tourism requires collaboration and coordination across different levels and adopting a systemic perspective that integrates macro- and micro-level factors. This research, by presenting a comprehensive framework, assists policymakers and urban managers in designing and implementing related programs, potentially leading to increased tourist satisfaction, reduced environmental impacts, and the realization of sustainable development in urban destinations.

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The approach of Transformative Spatial Planning for Iran’s Sustainability

Mozaffar Sarrafi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143620.5160

Abstract

There are pervasive trends in Iran’s development which cause unsustainability and the socio-ecological unbalance. Many of these trends like the reduction of water per capita, environmental pollution, vast unemployment, ethnic cleavages, pauperization and marginal settlements, have spatial manifestation, ... Read More There are pervasive trends in Iran’s development which cause unsustainability and the socio-ecological unbalance. Many of these trends like the reduction of water per capita, environmental pollution, vast unemployment, ethnic cleavages, pauperization and marginal settlements, have spatial manifestation, creating mal-development especially in urban areas. While the determinants of these situation cannot be reduced to spatial dimension, but in the framework of spatial planning, by relying on space as the seedbed of phenomena and their interactions, sustainability solutions can be made on its part. In this inquiry, to prevent redundancy of difficulties, being limited by the present knowledge and the consequent inability for radical solutions, the research method of problematization has been taken. Base on this method, a critical approach towards ontology and epistemology of the research subject is taken and the origins of problematic for the subject are elaborated and as a result, alternative actions by spatial planners has construed. In this vain, this article is a hypothetical effort at two abstract and concrete level for understanding the problematic of unsustainable production of space in Iran. In light of this, the approach of transformative spatial planning for Iran’s sustainability described as follows: Hindering the ongoing unsustainable production of space in Iran requires production of space on the foundation of another development pattern which is a synthesis of updated “Iran-Shahri” traditions (i.e., the philosophy and living experience of Iranian civilization persistence in history) with the global science and experience for sustainability. This should be on the basis of inclusive participation in community units across the country. In this process, due to social and ecological values in the environmental crisis, spatial institution building is essential for the partnership and agency of local communities to realize the transformation. It is important that spatial planners as agents of the great transformation towards another development, focus on placemaking as public space to instigate social interaction and community spirit. They should prioritize the socio-ecological logic to the economic and engineering logic at all spatial scales.

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Assessment and smart management of energy demands in buildings in Marivan City using energy maps

Salah Vaisi; Somayeh Hosseinipour; Negar Khiabanchian; Seyyed Mohammadmahdi Hosseinikia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143406.5144

Abstract

Iran faces fundamental challenges in energy production, supply, and management on a large scale. Estimating and visualizing the energy needs on a city scale using real data based on energy benchmarks is an accurate method for smart urban planning and management. This study estimates the energy consumption ... Read More

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The Role of Events in Shaping Collective Urban Visions: A Case Study of the 'Rasht 1422' Public Event

Aliakbar Salaripour; Sara Nikmard Namin; Mohammad Nouripour sedehi; Zahra Ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143548.5154

Abstract

In recent decades, a strategic approach based on developing collective urban visions has been introduced within Iran's urban planning system. In this context, the present research investigates the "Public Event: Rasht 1422" and explores the significance of event-driven approaches in shaping ... Read More In recent decades, a strategic approach based on developing collective urban visions has been introduced within Iran's urban planning system. In this context, the present research investigates the "Public Event: Rasht 1422" and explores the significance of event-driven approaches in shaping these visions. Consequently, by adopting a policy analysis method within a broader model that includes textual analysis, four distinct stages in the visioning process and implementation of the Rasht 1422 public event were carried out and analyzed. The first stage involved a comprehensive review of theoretical foundations. In the second stage, through refining the conceptual model for developing Rasht's public event, the critical interplay of three key elements – space/place, citizens, and urban institutions/management – was elucidated in creating discursive and interactive spaces for vision formulation. This stage further included a qualitative review and systematic categorization of policy documents using textual analysis techniques. Following the document analysis, the third stage focused on pre-defining the event framework through: Completing and analyzing citizen questionnaires and in-depth interviews Conducting working group sessions and interviews with key stakeholders Incorporating insights from urban elites and influential figures in Rasht This participatory visioning approach ensured that the core vision axes were developed through inclusive engagement with the majority of stakeholders and decision-makers. The fourth and final stage involved executing the main event, where three primary activities were conducted: Finalizing and prioritizing 29 key vision axes Developing the comprehensive vision statement Formalizing the collective urban vision Through this step-by-step implementation of the participatory event model, the study presents a practical framework for enhancing citizen engagement and multi-stakeholder participation in urban visioning processes. The research demonstrates how such event-based approaches can effectively bridge the gap between urban institutions, citizens, and physical spaces to co-create sustainable urban futures.

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Recreating Social Hope in Urban Space Using Culture and Art With a Sense of Place Approach (Case Study: Cities of Isfahan and Rasht)

Yasaman Paknejad; hossein abeddoost

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 August 2025

https://doi.org/10.22034/urbs.2025.143024.5140

Abstract

Strengthening the sense of participation and social activity in urban space can be effective in the development and progress of the country. It has been emphasized that increasing the sense of hope of citizens leads to strengthening social hope in Iran. Social hope is formed by economic conditions, social ... Read More

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