Urban Planning
fahimeh Namvar Haghighi Shirazi Fard; khalil Hajipour; Amir Hosein Shabani; mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline ...
Read More
In recent decades the increasing growth and development of cities have transformed agricultural lands,increased urban services costs and led urban expansion. Also, the deterioration of urban neighborhoods and suburbs due to the lack of willingness of people to live in these neighborhoods, the decline in investment in old neighborhoods, and the reduction of capacity to keep people and decline in quality of life. With 1,700 hectaresof distressed areas, Shiraz is no exception andhas the same problem. For this purpose, urban growth management policies are used that one of these policies is Land Readjustment (LR). It is necessary to identify and classifythe legal, institutional, economic, social and local factors influencing Land Readjustment in order to have an effective and sufficient Land Readjustment. Thus,this study aims to identify the key factors influencing the land readjustment process in distressed areas and to examine the cause and effect relations through Interpretative Structural Model in order to understand the most important variables in the implementation process. This could be a guide for urban management in achieving infill development by stimulating and implementing the most important variables and, consequently, increasing the possibility of the entire land readjustment project. For this purpose, two-step Delphi questionnaire from 17 experts of urban affairs of Shiraz city have been used. Findings reveal that the two variables definingthe laws related to the residents' and owners' protests regarding the urban design, before, during and after itsexecution and enacting the laws related to the payment of the probable indemnityto the residents, if they do not want to participate are considered as ones increasing the system risk because each legislation without fairly taking into consideration the owners' interestsmay be an obstacle in the system and decreases the partnership tendency of owners and residents. Major organizational-institutional variables such as the partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes, law-abiding local government and attention to individual and social justice in the local government play an important role in the implementation of land readjustment and impact on other variables. Because these variables, in fact, link the social variables to the executable variables, and provide a framework for correct implementation, such as the bridge, to meet the people's needs.Besides, the possible partnership of the local government through intermediate and facilitator institutes is one of the most effective and most impressive variables, so this variable plays a key and strategic role. This means that the key to the implementation of land readjustment in the worn-out tissues and to solve their problems is to create an intermediary entity to hear the demands and opinions of the people. Also, other strategic variables in land readjustment in worn-out tissues are attention to individual and social justice in the local government, strategic view and flexibility of the local government, defining the tangible and approachable targets and assessing appropriately the land price before and after the execution. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously examine the variables during both the design preparation and LR execution in the distressed area. All of these variables are eitherdirectly in connection with the local government or done by the local government indicating the importance of city authorities’ policy-makingand employing experienced and expertlabor force.
Urban Architecture
sara Mohebinejad; Khosro Movahed; malihe taghipour
Abstract
Different factors affect the sociability of the environment, such as social, financial and objective factors.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of spatial organization on increasing the number of open spaces sociability of residential complexes.In this regard, open spaces between residential ...
Read More
Different factors affect the sociability of the environment, such as social, financial and objective factors.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of spatial organization on increasing the number of open spaces sociability of residential complexes.In this regard, open spaces between residential complexes were selected as research beds and based on those, four open spaces patterns including linear patterns, complex pattern, mixed and single element central pattern in four residential complexes were selected as case examples . The tools of analysis in this research are the theory of space syntax. In this case, logical analyzes were performed by using mathematical relations and software analyzes derived from “Depthmap” software.In this research, the effective elements in increasing the sociability were studied, then the indices of each component were introduced and finally will be analyzed by means of proper tools. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the theoretical framework of the research choose and case samples were analyzed based on that. The results showed that spatial organization plays a significant role on increasing or decreasing the sociability of open spaces in residential complexes. Analyzes using this software showed that, unfortunately, designed spaces in open areas of residential complexes were not placed properly and should be reconsidered in their design process. Furthermore, creating a semi-public-semi-private space in an integrated complex, can lead to a more global sociability of the space. In the results of this research, the effect of the arrangement of the blocks is completely obvious. In addition, space depth rate, proper arrangement of different functions in open outdoor and being useful for all age groups are considered as effective factors in increasing the sociability in open spaces of residential complexes.
Urban Architecture
maliheh taghipour; maryam bagheri
Abstract
The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can ...
Read More
The attendance of people in a public space overshadows many issues, including issues that have multilateral links with economic, cultural, social and other areas. The first spark needed to be in the place comes from the entrances of that place to the mind. So one of the most basic expectations that can be expected from any input is the affordance to that space. In this context, the bazaar, as a public space, has a significant role in the economic, social, cultural, political and other prosperity of cities and the issue of its presence is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study investigates the role of inputs' permeability qualities on the degree of attendance of people in traditional bazaar as a research issue and analyzes the factors affecting this issue in the traditional bazaar of Shiraz. The research method in this paper is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods that analyze the physical structure of space in quantitative part using field studies as well as computer tools such as Depthmap software and in the qualitative part based on field observations and interviews with users. From the bazaar, it analyzes the results of the quantitative segment as well as the factors influencing this issue. The results indicate that the three components of accessibility, spatial connectivity and neighborhood quality are the most important factors in enhancing bazaar attendance. In this regard, the possibility of visualizing the input channels from the surrounding tissue, the degree of adaptation and dependence between the uses in the rows leading to the inputs, the density and variety of these applications and finally the geometrical and spatial characteristics of bazaar entrances as the most important factors related to the quality of the permeability of the inputs. That affect the bazaar attendance of people.
Urban Planning
mehdi karoubi; Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard; soran ahmadizad
Abstract
Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact ...
Read More
Tourism is one of the biggest, largest and fastest industry in the world which causes increasing of income, employment and investment in more countries. Tourism development as a cultural event causes effective interaction between tourists and destination to realize and respect each other better.in fact it is an apportunity to make more effective communication between nations and people. The aim of this research is considering a model for development of cultural tourism of Kurdistan province.this research based on its aim is development-operational and it is kind of survey descriptive one.this research is operational one because of its usage in cultural tourism attraction plan.the research method is mix method(qualitative and quantitative).first of all the researcher starts to identify the effective factors on cultural tourism development in kurdistan province based on semi structured interviews through polling the professors and managers and using research informations which are considerd the result and identified factors of cultural tourism management by questionaire of cultural tourism based on ex researches ,theoretical foundations and library studies. The statistical society in theoretical and operational parts consists of:A: all university tourism management professors in Kurdistan province and other professors in neighbourhood provinces that have a research paper about cultural tourism at least.B: tourism managers and marketing experts in tourism, handicraft and heritage organization in cities of Kurdistan province.C: travel agency managers in Kurdistan province.D: cultural tourists come in Kurdistan province.This research is an operational one and it is kind of geodesic descriptive.as first step, data gathering was done by qualitative interview then by quantitative method and using written questionnaire. We get categories based on common concepts consist of eight components of urban potential, citizens, the impact of border cities, event management. Tendency to other tourism destinations, tourism economy, public administration and advertisements.Results: Findings in this paper indicate optimal status in some components like urban potential. Citizens, the impact of border cities, event management, tendency to the tourism destinations, tourism economy but it is not correct about public administration and advertisements in Kurdistan province.
Urban Design
shima abedi; Sanaz saeedi
Abstract
According to experts in psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the development of personality and social health of society. Wayfinding is the ability to identify location and reach a destination, moving in space environments. This issue is very important for children who usually do ...
Read More
According to experts in psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the development of personality and social health of society. Wayfinding is the ability to identify location and reach a destination, moving in space environments. This issue is very important for children who usually do not have enough independence and experience in moving in urban environments. Urban guidelines are designed to guide children in the urban space. The research method in the present study is applied and survey. Random sampling method was performed using Cochran's formula and completing a questionnaire by 106 children aged 8-12 years. In data analysis, in order to evaluate the effect of the role of cues in Wayfinding children after data collection, the obtained information was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using Amos software. Also, in order to analyze the qualitative data, children's drawings have been studied. The results indicate that differences in children's age groups cause differences in the effectiveness of symptoms in children's Wayfinding. Also, physical elements and landmarks in urban spaces are very effective in guiding children in the study area. Among the mentioned features of 8-year-old children in the Wayfinding process, we can mention the green space and the form of buildings. Children aged 9-10 years pay attention to the physical form and differentiation of buildings in the Wayfinding process. Children 10-12 years old refer to buildings that have more color variety and buildings that have a more distinctive architectural form than other buildings. Children aged 10-12 use flagship passages and buildings in Wayfinding. Studies have shown the effect of a distinct body on children's Wayfinding behavior.
Slum Settlements
Maryam Sajjadi Asl; , Jamileh tavakolinia; Ghourchi, Morteza
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 April 2021
Abstract
Providing housing in developing countries for urban low-income groups is one of the most important challenges to achieving development. In Iran, various policies have been adopted to provide housing for the low-income groups; But so far no attempt has been made to develop suitable housing types for these ...
Read More
Providing housing in developing countries for urban low-income groups is one of the most important challenges to achieving development. In Iran, various policies have been adopted to provide housing for the low-income groups; But so far no attempt has been made to develop suitable housing types for these groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate the low-income urban housing policies in the construction government; Reform, compassion, prudence and hope are in the city of Kermanshah. The type of applied research and the method used are descriptive and analytical, and for data collection, library and field methods (referring to the Kermanshah Road and Urban Development Administration) have been obtained. AutoCAD software, GIS and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that during the construction period, most of the land is considered as preparation for the surrounding towns. During the reform period, the creation of millet projects became very popular. Extensive measures were taken during the period of compassion; But many projects remained unfinished. In the era of prudence and hope; The decision to fulfill the commitments of the previous government was on the agenda. This right decision caused; So that no additional costs are imposed on the government and the government remains committed to the people and the contractors. The sample t-test also shows that the average in all indicators is less than the desired value, which indicates that the policy of low-income urban housing in the period of construction, reform, compassion and prudence and hope in The level is low.
Urban Planning
Nikoo Medghalchi; Hossein Bahrainy; Mojtaba Rafieian
Abstract
The advent of the information age in the 20th century Due to the great changes in the field of information and communication technology, the prevailing approach to maximizing the solution of urban problems and saving these technologies has advanced urban planners, designers and policy makers. Despite ...
Read More
The advent of the information age in the 20th century Due to the great changes in the field of information and communication technology, the prevailing approach to maximizing the solution of urban problems and saving these technologies has advanced urban planners, designers and policy makers. Despite the novelty of these developments, the speed of its growth and extensive development has provided a wide range of interactions between different sections of urban studies. Coinciding with its growing trend, the corona virus has been spreading around the world since December 2019, re-examining the role of information and communication technology. Due to the lack of internal research (about 17 articles) in relation to information and communication technology and the city and the existence of a gap in this relationship, and the importance of paying attention to this area in urban studies, the purpose of this article is to identify, extract and provide interactive space. And is a research between the development of information and communication technologies on the subfields of urban studies, in order to introduce, classify topics, approaches and methods, as well as to use the results of research. In this regard, using the method of systematic review research, the content of published foreign scientific research was reviewed and analyzed. This started with searching for valid articles and by studying the abstracts and research results of more than 150 articles and monitoring them, and finally selecting 93 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The articles are published in English between the 30-year period 1990-2020. Monitoring, reviewing and extracting the key points of the articles will finally lead us to the following 8 categories, including 1) urban policy, 2) electronic participation, 3) smart city, 4) structure and spatial organization of the city, 5) travel behavior, 6) Digital divide, 7) Public space, 8) Competitiveness, and 30 sub-axes, each of which presented authors, work methods and research findings. Recent studies show that the spread of coronavirus has multiplied the use of information and communication technologies, and this will definitely change the intensity of its impact on the city and urban planning and design more rapidly. Therefore, this article is presented in order to explain the various dimensions of this issue.
Urban Sociology
Narges Ghodsi; mahin nastaran; Vahid Ghasemi
Abstract
Urban segregation, as an inherent feature of cities, refers to the social distancing and residential separation in an urban context. Segregation becomes a problem when it prevents certain groups of people from accessing services, activities and spaces. The interdisciplinary nature and intertwined ...
Read More
Urban segregation, as an inherent feature of cities, refers to the social distancing and residential separation in an urban context. Segregation becomes a problem when it prevents certain groups of people from accessing services, activities and spaces. The interdisciplinary nature and intertwined dimensions of this phenomenon have led researchers across various disciplines to study it over the past few decades. In spite of a large number of studies undertaken, there is a lack of coherent conceptual framework in this area. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify research gaps in the conceptual field of segregation by reviewing Persian articles and presenting a regular format of them. This research has applied a qualitative research methodology using basic text techniques including systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. For this purpose, fifty selected Persian articles that were published in the period 1375-1400 have been reviewed based on their structures and contents. The findings categorize the selected articles based on the main question (what, why, how) in the form of 5 main thematic axes. Also, the evolution of the concept of segregation has been divided into four general periods: early, middle, late (current period) and future. Based on it, a definition of socio-spatial segregation has been provided. The results of this comparison indicate that urban segregation as an interdisciplinary, multidimensional and contextual subject has socio-economic, physical-spatial and political-managerial dimensions. In the current research conditions of Iran, it needs research Qualitatively focusing on topics such as conceptual modeling, and modeling the measurement of segregation (in explaining what), identifying and examining the underlying factors affecting segregation, including the structure and configuration of cities (in explaining why), as well as identify and examine policies and trends affecting segregation (in explaining how) by considering all its dimensions. This way, we will be able to reach a better understanding of the nature of this concept and investigate spatial patterns of segregation over the time in an urban context.
Urban Design
sara salehi; Hassan sajadzadeh; Mohammad Saied Izadi; kasra ketabollahi
Abstract
Cinema is a novel platform for re-reading the relationship between the body and the mind of the contemporary city. Assuming little attention to successful, humane and spatial urban spaces in Iranian cinema and on the other hand the importance of the director's role in using the correct criteria for showing ...
Read More
Cinema is a novel platform for re-reading the relationship between the body and the mind of the contemporary city. Assuming little attention to successful, humane and spatial urban spaces in Iranian cinema and on the other hand the importance of the director's role in using the correct criteria for showing urban spaces in the film and successful representation of humane urban spaces in this study Objectives 1. A Study of Different Dimensions of Selected Works of Iranian Fiction Cinema after the Islamic Revolution of 1978 2. A Study of Different Dimensions of Selected Works of International Fiction Cinema 3. Extraction of Criteria for Creating Urban Space in Works of Fiction Cinema Follows. The theoretical framework of the research was collected based on the documentary method and the final criteria used in film analysis were 6 items, respectively: Urban spaces and character type]. In the selection of films using the Delphi method, interviews with filmmakers and university professors were used, and based on this, 5 foreign films by the famous director Woody Allen and 53 domestic films in the cinema after the Islamic Revolution were selected. In the analysis of films, two methods of content analysis based on the subject and subject of representation and the method of constructive content analysis based on semiotics have been used. The results of the research show that Iranian cinema has not allowed the presence of urban space, so it is necessary to start moving from cinema to city so that cinema can establish more communication with people and help the city and urban spaces to better understand. Based on this, suggestions are made to create more humane sequences and better representation of the city in Iranian cinema.
Urban Design
mona mehranfar; Jamaleddin Soheili; reza afhami
Abstract
In the current era in the field of environmental graphics, attention to environmental graphics and the creation of new experiences to induce a sense of place, little attention has not been paid and environmental graphics in this area is facing stagnation and inactivity due to lack of knowledge and sufficient ...
Read More
In the current era in the field of environmental graphics, attention to environmental graphics and the creation of new experiences to induce a sense of place, little attention has not been paid and environmental graphics in this area is facing stagnation and inactivity due to lack of knowledge and sufficient payment. Therefore, the present study uses a qualitative-quantitative research method of descriptive-survey type and library and field tools (questionnaire and observation) and the use of Friedman test and content analysis following athe approach to the main purpose of the research Developing a graphic reading model of furniture Is a city with an emphasis on promoting a sense of place in District 2 of Qazvin. Finally, the results indicate that there is a two-way and strong relationship between the component of proportions and color combinations with the reading of environmental graphics. In addition, the elements and materials of urban furniture in this area are not superior to each other, so it provides a suitable place for people. Therefore, in general, it can be stated that the graphics used in the urban furniture of the two cities of Qazvin, such as: color, form, structure, patterns and lighting, are in harmony with their background and use dynamic and attractive colors and forms can be able to create a sense of place in the citizens; At the same time, among the elements of urban furniture, the element of chairs and sitting places with the elements of squares have the most role in creating a sense of place.
Urban Tourism
Mohammad Bagher Nadi; reza akbari; Mohsen Rafian
Abstract
Today, urban branding is considered as a way to increase the attractiveness of the city, which differentiates cities by shaping or changing the mental images of the audience. This important, despite the many positive consequences - mentioned in the present research model - and the high potential of Iranian ...
Read More
Today, urban branding is considered as a way to increase the attractiveness of the city, which differentiates cities by shaping or changing the mental images of the audience. This important, despite the many positive consequences - mentioned in the present research model - and the high potential of Iranian cities for urban branding, according to library and field studies in our country and in the form of official branding plans has received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to create a model to facilitate urban branding for tourism development and due to the high potential of Yazd for urban branding - including that based on library and field studies, the present study has 17 diverse brands and so far it didn't have the official urban branding plan - this city has been selected as a study case. The method of the present study is qualitative and tries to extract the model from semi-structured interviews with professionals, academics and elites using Grounded Theory. The interviewees were selected using the chain reference technique (snowball) and in the twelfth sample, some theoretical saturation was formed, but the research process continued until the fourteenth interview. The results of the study indicate that "the need for global competition in cities", "economic problems and the need to pay attention to tourism and urban branding" and "high potential of Yazd city for tourism development and urban branding" are among the causal conditions of the research and makes the need to study the issue. This research also shows with a set of Strategies such as: "Forming a special working group on branding in Yazd", "Attracting the participation of public institutions in the development and implementation of branding projects", "Training managers and employees to better implement urban branding projects" and " "Holding national and international celebrations and events for brand development" can be effective in tourism development through branding in Yazd city and the consequences of them are given in the end.
Passive Defense
Hossein Mahdizadeh; Ghader Ahmadi; Mohammadreza Pakdelfard; Mahsa Framarzi
Abstract
ObjectivesThe present age is the age of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in various dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and socio-security crises on the other. Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause ...
Read More
ObjectivesThe present age is the age of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in various dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and socio-security crises on the other. Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause many deaths, physical injuries and diseases. Out of 70 types of natural disasters registered in the world, 13 types have been registered in our country. The issue of passive defense today is not defined as a mere research topic but as a vital requirement for governing any country, both in times of crisis and in times of non-crisis, in order to preserve its material and spiritual values. Due to its special geographical and political position, the land of Iran has always witnessed many natural and unnatural disasters (wars, etc.) throughout history and has suffered a lot of financial and human losses. More than 90% of the country's cities are vulnerable to 5.5 magnitude earthquakes. According to official statistics for the past 25 years, more than 6% of the country's casualties have been caused by earthquakes. Therefore, the theoretical and practical position of defense and defense against the crisis in this area is very important. Given these issues, the application of passive defense and attention to its principles in urban planning can greatly reduce the destructive effects of such crises. Meanwhile, the checkered city of Salmas with a population of 91239 people as a middle city in the space organization, in the "relative earthquake risk zoning in Iran" from the study of the National Physical Plan of Iran, is located in a region with high relative risk. Due to its location on a fault, the history of the devastating 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 1309, this city has made it important to observe the principles of passive defense in urban planning. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of modeling the vulnerability of checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city against earthquakes from the perspective of passive defense.MethodologyThis research is an applied research according to its purpose and has an analytical nature according to the method of work. Data collection was done through library studies, existing articles, field studies and census information of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016. Thus, after studying the documents and resources related to passive defense, effective vulnerability indicators were extracted from the perspective of passive defense, and then according to the availability of effective indicators in determining vulnerability for the city of Salmas, 14 indicators Selected from various influential factors to achieve the research output. These indicators include building density, area of plots, distance from fault, population density, quality of buildings, age of buildings, structure of buildings, facade of buildings, distance from rescue centers, distance from open urban spaces, distance from hazardous centers, texture area Worn is the distance from the main thoroughfares and the pattern of the urban fabric. Considering that each of the effective indicators in determining the vulnerability of the coefficient has a different importance, so in this article, the opinions of the elites have been used to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of the indicators. To weight the indicators according to the BWM method, 10 questionnaires whose content is based on a pairwise comparison of indicators, which is based on the preference of the best index over other indicators and also the preference of other indicators over the worst indicator. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were entered into GAMS software and calculated and analyzed. The weights calculated with the value of λε obtained for 10 questionnaires were 0.097, which due to its proximity to the number zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. In order to perform spatial analysis, the information layers of the indicators are first digitized and edited in the GIS software, and by converting the information layers into rasters and Standardize them with Large and Small Fuzzy functions and Boolean logic, the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method is multiplied in each of the indicators. Using the weighted sum combination of indicators to measure the vulnerability, the checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city has been dealt with separately.FindingsCalculating the weight of the indicators in GAMS software shows that the highest weight is related to the urban texture pattern index with 0.164 and the lowest weight is related to the building facade index with a significance coefficient of 0.030. The average value of λε obtained for 10 questionnaires was 0.097, which due to its proximity to zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. The results of combining the indicators in the checkered texture of Salmas city show that in the checkered texture, there are 4866 parcels in very low vulnerability zone, 2719 parcels in low vulnerability, 2862 parcels in medium vulnerability, 3435 parcels in high vulnerability and 430 parcels in very high vulnerability zone. In the semi-checkered texture, 611 parcels are in very low vulnerability zone, 2598 parcels are in low vulnerability zone, 3669 parcels are in medium vulnerability zone, 5350 parcels are in high vulnerability zone and 3057 parcels are in very high vulnerability zone.ResultsIn general, it can be said that the level of vulnerability in checkered texture is less than semi-checkered texture.
Urban Scape
nazila rashidpour; Mohsen Habibi; Manouchehr tabibian
Abstract
the metropolis plays an important role in contemporary society. It features prominently in the public imagination as the very site of modernity and capitalist economy that has been encoded to convey the preferred meanings, Then the metropolis, can be understood as an amalgam of objects of cultural production. ...
Read More
the metropolis plays an important role in contemporary society. It features prominently in the public imagination as the very site of modernity and capitalist economy that has been encoded to convey the preferred meanings, Then the metropolis, can be understood as an amalgam of objects of cultural production. To understand the metropolis is – to some extent – to understand our present age. The metropolis as a patchwork quilt of traces of human existence could not presents itself beyond the limitations of any strictly positivistic outlook and it needs semiological and phenomenological models like reading and experiencing. The metropolis, then, might be read as a text, its forms deciphered and its meanings understood.it means the metropolis itself does not exist, and can only be understood through its various manifestations. Mindscape and Spatial images as the result of a combination of different factors such as literature, art, media, myth, narrative, etc. plays an important role at experiencing and understanding the city. as German cultural theorist Siegfried Kracauer said Wherever the hieroglyphics of any spatial image are deciphered, there the basis of social reality presents itself. What we see on the surface, so any Marxist-inspired cultural theorist would argue, is the product of deeper underlying forces, and in order to understand these forces we need to interpret the surface level. The unconscious nature of surface-level expressions reveals the hidden logic behind these phenomena.In this research for explaining the hieroglyphs of the modern metropolis of Tehran in representing the mysterious language of the city, quantitative and qualitative content analysis method was used. According to findings, we can claim It was not possible to experience the metropolis of Tehran through movies. Films made in Tehran have not been successful in introducing the physical space of the city in the sense that Balzac and even Zola intended. Modernity has manifested itself in a negative sense and The city has become a haven for the darkest aspects of modernity. At last it is important to know that the city must be read by those who seek to create, shape, and transform it. Their reading of the city crucially conditions their writing of the city text, its buildings, its streets, its street furniture, etc.
Slum Settlements
Kayomars Irandoost; Milad Doostvandi; Kasra Ashouri; seyed mohamad Ghanezade
Abstract
Urban Informality is one of the survival options of low-income urban groups that inefficient formal sector and planning systems have not provided their housing. So housing and the informal sector result from formal discourse and have been formed simultaneously with formal planning. Formal planning systems ...
Read More
Urban Informality is one of the survival options of low-income urban groups that inefficient formal sector and planning systems have not provided their housing. So housing and the informal sector result from formal discourse and have been formed simultaneously with formal planning. Formal planning systems and dominant discourse see this phenomenon as a great challenge and against it, various approaches have endeavoured. Such as neglect, elimination and forced eviction, site and service, public housing and new participatory methods to Upgrading and empowerment and regeneration; most contemporary upgrading approaches have been inefficient in regularizing this phenomenon for various reasons, and at the same time, the rapid development of new slums has shown the inefficiency of urban governance. Meanwhile, some planners are looking for realistic approaches to organizing through foresight and integration with the city, including David Gouverneur, who has proposed an approach called Informal Armature (IA). This approach is a forward-looking design and management that accepts the reality of the growth of informal settlements. Its purpose is to find a middle ground in informal and formal development, accompanied by top-down intervention while accepting the people's views in these settlements (bottom-up).There are some proceedings for the implementation and success of the IA approach:• acceptance of informality in policy• provision land with public and private sector participation• training of staff to implement IA and attention to design components (corridors, patches and custodians).In this paper After introducing the Informal Armature (IA) approach, its application in Iran and Sanandaj has investigated. This paper used data from the population and housing censuses of Iran (1976 to 2016) , aerial images and GIS software, and some previous research. The results show that due to the informal urban dynamics in Sanandaj in the form of three spatial layers and informal reproduction, it is instrumental in paying attention to a futuristic perspective on informal development in the framework of the IA approach.This approach seeks to connect the corridors around the city with the means of design and the potential for informal expansion, and to integrate spontaneous settlements with the city, providing housing for the poor and basic infrastructure. Provide spontaneous urban settlements of the future and thus avoid many current challenges. IA's approach seeks to organize informal growth around cities with the potential for informal expansion with a predictive and forward-looking view, which seems to be practical and beneficial in the context of Iran's urban development.
Urban Architecture
Masoumeh Mirsafa; zeinab Talebi; Mansoureh Kianersi
Abstract
Introduction: In recent decades the social conditions of cities have changed and imposed a dramatic impact on the freedom and independence of children in the public realm. Moreover, many parents are caught in ‘social traps’, and further limit their children’s independent movement in ...
Read More
Introduction: In recent decades the social conditions of cities have changed and imposed a dramatic impact on the freedom and independence of children in the public realm. Moreover, many parents are caught in ‘social traps’, and further limit their children’s independent movement in their neighbouring areas. As a child's first independent outdoor experience, this paper attempts to study the shared spaces of residential complexes and identify the qualities of shared spaces that can contribute to and improve Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) Theoretical Framework: CIM is at the heart of children’s ability to be present in the public, play in the neighbourhood without adult supervision or accompaniment, interact with others and develop their social circles. It provides various opportunities for social interaction and hangouts among children and contributes to their sense of identity. Therefore, CIM is considered as an important quality to children’s physical, social, and cognitive development. Interpersonal characteristics, sense of community and social environment as well as the quality of the built environment are among the main factors to influence CIM.Methodology: The research employs ground theory methodology to construct theory from data systematically obtained from various groups of stakeholders, including children, parents and caregivers, planning and design professionals. 107 participants including 53 children, 38 parents and caregivers, and 16 professionals were interviewed to obtain data saturation. Due to the importance of the physical qualities of the environment, direct field observations were also carried out in 15 selected residential complexes in Tehran. The qualitative data analysis was processed through MAXQDA software through which 74 concepts, 25 axial codes and 9 categories were extracted. Integration and optimization of codes and categories were performed and their relationship with the core of the research was determined.Results and Discussions: the results of data analysis show that the causal and intervening conditions of children’s independent mobility include inadequacy of legal framework, inefficiency in implementing plans as well as their monitoring and evaluation systems. Moreover, the qualities of the social environment where children live have an impact on CIM, so that the social acceptance and awareness of the community can play a role in promoting CIM. The results further reveal that improving the physical qualities of the environment including keeping children safe and secure from all possible risks and threats, planning playful spaces, facilitating access to nature and green spaces are among the strategies to improve the social atmosphere within the residential complex in favour of greater independent and free present of children in shared spaces of residential complexes. As a consequence children will enjoy higher degrees of mental and physical health. Conclusion: Social traps and lack of responsive quality control and evaluation system for child-friendly residential complexes emphasizes the necessity to develop a qualitative framework to promote opportunities for children’s independent mobility and unsupervised play in shared spaces of residential complexes while fulfilling parents’ expectations from the qualities of the built environment to permit CIM within shared spaces of the residential complex.
Urban Management
Gholamreza Kazemian; Hosein Aslipour; Arash Taqipour Akhtari
Abstract
"Urban Building" is the act of creating a physical space to advance urban functions and the city's spatial organization is formed in solidarity with its continuity. In this regard, managing the spatial-physical development of the city is one of the missions of urban management; By rejecting the gap between ...
Read More
"Urban Building" is the act of creating a physical space to advance urban functions and the city's spatial organization is formed in solidarity with its continuity. In this regard, managing the spatial-physical development of the city is one of the missions of urban management; By rejecting the gap between content and form, the lived experience of people facing this public organization can be considered as one of the aspects of reality to "explain and interpret how is Tehran’s urban building management system". The study population of this research consists of Tehran’s land developer who were purposefully sampled. Finally, eight in-depth interviews were conducted with the phenomenological strategy under the qualitative method and interpretive paradigm. In this regard, while Epoché’s principles were observed in all stages of the research, the researcher clustered and finally combined lived experiences to achieve a rich description. The findings of this study showed that in the lived experiences of builders, four categories of global themes were finally formed; which include "basic assumptions of Tehran urban building"; "empowering factors of builders"; "inefficiencies imposed by the building management system"; and finally, "the role of various stakeholders in the urban building of Tehran and its consequences." In a nutshell It can be summarized that Tehran urban building management system seeks to "stabilize its position and exercise its power" and to "perform those missions that have consequences, costs and legal prosecution", it pursues realization of the revenues he needs" from the building; and it follows this path, relying on the "empowering factors of builders (skills, facilities, motivations and innovations)", through its "inefficient processes and contents" and at the cost of "commoditizing urban space".
Urban Design
Esmat Paikan; Mohammad Reza Pourjafar; Ehsan Ranjbar
Abstract
The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. The main part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. because emotions is one of the main components of social behavior, and the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand ...
Read More
The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. The main part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. because emotions is one of the main components of social behavior, and the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception.Nowadays, mental health problems and the emphasis on increasing social interactions have led to more and more attention to the subject of emotions, but among the studies, the impact of physical-spatial factors has received less attention.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of physical-spatial measures of urban street on emotional responses of pedestrians, by placing the person in a pseudo-real environment. On the other hand, this study makes possible the use of a new neural measurement tool in urban studies and evaluates its accuracy. The present study has been performed experimentally by simulating 18 tests of different types of urban streets. Two methods of personal reporting (SAM) and electroencephalography (EEG) were selected to measure emotion. After confirming the data extracted from 50 subjects by General Health (GHQ) and Stroop test, data analysis was performed by quantitative-statistical method.The results show the shape and form of the street, the size and c enclosure of the street space, the presence of a spatial and physical element that creates attention and emphasis in the street, permeability in the spatial structure of the street, rotation along the street and perspective change along the path, two and three-dimensional wall street rhythms, the shape and form of the corners of the street intersection, all affect on the levels of emotional pleasure, arousal and control. But physical Indentations and protrusions have no effect on arousal, and visual permeability has no effect on pleasure. In addition, the results showed that the EEG data extracted from the headset (MindWave MW001) used in this study could well capture the emotions of individuals, thus being a good potential tool for evaluating environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban planning.Also, the results of the present study, which show the psychological effects of urban design of a street, help to select and design the appropriate elements and physical characteristics of the space, to increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions, and ultimately improve the mental health of citizens.
Urban Planning
Zahra Tamjidi; Zahra sadat saiedeh Zarabadi; Farah Habib
Abstract
The right to the city is an issue of a social,political,cultural and legal nature,which,based on the concept of citizenship,demands a legal set for all residents to use the urban spaces in a transparent and fair manner.
Children,in terms of physical and mental special conditions,have differences with ...
Read More
The right to the city is an issue of a social,political,cultural and legal nature,which,based on the concept of citizenship,demands a legal set for all residents to use the urban spaces in a transparent and fair manner.
Children,in terms of physical and mental special conditions,have differences with adults, but in our country less attention is paid to their problems in the city and they are faced with many problems such as lack of sense of belonging to the place. therefore,improving the quality of urban spaces for children to create a sense of belonging in them,seems necessary.The purpose of this article is to investigate the concept of the right to the city by emphasizing the presence and increasing the sense of belonging of children to the urban spaces.This research is of qualitative type and has been done with grounded- theory approach.The method of data collection is documentary study and semi-structured interview.Nvivo software was used to analyze qualitative data and coding. Based on documentary studies and using the meta-synthesis method , the theoretical framework and a basic conceptual model of the right to the city for children are presented.The main components accordingly are: Spatial access,social inclusion,urban governance and diversity and vitality. Meta-analysis method is used to explain the final components. According to the questions raised in the interview process, 455 referrals were provided. By reviewing and integrating the codes based on similarity, 32 initial codes were extracted and based on the components presented in the conceptual model,interview questions were developed and after summarizing the data, the conceptual model and final components were presented.
The method of data collection, documentary study and interview is semi-structured.
Multivariate regression test was used to examine the relationship between the components of child rights to the city and the quality of urban space.
The quality index of urban space was considered as a dependent variable and the components of children's right to the city (sovereignty, social inclusion, access to space and diversity and vitality) were considered as independent variables.
Accordingly, the component of urban governance is 35.5% and other components include; Social inclusion, spatial access and diversity and vitality are 31.2%, 28.9% and 14.6%, respectively, in improving the quality of urban space to achieve the concept of the right of the child to the city.
Also, the correlation and the extent of the impact of each of the sub-components of children's right to the city on the quality of urban spaces were examined separately.
maryam shaebani; mahmood sharepour
Abstract
Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the ...
Read More
Introduction: Streets are a key part of our societies and human life. Growing theories have all emphasized how streets and sidewalks can be acquired for social purposes because street design is mainly treated as part of the general planning cycle component. This reflects the fact that people use the street in front of their homes, from their neighborhood, and around their work, and thus, the quality of the streets and other public spaces affects every day's life and directly contributes to their sense of welfareTheoretical framework: Today, the human dimension of public spaces has been considered more than ever by urban planners and designers; because the activities in public spaces can affect the quality and quantity of attracting people to stop and interact in these spaces.The streets are the site of the connection and linking of urban spaces and activities. Jan Gehl argues that the activities in the public sphere are particularly important in understanding this space. According to flower, the activity of people in public spaces can be classified into three categories: first, necessary activities: only partly influenced by the physical quality of the environment, as it is essential to do them to continue living. Second, optional activities occur only in optimal conditions, thus direct measurement of the quality of public space. These activities also affect users ' perceptions of space. Third, social activities: Almost all of the cases arise from cross - fertilization activities. The present study tries to help the theoretical development of key concepts of Jan Gehl in the context of Iranian city studies. Methodology: By utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed methods, in the first stage (qualitative part), observational analysis and thematic analysis were performed to analyze its data, and in the second stage (quantitative part), survey method was performed. In the qualitative part, five streets in Tehran were selected using purposive sampling and with maximum variation and in the quantitative part, using sampling proportional to volume and simple random, number (302 people) were selected as the sample population. The research population of all citizens of Tehran with age criteria is 15 years and higher. To analyze the data, SPSS23 and PLS3 software was used. Result and Discussion: Findings indicate the occurrence of more necessary activities than optional activities, which obscures the quality of the street scene of Tehran and in some way, indicates that the streets of Tehran do not have favorable conditions for social activities; this is the same unfavorable situation that Jan Gehl mentioned. Another notable result in this regard is the discussion of optional activities among residents of northern Tehran and the occurrence of necessary activities among residents of southern Tehran, which clearly indicates a kind of centralism in the quality of landscape of the streets in the northern part of Tehran; which should be given serious attention in urban development policies by the urban planning officials of Tehran.
Slum Settlements
Zahra Eskandari Dorbati; Mehrdad Javaheripour; Farah Torkaman
Abstract
The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups ...
Read More
The phenomenon of space in informal settlementsThe lived experience of social-livelihood groups in the informal settlementCase Study of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Bazaar in Nasimshahr (Akbarabad)Baharestan countryTehran province2016-1986The purpose of this article is to understand the dynamics of social groups formed around livelihood activities in informal settlements in their reciprocal relationship with the social / physical space of these areas. The prevalence of quantitative survey analysis of the vulnerabilities of these settlements has led to a lack of awareness of the capabilities and agency of the residents of these areas in dealing with the structural barriers they face. Over the past four decades, after migrating to these settlements, these social groups have reorganized their daily lives, turning a space deprived of basic amenities into an opportunity to connect with the market and improve their everyday lives.The location of this research is the central core of Nasimshahr, which has been registered in official documents 1996 under the name of Akbarabad village . Nasimshahr, which is located conveniently 15 km west of the metropolis of Tehran, was selected for the study due to its average population growth rate of greater than 41% between 1355-1375 and the availability of a baseline study comparing 11 informal settlements in the urban area of Tehran.This study was conducted with a phenomenological theoretical approach and research design based on a combination of qualitative methods including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary studies. Secondary sources of information to complement and validate the research include aerial photographs showing the development of Akbarabad and urban spaces built by the people during the years 1356 to 1381, as well as interviews with key informants about the ownership history and National census statistics of 1381 and data from the year 1400 study of the chamber of commerce of Baharestan country.Findings of this study show that livelihood groups have formed distinct and independent markets in relation to the social/physical space of Akbarabad. Among these markets is the production of clothing related to the clothing industry, which was formed from the beginning of the 1370s by the subdivision of land for residential units on the fringes of access roads and the use of home-based working practices. In the year 1400, about 5800 people were working in 800 officially registered workshops, which augments to 15,000 to 18,000 people, once the unregistered informally employed individuals are taken into account. Understanding the spatiality of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is not possible without knowing the livelihood mechanism adopted. This study therefore concludes that, the social dynamics of Nasimshahr (Akbarabad) is the result of the complexity and interrelationship between social groups related to livelihood with the flexibility within the informal markets (settlements) in Akbarabad. This relationship and interaction with the Tehran market has resulted in the conviction that the livelihood group of clothing production in NasimShahr may achieve sustainability within the group.Keywords: informal settlement , socio - livelihood groups, social dynamics, , Akbarabad village, Nasimshahr, lived experience, social and physical space
Urban Management
davood Jamini; Ali shamsoddini; Alireza Jamshidi
Abstract
Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve ...
Read More
Abstract ExtendedIntroduction:Citizens' participation in various matters of urban spaces, is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable urban development Achieving an acceptable level of it is one of the most important concerns of policy makers and urban planners. In order to achieve sustainable development of Ilam, as one of the border cities in Iran, Investigating the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying the factors affecting the level of citizen participation is of special importance and status. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of citizen participation in urban management and identifying determinants in Ilam.Framework TheoreticalLiving in a democratic society requires people to play an active role in various aspects of their lives (Predescu & Darjan, 2010: 3241). Citizen participation is of great importance in systems claiming democracy (Ginieniewicz, 2007: 328), and is vital for any democratic society, and democracy can only be developed through involved and informed citizens. In addition, it is important to have citizens ready to take responsibility for changing the reality of today's world (Manganelli et al., 2012: 1476). For this reason, today, public participation is seen as a new strategy in development (Khajeh Shahkoohi et al., 2015: 4). An inductive look at the existing patterns of participation in the world shows that these patterns can be classified according to three different criteria: according to the type of participation (1- decision making, 2- financing, 3- manpower); Depending on the field of participation in activities (1- construction, 2- environment, 3- ensuring city safety, 4- monitoring, 5- municipal services and 6- social welfare); Depending on the type of organization (1- spontaneous and spontaneous organizations, 2- formal and motivated organizations). Of course, depending on which participation is done in order to perform any of the mentioned activities, it is also possible to classify participation patterns (Rezaei and Asyabani, 2018: 146).In a general conclusion, it can be said that citizen participation in urban management has different dimensions and has a special place in the issue of sustainable urban development. However, different factors affect the level of citizen participation in urban management, which can be different according to different urban spaces.MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-correlational study in terms of the nature of quantitative research, considering the purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection. Has used the analysis of covariance-variance among correlation methods. The research area is Ilam city and the statistical population includes 194030 citizens of Ilam city who are over 18 years old. 383 citizens were selected using Cochran's formula by stratified random sampling as the study sample. The main research tool for data collection, in addition to documentary studies, is a researcher-made questionnaire. It should be noted that the design of a questionnaire to measure citizen participation in urban management was the basis of the work of Amira Ahmadi et al. (2016) and Meymandi Parizi (2017). The validity of the research tool has been evaluated and confirmed by consulting experts and university professors (face validity) as well as convergently. Combined reliability coefficients (greater than 0.7) and Cronbach's alpha (greater than 0.7) are used to measure reliability. If these coefficients are appropriate, it can be said that the research tool is reliable. In the present study, two methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis and structural equation modeling) have been used to analyze the data. It should be noted that one of the statistical methods used in the field of structural equation modeling is the partial least squares method. In this regard, related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used to analyze the data.Discussion and ResultsThe results of structural model analysis showed that the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers had a significant effect on other independent variables. So that Dari has had the greatest impact on the variables of good urban governance (with an impact factor of 0.275), job satisfaction (with an impact factor of 0.262) and the variable of social capital (with an impact factor of 0.255). On the other hand, the variable of satisfaction with the performance of urban managers has the least effect (with an impact factor of 0.05) on the level of citizen participation in urban management, in which case we can point to the low level of citizen satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (average = 2.37).ConclusionThe results showed that in the study area, the relationship between citizen participation in urban management (as a research dependent variable), job satisfaction, satisfaction with the performance of urban managers, social capital, good urban governance, quality of life (negative correlation) and sense of place belonging statistically related Significance was related to the research variable. In this regard, it can be said that by decreasing and increasing the level of each of these variables, the level of citizen participation decreases and increases. The results of structural analysis model (with partial least squares method) independent research variables have been able to explain 75.8% of the variance of Ilam citizens' participation in urban management. The amount of coefficients explained for each of those variables on the dependent variable are: quality of life (0.35), satisfaction with the performance of urban managers (0.05), social capital (-0.075), job satisfaction (0.131), good urban governance (0.372) and spatial affiliation (0.275).
Urban Sustainability
AmirHossein Pourjohari
Abstract
Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity ...
Read More
Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand has been known as a challenge to prevention of Dorable buildings which are still available to use as a place to live or accept activity. Management of Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand is effective on urban productivity. Urban productivity is a general concept that contains all the urban functions. Buildings are the main factors in economic and spatial structure in cities. They have a de terminative role in urban management and development and their productivity is interpreted to use of all the physical and structural capacities. Therefore, it can be claimed that buildings are important in urban productivity. Nevertheless, Buildings are one of the priorities to invest in cities; specially in our country. However, managerial patterns and legal system are not prepared based on roles and rights to Deconstruction and Reconstruction Demand Management. This comes from fast access benefits from deconstruction and reconstruction which covers the costs. Due to importance of buildings as a national value and also considering the concept of sustainable development, it is necessary to analysis of statistic trends and study different aspects which impact public tendency to demolish and rebuild buildings. In this research, static information of demolish and rebuild permit in a twenty-years period has been analyzed. In addition, with using of random sampling, 4526 cases as durable buildings has been selected. Also, evaluation of income codes of Tehran municipality in the defined period has been considered. Therefore, this research has studied either public and managerial trends which are related to keeping durable buildings or side effective factors in this issue.In the result of this evaluation, it becomes obvious that value added creation arising from demolishment and rebuild is the most important factor to stimulate people to have demand to do that. However, analysis of urban management income shows that demolish of durable buildings has not great impact on urban management income. It seems that durable buildings' preservation needs to consider some changes in urban terms and also restrictions. In this case, definition new methods to value added creation to satisfy durable buildings’ owners to keep buildings must be considered.
Regional Planning
fardis salarian; mahin nastaran; Hashem Dadashpoor
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The ...
Read More
The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of sprawl by planning subsystems and analyze the consequences of sprawl and achieve the underlying, causal and continuity conditions in the city-region under study. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and its purpose is applied. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. In the first part, a questionnaire of the variables affecting the sprawl that are extracted from internal and external studies is provided to the experts by purposeful sampling and then the results are analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the second part, using structured interviews with experts in the grounded theory system and using Max qda software, the interviews are reviewed, analyzed and coded. To investigate the causes of sprawl, 38 variables in 6 factors were provided to 25 experts who were selected based on purposive sampling. In order to analyze the consequences of sprawl; we used semi-structured interviews with 34 participants in the study area, the spatial consequences of scattering in the city-region were studied and 249 initial codes and 28 focal codes were determined. The most common causes of sprawl in the study area include per capita household income, land and housing trade, and land prices. In the analysis of the consequences of sprawl; The background conditions for economic development and restructuring, the causal conditions of inefficiency of the management and supervision system, the conditions of continuity including the transformation of the indigenous community and the destruction of the natural structure and the consequences of physical and spatial restructuring of the region were explained.
Urban Scape
Hajar Assadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian
Abstract
Although many years have passed since the introduction of the concept of landscape in the Iranian architecture and urban planning literature, there is still no semantic agreement on its concept through theorists and researchers. However, it can be said that the urban landscape has an objective aspect ...
Read More
Although many years have passed since the introduction of the concept of landscape in the Iranian architecture and urban planning literature, there is still no semantic agreement on its concept through theorists and researchers. However, it can be said that the urban landscape has an objective aspect of the city that urban users encounter and experience, and the representations formed in the mind that are the result of the experience of the environment refer to the mental aspect of the landscape. In general, the urban landscape is formed from the interaction of objectivity and subjectivity. Like any other concept, Research in the field of the urban landscape has methods and processes. However, a comprehensive model of the research process in the urban landscape is an issue that is less mentioned and raises the need for current research. Research onion as a research design guide is a tool that helps to organize and develop the research project following its layers step by step. Because the research onion presented by Saunders et al. does not cover all urban landscape research methods/approaches, this article tries to develop an urban landscape research onion model to make changes in it. Therefore, after conducting a systematic review of articles published in this field, the research process has been advanced by using a qualitative method and content analysis, and the structure and content of articles in the field of urban landscape have been reviewed. In the end, the results showed that the onion model of urban landscape research has seven layers as follows: philosophy (first two layers), approach, Methodological choice and process, strategy, time horizon, techniques and procedures. Following the research path through this model can answer the research question and issue more efficiency and purposeful.
Slum Settlements
Mojtaba Arasteh; mohammad hosein pour hasan zadeh; Maryam Baghaei
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022
Abstract
The global crisis of the coronavirus pandemic has put cities and urban management in a difficult position. Pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is higher in informal settlements and slums due to the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these areas. The main purpose of this ...
Read More
The global crisis of the coronavirus pandemic has put cities and urban management in a difficult position. Pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is higher in informal settlements and slums due to the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these areas. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of non-governmental organizations in promoting the resilience of informal settlements in Urmia against the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodology of this research is based on descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study includes all non-governmental organizations in the city of Urmia that are active in the field of countering Covid-19. The research sampling method is simple random and by lottery method. Data were analyzed with using descriptive mean statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Friedman tests in SPSS software. The results show that the activity of non-governmental organizations to improve the resilience of informal settlements in Urmia against Covid-19 in the social - cultural component is above average with score of 3.66. Also, in the economic - livelihood component, it is calculated with an average of 2.95 that is equivalent to downward average and in the environmental - physical component with an average of 3.11 that is evaluated as a moderate score. To this end, it is suggested that NGOs focus on attracting financial and economic support from the governmental; Because this study show that this pandemic disease has the most tangible impact on the economy of citizens of informal settlements. It is also necessary to pay special attention to providing incentives and financial support packages to protect the health and economic and social security of the people living in these settlements.
Urban Scape
Aida Arjmandtabar; Raheleh Rostami
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022
Abstract
Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. ...
Read More
Assessment and evaluation of the visual preference matrix based on the Kaplans’ theory in the natural and non-urban landscapes have shown that the people prefer landscapes that meet the audience’s needs under four perceived qualities, namely coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. However, this theory is yet to be effectively considered for urban landscapes. This theory has been proven in areas such as meadows, forest and fields but on the other hand urban landscapes are high density developments and are deprived of appropriate greenery. Considering that and the importance of residential streetscapes in light of their visibility on a daily basis, it was decided to evaluate the matrix of visual preferences in urban landscapes with an emphasis on the amount of green index in form of vegetation visible to urbanites and its kinship to natural landscapes of the same nature. In order to test this theory, pictures of residential streetscapes in the most populated district of Sari (Bakhsh-e-Hasht neighborhood) were used as a basis for comparison, and a public survey was performed where participants’ opinions were quantitively obtained via a structured questionnaire. In a descriptive correlational research method, analysis of the collected data using SPSS software showed that, despite the intensification of the green index in the urban landscapes, the visual preference matrix was not as effective as that of the natural landscapes, with the four variables of this matrix failed to significantly affect the visual preferences of the dominant public, although the ultimate preference was found to be independently associated with the green index and increased at higher green index values. The results also showed that structural factors of residential streetscapes such as the width of the pathway have affected on the influence quality of the four variables of this matrix on the final visual preference, in such a way that the narrower pathways are clearly stronger functions of the Kaplan matrix.
Planning worn-out urban fabric
Ali Shojaeian; Amer Nikpour; Naser Aligholizadeh Firouz jaei; Mohamad Soleymani
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2022
Abstract
Objectives
The growth of urbanization and subsequent urban development is one of the problems that the world is now facing. In developing countries, this urbanization growth is often the result of urbanization overtaking urban planning, poor land and housing policies, urban and rural migration, and the ...
Read More
Objectives
The growth of urbanization and subsequent urban development is one of the problems that the world is now facing. In developing countries, this urbanization growth is often the result of urbanization overtaking urban planning, poor land and housing policies, urban and rural migration, and the efforts of middle- and low-income households to find affordable housing on the outskirts. Therefore, infill development, which is an essential part of the idea of smart urban growth, is a practical solution to prevent the physical expansion of the city in vacant and abandoned lands within urban areas that can help revitalize and revitalize the city. At the center of the mid-term development debate, abandoned land has recently become the focus of governments, communities, environmentalists, researchers and scientists around the world. Therefore, according to the current situation of Ahvaz city, awareness of areas and areas that are prone to infill development is a necessity to provide plans and programs in order to prevent the scattered phenomenon of superficial development and achieve infill development.
Findings
From all the identified areas with worn texture, the research results showed that out of 18650 hectares of the legal area of Ahvaz city, more than 6726 hectares (including identified barren areas and worn texture) have the potential for infill development. This covers 36.2% of the city area, which is a relatively large number. Also, of the total area proposed for the intermediate development of Ahvaz, in eroded tissues and barren lands, the highest area belongs to barren lands with more than 5768 hectares and the lowest values belong to the parts of eroded tissues with more than 958 hectares, with 85.7 and 14.3%, respectively.
Results
The results show that in relation to the distribution of worn-out tissue identified in this study, areas one and seven municipalities with 3197360 and 3231110 square meters and with 33.36 and 33.75% of the total worn-out tissue of Ahvaz, respectively, the highest and also region five with 5850 square meters and 0.06% have the lowest values. This statistic is highly consistent with field data because areas seven and one of Ahvaz are considered old and mainly contain the historical and old contexts of the city. The data of this section seems logical because region one (old section of Ahvaz) is considered as one of the historical contexts and the primary and central core of Ahvaz. Therefore, the existence of the least abandoned, barren and empty lands in this area is more noticeable. In contrast, more than half of the 2 municipalities have vacant lands, which are also seen as expandable areas in future urban plans.
Urban Design
yasaman Ghaderi; Seyed Mahdi Khatami
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2022
Abstract
Abstract
Statement of the topic: The five senses are the window of human communication with the surrounding environment, through the understanding of urban spaces through different sensory channels, such as: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli, despite the role ...
Read More
Abstract
Statement of the topic: The five senses are the window of human communication with the surrounding environment, through the understanding of urban spaces through different sensory channels, such as: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Perceptions caused by sensory stimuli, despite the role it plays in the quality of the urban space and the creation of a space of memory, seem to have received less attention from urban designers and landscape architects. While one of the ways to improve the quality of the urban space is to increase the sensory richness of the environment in order to use all the senses with the aim of creating attractiveness, belonging to the environment, increasing the structure and the possibility of activities for all social, age, sexual groups and people with low abilities in terms of perception and senses. Such as: blind, deaf and disabled people.
Aim: Considering the importance of the sensory perception system in the perception of space and the role that this perception can have on cognition and behavior, the present research investigates sensory quality through the identification of various sensory ratings in the commercial space. Therefore, the area of the Grand Bazaar and Bamland shopping center of Tehran was selected to compare the quality level of sensory richness components of two commercial and traditional commercial urban spaces, in order to pay attention to the quality of sensory richness in the design of commercial spaces from the past to the present. What changes have been made?
Research method: In order to achieve the goal of the research in the theoretical foundations and research background section, the library method was used and in the field studies section, two methods of "sensory tour" and "sensory note-taking" were used.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that, in general, the quality level of the components of sensory richness in Tehran Grand Bazaar was higher than in Bamland Mall, and in both samples, the sense of sight had the most sensory movement and the sense of taste had the least amount of movement. In terms of scores related to the movements of the sense of sight, Bamland shopping center has been more than Tehran Grand Bazaar, which is more indicative of the visual environment in today's designs of commercial spaces.
Urban Sociology
parastoo mohammadyan
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 July 2022
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: One of the factors that have a great impact on health, function, well-being and ultimately the quality of life among older adults is residential satisfaction. But in Iran, there are not enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ...
Read More
Abstract
Introduction: One of the factors that have a great impact on health, function, well-being and ultimately the quality of life among older adults is residential satisfaction. But in Iran, there are not enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the residential satisfaction status and its related factors among older adults in Sanandaj city.
method: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 older people in Sanandaj in 1400. The statistical population of this study was all the older adults aged 60 years and older living in Sanandaj. In this study, multi-stage-cluster sampling method was used. Data were collected by a questionnaire using the residential satisfaction questionnaire and SPSS software version 24.0 was used to analyze the data.
findings: The mean age of the older adults in the present study was (mean=68.34,sd=7.26) and 55% of the participants were men. The mean score of residential satisfaction in this study was (mean=3.65,sd=0.54), the lowest mean score was related to the quality of the surrounding environment(mean=3.51,sd=0.90) and the highest mean related to the facilities(mean=3.85,sd=0.78). According to the results of bivariate analysis between gender(t=2.47,p<0.01), marital status(t=4.52,p<0.001), education level(f=22.62,p<0.001), employment status(f=10.96,p<0.001), economic status(f=60.81,p<0.001), length of stay in the neighborhood(r=-0.29,p<0.001), general well-being(r=0.60,p<0.001), economic wellbeing(f=60.10,p<0.001) and self-perceived health status(f=32.58,p<0.001), a significant relationship was found with residential satisfaction. According to the multilinear regression model, by controlling the simultaneous effect of predictor variables, the participants who had better general well-being, economic well-being and health status were more satisfied with their place of residence. Also, the elderly who lived in an apartment house were more satisfied with their place of residence than the older adults who lived in a house. Overall, the regression model explained 59% of the changes in residential satisfaction among participants.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the residential satisfaction of the elderly is moderate. The results of the study can help policy makers in the field of housing and urban planning to pay attention to the level of satisfaction of the older adults and their health and well-being.
Urban Sustainability
Ali Riahi Dehkordi; Mahdi Montazerolhodjah
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 August 2022
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives:Neighborhoods can play an important role in corona virus pandemic by improving the residents quality of life. Among the affecting dimensions on quality of life in neighborhoods, the physical dimension has a tremendous effect; Organizing environment and meeting the residents needs ...
Read More
Abstract
Objectives:Neighborhoods can play an important role in corona virus pandemic by improving the residents quality of life. Among the affecting dimensions on quality of life in neighborhoods, the physical dimension has a tremendous effect; Organizing environment and meeting the residents needs in order to self-sufficiency of neighborhoods, preventing presence of people in cities and reduce population density in urban centers , and finally cut the virus transmission chain. Therefore, the present study tries to compare the physical quality of residents life in contemporary neighborhoods of three scales; Metropolitan, middle cities and small towns in Iran.
Methodology:The research method of current article is causal-analytical, furthermore library resources and internet questionnaire were used to collect required data and information. The size of the statistical population was determined based on the second Cochran's formula, which provides 90 samples due to the uncertainty of the population. But to increase the validity of the research, 300 questionnaires were distributed by stratified sampling method. Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysisof variance(Anova) were used to analyze the extracted data.
Findings: The obtained results indicate that among the six categories of physical factors, in metropolitan areas according to the average opinions, mental health (170/29), environmental design (159/28), lighting (178/19) and residential (188/01) have maximum figures. In the middle cities, environmental health (171/55) and in small cities, accessibility (159/48) rank first respectively. In addition, the categories of environmental health, lighting, accessibility, environmental design and residential are not significantly different between the three groups of research.However, only the category of mental health with chi-square statistics (14/163) and a significant level (/ 001) between three scales has a significant differences.
Results: Epidemic have always occurred at different times in human life throughout history, and the Covid 19 virus is the newest type of these,which affects cities in addition to medicine and health,so the cities should try to change; flexiblity and resilentility can help reduce and resolve these crises. Urban neighborhoods as the most involved urban element in the Covid 19 epidemic with higher quality of life at different scales from large cities to small towns have played a key role in this regard. Taking into account the priority of the opinions of the neighborhoods residents of all three cities scales, suggestions are made for the sustainability and responsiveness of neighbourhoods in times of crisis of the epidemic of viral diseases:
1- Pay attention to the legibility of spaces and routes for people in metropolitan areas through the design of appropriate lighting, eliminate places where people are not visible to others, eliminate closed and narrow paths to increase the psychological security of pedestrians during public quarantine .
2- Pay attention to the design of open spaces in metropolitan areas and do not leave them as empty lands by designing separate spaces related to physical activities such as walking, cycling to facilitate the maintenance of physical well-being of people involved in public quarantine.
3- Designing the adjacent spaces of residential blocks in metropolitan areas in order to meet the psychological and basic needs of residents through the location of small green spaces and grocery stores to prevent congestion in neighborhood centers.
4- Pay attention to the proper placement of garbage bins and places for them related to patients of coronavirus in the neighborhoods of middle cities in order to cut the transmission chain of coronavirus.
5- Organizing pedestrian paths in small towns for easy and carefree access to homes, from unnecessary congestion caused by unsuitable asphalt, paving, narrow passages and various obstacles in sidewalks.
Keywords: Physical Quality of Life, Residential Areas, Pandemic, Yazd, Covid19.
Urban Sustainability
Ali Asadi; saeed Salehi Marzijrani; Hassan sajadzadeh; hosein kalantari khalil abad
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2022
Abstract
Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact ...
Read More
Today, the issue of residential mobility in different parts of the city, due to the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship between residential displacement and its spatial social structure, has been considered, especially in the analysis of social geography of cities. But despite the significant impact of residential movements on the social spatial structure of the city, less attention has been paid to the issue of relocation factors and residential instability and the desire to relocate, especially in the environmental quality of residential complexes and why relocation Residential, in order to achieve the governing laws, has a special necessity and importance in urban planning, design and implementation and foresight. The purpose of this study is to discover the factors affecting residential instability and the tendency to relocate, especially in the quality of the environment of residential complexes in Arak by residents. It has been done in Arak city during the period of March 2017 to July 2016. Participants in this study were selected through a cluster random sample, and for a more detailed study, the complexes were selected as towers, multi-block and single.
The results showed that causal conditions have the greatest impact in the first place and in the second place, intervening and strategic conditions affect residential stability. Causal conditions (such as design and construction of the building) are formed before the construction of the complex and other conditions One of the background conditions (such as the location of the complex in the city) after the construction of the complex is involved, which includes intervening and strategic conditions. Strategic conditions such as a sense of security and tranquility, congestion and management and intervening conditions such as neighborhood relations, cultural level and social homogeneity of residents, lack of economic capacity to move and lack of buyers due to poor building conditions (which are mostly personal and individual It is effective and different for each person) are factors that affect residential stability and the desire to move.
The results also showed that the factors that create residential stability are different from the factors that create the desire and tendency to move, and the reason is that the factors that create residential stability are commented on based on facts and needs, but the factors that tend to move based on desires are ideas. Flags, ideals, and minds are expressed, and the greater the distance between the two (real desires and aspirations), the greater the desire to move. For example, in residential stability variables, the highest frequency is related to good building quality with a frequency of 286, while in the study of residential relocation variables, achieving a larger apartment with a better yard and a quieter and better neighborhood with a frequency of 227 Has the largest number.
Accordingly, good building quality and cultural level and homogeneity were the first and second priorities of residents in residential stability. But the important point is the high level of reference to peace and security, proper access level, good management and economic inability to move, which have been important reasons for the respondents. Other cases mentioned include the good location of the apartment and the complex. Also, interviews with residents of residential complexes showed that access to apartments with a larger area is more important for the relocation of residents.
The section on causal conditions includes structures, architecture and electrical and mechanical installations, facilities, green and open space, and the quality of materials and execution. The aim of this dissertation in reviewing this research is the architectural design, green and open space section. The architectural part consists of two parts: design and execution. The execution part includes suitable and quality materials and the manner of execution. In the design part, the factors that are very important for people in terms of residential stability and desire to move are presented in this research.
Urban Architecture
mohammad taghizadeh kordi; Mahmoud Reza Saghafi; Mohsen Afshari; Saeid Safaei Movahhed
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2022
Abstract
The present study intends to answer the main question: what are the architectural requirements for the realization of "school as the center of the neighborhood"? According to some researchers, the approach of learning ecology and the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE), the architecture ...
Read More
The present study intends to answer the main question: what are the architectural requirements for the realization of "school as the center of the neighborhood"? According to some researchers, the approach of learning ecology and the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE), the architecture of each period is the product of the educational philosophy of that period; therefore, to design a school, one must start from its educational philosophy, which Fisher calls the psycho-social pedagogy of space. This research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach of document analysis research method, with an applied purpose and using the ecological approach of learning and planning by Durek method in such a way that first the Reform Document was examined to extract the mission, foundations, principles, and related goals. The necessary data was then collected through document mining and semi-structured and informal interviews with the informants. The informants’ outlets consisted of 23 teachers who were purposefully selected using criterion-based and snowball sampling strategy with maximum variety to ensure data credibility. To analyze the data, content analysis method was used, and to validate the credibility of findings, triangulation, and peer debriefing strategies were used. In order to ensure dependability, the data analysis process was described as much as possible. Finally, a list of architectural requirements for the realization of the school as the center of the neighborhood in three main categories and nine subcategories, including the characteristics of the physical environment (functionality, flexibility, diversity and pleasantness), meeting user needs (physical and physiological, psychological and social and participation) and organizational characteristics (cultural and all-round). The proposed architectural requirements have similarities and differences with previous documents, which according to the source of data collection, were divided into three groups: requirements stated only in interviews (due to the influence of Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization), previous documents (including the needs of the higher levels of Maslow Pyramid) and common (including the needs of the lower levels of the Maslow pyramid). The most important feature of neighborhood schools for success is expansion and comprehensive provision of justice, the most prominent principle of which is diversity and flexibility in all its dimensions, including architecture.
