Urban Design
Marzieh Shafiei; Bahador Zamani
Abstract
Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting ...
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Urban open spaces, as one of the main elements of the city structure, play an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In the past, urban designers mainly focused on the visual and physical aspects of urban spaces, with insufficient consideration regarding acoustic elements. Neglecting the role of sound in urban design and planning has led to an increase in environmental disturbing sounds such as traffic congestion, leading to an unclear sonic perception among citizens. These indicate the necessity of considering soundscape studies in the design of urban environments. Therefore, In this paper, the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis as one of the most valuable historical- cultural urban spaces in Iran has been conducted, in order to answer the following questions: 1) What are the sound components affecting the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area? 2) How is the overall characteristic of soundscape in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? 3) What are the auditory imageable elements in the Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis? In order to understand qualitative measures, first, the sound sources in the area were identified via sound walking and recording. Then, 384 questionnaires were filled out by people in the area. Sound walking has been conducted on common weekdays in spring 2022. Respondents were free to choose the desired path in the area but they had been asked to visit all of the parts of the area to have a comprehensive visit. The results of the assessments indicated that the soundscape quality of Isfahan’s Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian axis is comprehensively positive from the respondent’s perception. Results also showed that the sounds of people’s conversation, people's footsteps, and birds are the most effective sound sources in defining the pleasantness of the soundscape in the area. Also, auditory imageability elements were including sound marks such as people’s conversation, people’s footsteps, and bicycle sounds. Sonic rhythms included Azan and fountains. Keynotes were people’s conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds. Sound signals included Azan, children’s play, and people’s conversation. Azan as a meaningful sound in Islamic culture and the sound of children's play as a sign of the vibrant urban space is of great importance. Therefore, it seems necessary to preserve these sound sources in the area. The people's conversations, footsteps, and bird sounds are the sonic harmony of the area. As a whole, results showed that users’ perception is the most important pillar in soundscape pleasantness.
Urban Sustainability
Aliakbar Shamsipour; Saeed Sepasi Zangiabadi; Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUrban spaces have different and more complex environmental conditions than natural environments due to the combination of man-made elements and natural features. Today, in the climatic zoning of urban spaces, the approach of urban climate specialists is to pay attention to and use a combination of urban and natural factors. The Local Climate Classification (LCZs) (proposed by Stuart & Oak) 2012 includes a new and systematic classification of places for study. LCZ classifies climates according to the physical structure of the city. LCZs are individually characterized by one or more distinctive features that, for most classes, take into account land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings. Local Climate Zoning classifies the climate of urban spaces with a focus on the physical structure and surface coverage of the city. The LCZ classification has 17 different classes, each of which represents characteristics. LCZ classes are individually identified by one or more distinctive characteristics that for most classes, land cover or height, the distance between trees and buildings are considered. Classes 1 to 10 pay more attention to the physical structure created by humans. Classes A to G pays more attention to the natural aspect of the city. Data and MethodsThree types of data (meteorological data, satellite images, and spatial information layers) were used for this study. Satellite images of the city of Tehran for two periods of summer and winter. Information layers of Tehran and its suburbs include land use data, land cover and building floors of Tehran, and atmospheric data of temperature, precipitation, speed, and wind direction in the 20 years of Doshan Tappeh, Geophysical and Mehrabad meteorological stations in Tehran. To create a map of the local climate classes in Tehran, the images in the SAGA-GIS environment have been converted to a spatial resolution of 100 meters. The measured area has been cut and saved in kml format and added to the Google Earth program, where the sample of each climatic class was performed. This stage is the most important and decisive stage of the research, which has been done with sufficient accuracy and patience with many samples. ResultsThe city of Tehran has a variety of local climatic classes with a variety of natural and human environments. Tehran is a heterogeneous metropolis in terms of form and performance, and because of this heterogeneity, all LCZ classes in the city are visible. The results of this study were as follows: Local climates with dense texture and medium height (Class 2), and dense and short (Class 3) are predominant. These two classes are local climates, known for their high ambient heat load and poor ventilation capacity; They are generally concentrated in the center and areas northeast of Tehran. inside the metropolis of Tehran, low-rise and mid-rise neighborhoods were obtained. The percentage of mid-rise buildings is much higher, which has made Tehran a mid-rise city in terms of building height. Buildings with green space between them are much less visible. Most of the city's green space is in the form of various parks in the city, which is why LCZ4 to LCZ6 are less visible than LCZ1 to LZC3. Barren lands and agricultural lands are a significant percentage of them outside the city limits. In addition, the building density of building spaces causes impermeable surface coatings, which are also an important factor in creating hot spots and stains. In addition to the above, dense urban spaces along with the narrow passage network show the sky visibility factor (SVF) and low air conditioning capacity. Barren lands with rocky outcrops and without vegetation in the mountainous strip north and east of Tehran have created different climatic classes of urban space. These zones are cooled with low heat capacity and higher altitude during the night, and their high-temperature difference with the urban space, which faces the phenomenon of urban heat island, provides the ability to form a north airflow towards the city. As the mountain range in the north of Tehran is identified as a cool and favorable urban air supply area. The south and southwest sides of Tehran are characterized by two different characteristics of the high distribution of urban centers and agricultural and garden lands. Tehran satellite urban centers receive various factories and industries that are not able to operate in the urban area of Tehran, and this has led to the formation of a local climate class of heavy industry and air pollution zone.ConclusionIn the obtained classifications, areas with the potential to form with high urban heat load, the ability to cause high pollution in the city. cool air supply and the ability to provide clean air were identified. Also, the percentage of impermeability in the city is higher than in the suburbs. So, the possibility of flooding inside the city is much higher. Areas with low sky visibility have been created in the urban area, which are the same areas that have high heat in the city.
Urban Planning
Yaghob Abdali; Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki; hossein hataminejad; Ahmad Pourahmad; Mohammd Salmani
Abstract
Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently ...
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Operationalizing the concept of urban disaster resilience is a major milestone toward understanding both the characteristics that contribute to the resilience of cities to natural hazards and the interactions required to build and sustain it. While the measurement of urban disaster resilience has recently gained much attention, there is so far no optimal approach for operationalizing this concept and therefore there is a need to conduct more empirical studies on what constitutes disaster resilience and how to assess it. The city of Khorramabad is prone to many risks due to exposure to surface runoff flowing from the surrounding mountains, floods, flooding of rivers that pass through the center of the city, and the inherent feature of being located in a unique valley. Researchers predict that future weather-related events will increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change.The consequences of these events, i.e. damage to infrastructure and property, as well as personal injuries and loss of life, are likely to increase. In this study, a resilience assessment focuses on the inherent characteristics and capacities of Khorramabad in the context of flash floods from surface water or from the overflow of rivers. The measurement approach is based on constructing a composite index based on six resilience dimensions social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community capital, and environmental of community flood resilience. This follows by developing a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method. The applied method is a combination of the DANP for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS tools in order to get Khorramabad's urban districts ranked based on their resilience levels. Most of the data provided for the indicators are mainly obtained from the Iranian Statistics Center as the unique reference of the country's official statistics, Other required data were retrieved from publicly available information sources of Khorram Abad Municipality, Organization of Management and Prevention of Natural Disasters, Renovation and Equipping of Iranian Schools, and Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran. The results clarify that District 23 is comparatively the most resilient district, while Districts 1, 4, 7, 13, and 17 are the lowest level of resilience. Such place-based assessments have an opportunity to track community performance over time and provide the tool to decision-makers in order to integrate resilience thinking into urban development and resilience-oriented urban planning.
Urban Transport
shahabeddin Kermanshahi; Mohsen Sadeghi; Hamid Shamanian; Maryam Momeni
Abstract
Poor integration between land use and transportation planning can lead to major problems, including wasting resources to manage inconsistencies, introducing incompatible or at least uncoordinated mega projects in the two fields of transportation and land use. This problem may affect urban management ...
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Poor integration between land use and transportation planning can lead to major problems, including wasting resources to manage inconsistencies, introducing incompatible or at least uncoordinated mega projects in the two fields of transportation and land use. This problem may affect urban management goals and its efficiency. In Iran, land use planning is done in the form of "Urban Master Plan" and transportation network development is planned in the "Transportation Master Plans." In this study, the process of preparing and approving Urban Master Plans and Transportation Master plans has been investigated, using semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in both fields. Furthermore, legal documents of approval process and also former suggestions to improve the process were reviewd. The results show that the process of preparation and approval of the plans are mainly independent, and it can be said that the coordination between these two plans is poor. In addition, by reviewing foreign experiences in this field and interviewing experts, suggestions have been made to improve the coordination between these two plans. Moreover, the suggested solutions in three categories, including 1) integration of urban and transportation master plans in the form of a single plan, 2) simultaneous preparation and approval of plans, and 3) modification of the current process of approval of transportation and urban master plans, challenges using the results of interviews are expressed. Finally, considering the severe challenges of unifying the plans and even preparing them simultaneously, in the short term, attitude change among practitioners and developing integration analysis tools are pragmatic solutions.
Urban Geography
Bahare sadat mousavi; Ata Abdollahi kakroodi; samane Arvandi
Abstract
IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning ...
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IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a significant threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkThe land surface temperature rises as a result of urbanization (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth was, the more easily the surface warmed. In majority of the temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao etal., 2021: 105314).ConclusionUrban physical expansion has influenced spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, and has led to an increase in surface temperature during the monitoring years. Results from the three cities under study over the monitoring years indicated an upward trend in earth's surface temperature. Surveys conducted in cities revealed that the geographic setting and regional factors influence the patterns of urban expansion. As a result, there were variations in the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap between the chosen cities. This difference caused by climatic, environmental and land cover conditions. According to the climatic conditions, the average greenness in areas with wetness weather (Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) was different from areas with hot and dry weather (Kashan). The reduction of surface vegetation, due to reduction in the amount of surface evaporation and transpiration so the heat and dryness of the surface increases. In all three of the studied cities, there has been a decline in the amount of greenness during the monitoring years, which may be related to the phenomenon of urbanization. The brightness index data demonstrated a rising tendency in the quantity of brightness caused by urban influences in the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Shirgah. The results of the water and wetness index have also increased during the monitoring years in the cities of Shirgah and Bandar Anzali (wet cities). However, it appears that the influence of the local climate and the sea has led to a change in temperature in Bandar Anzali. In general, with the reduction in greenness, brightness, wetness, and warmth of the earth's surface increased in Kashan and Shirgah. The vegetation cover has not decreased during the years of monitoring due to the area's proximity to the sea and high levels of precipitation, which has contributed to an adjustment of the surface temperature. From 1991 to 2021, the LST findings revealed just a one-degree increase in temperature. Because of this, an increase in vegetation may cause a rise in moisture, which in turn causes a drop in surface temperature.This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different weather conditions on changes in the biophysical properties of the surface due to urban expansion. The nominating difference of this study compared to previous studies is the evaluation of the effect of various climatic conditions changes in biophysical characteristics caused by cities physical growth.The studied cities in this research are located in different climates, the results showed that the physical development of the cities in each them during the monitoring years (1991 to 2021) had different effects on the temperature and biophysical characteristics of the surface. It shows that planning in these cities should be different according to the climatic conditions of each city, so managers and urban planners should consider the climatic conditions.Also, the design of the urban space based on the climatic conditions of each region has the great importance to control and improve thermal conditions of the urban environment. It is suggested that in future studies, climatic conditions and land cover changes due to the physical growth of cities should be considered for different cities.
Urban Planning
esmaeil daviran
Abstract
In urban researches, the study of the rhythmic effect of the use of public spaces in the city is known as rhythm mining. Behavioral settlement is a type of production and consumption of space by different social groups, which is more manifested in public spaces such as urban parks. The method of using ...
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In urban researches, the study of the rhythmic effect of the use of public spaces in the city is known as rhythm mining. Behavioral settlement is a type of production and consumption of space by different social groups, which is more manifested in public spaces such as urban parks. The method of using and allocating space in public spaces and examining its time sequence for different groups is the main goal of this research. This research, with qualitative, descriptive-analytical and exploratory research methods, has investigated the timing of behavioral camps in urban parks with the example of Baharestan and Ibn Sina city parks in Zanjan. Collecting the required data was done in the form of field sampling using a non-probability sampling method based on an accessible and unbiased sample and a continuous observation method during 6 months and a continuous interview during a month. According to the classification of indicators into three main components: structural, dynamic and social environment, the collected data were classified and divided into 14 main variables. Then, data analysis was done with the method based on qualitative tables, correlation matrix and rhythm. The results of the research show that behavioral camps based on static and group performance have a seasonal rhythm of summer and daily afternoon space consumption, and camps based on dynamic individual performance such as sports mainly use four seasons of space and daily in the morning and evening. On the other hand, the location and furniture of the camp are effective in the formation of the type of beat and the relationship of the components of the beat mainly has coherence and functional correlation.
environmental psychology
abolfazl abdolahi fard; shiva velayati; samira saeidi zarangi
Abstract
IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human ...
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IntroductionIt is not a secret that art has always had a logical and optimistic function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education. The emergence of decent art can control many social anomalies and lead society to a desirable and bright home. Perception of beauty is one of the human needs that citizens in the city want (Moeinifar and, 1392: 21). In this regard, it is necessary in urban design to strengthen the points that are valuable in terms of urban facilities for the benefit of the people, as well as the required factors and forces to pave the way for people to enter and stop in space. Therefore, public art can be used to beautify and improve the visual quality of Ardabil, eliminate architectural problems, beautify, optimize the urban environment and improve the quality of life of the city and its citizens, especially urban women.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection according to the nature of the study is a survey and a library using a questionnaire and interviews with women in Ardabil. To examine the effect of public art on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil and to answer the research question, a one-sample t-test was used. The results of one-sample t-test show that abstract art has an average (4.71), and the vitality created by this item (4.60), and the tendency to create abstract art in urban space for women (4.63). Which has the highest score among the 41 questions asked of various types of public art. In the next ranks, art embedded in space and applied art with an average (4.25), and art appropriate to the site and natural environment with an average (4.18), art (sculptures of celebrities) with an average (4.16) and finally water fountain Musical or average (4.03) has the highest level of perceived vitality of public art. The output of t-test is a single sample indicating the high level of perceived vitality of women in all kinds of public arts and elements in the urban space of Ardabil.Results and discussionIn this study, in addition to compiling and presenting a conceptual framework of the impact of Mana and Mira public arts in urban space on the perceived vitality of women based on a set of documents, the effective factors of public art on individuals (professional and non-professional women) to be determined. The results of this research emphasize the high importance of public arts on the vitality created by women. And this is possible through the existence of urban symbols and elements. Therefore, using beautiful urban elements such as Germans is one of the ways to strengthen the identity of urban spaces and vitality in women and other segments of society. Urban elements reflect people's thoughts and are rooted in the natural, historical, socio-cultural characteristics of each city. These elements must be semantic, functional, and beautiful, while at the same time instilling a sense of beauty in people, in which case they lead to identity. In this research, 13 types of general art, including (applied art, kinetic art, digital art, digital art created on the facade, sound-based art, static interactive art, dynamic-variable interactive art, passive interactive art, musical fountain, static art (sculpture) Cultural-local statues, abstract art, art appropriate to the site, and finally art embedded in natural space) in the form of 41 questions in the form of a visual questionnaire on the level of vitality created by public arts for women (professional and non-professional) in Ardabil. Is located.ConclusionIn the city of Ardabil, urban elements and public art can be seen only in a small number of sculptures of celebrities and examples of several murals. According to the results of the research, the tendency of women to create various types of public art is felt in the whole area of the city. Ardabil city has a lot of potential to create such arts that unfortunately the managers and planners of the municipality and related bodies do not pay much attention to the vitality and vitality of not only women in Ardabil but all sections of society and this is a social problem especially for half of women. is. Ardabil, which has been the center of the province for more than three decades, has a rich history and culture. In the past, the installation of statues and headstones in urban places and passages has accelerated, which not only did not have the desired result in introducing the city, but also added to the visual chaos in the city
Urban Design
Iman Ghalandarian; Golbarg Ghaemmaghami Farahani
Abstract
Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis ...
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Today, major changes have taken place in the knowledge of contemporary urban planning, and urban planning has shifted from natural sciences and engineering to an interdisciplinary knowledge with an emphasis on social and human sciences, and urban development plans are being prepared with increasing emphasis on attracting public and private participation. In current theories, the amount of participation has increased so much that the planner, in the role of facilitator and agent of people, acquaints them with their rights. This paper aims to identify the obstacles and challenges and factors affecting the implementation of small-scale participatory projects (neighborhood unit) in Mashhad, with a qualitative approach and data-based method through semi-structured interviews. The Statistical Society included three groups of stakeholders (people, urban management and facilitators) of these projects (called Mahalle Ma project). Sampling by theoretical method continued until the saturation stage. Data analysis was done using the qualitative content analysis method (type of thematic analysis) with Summative approach and MAXQDA 2018. By using the open and axial coding technique, the basic concepts of the implementation of target projects were identified. The results showed that urban management, facilitators and people as the three main stakeholders in the project implementation process create issues in each step of the design process from needs assessment to post-implementation evaluation. In the pre-implementation phase, changing in design and planning approaches by changing the urban management body and the inability of the facilitators to present a feasible plan to the municipality, as well as the negative mindset of the people towards the government bodies, creates challenges. In the implementation stage, insufficient credits allocation by urban management and lack of effective inter-organizational cooperation leads to non-implementation of the real needs of citizens and their dissatisfaction. The quality of the real and responsible participation of the citizens and the clarification of how to reach the alternatives and prioritization in accordance with the needs of the people by the facilitator team is one of the challenges of this step, which after the implementation of the plan, due to the intangible short term results, can lead to its ineffectiveness from the people's point of view.
Urban Design
Maryam Roosta; mahsa sholeh; Negin Amiri
Abstract
Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated in urban design researches. ...
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Sensory richness" is one of the qualities effective in improving the quality of citizens' experience of being in the urban space. Among the senses that shape this quality, the senses of "smell" and "taste" and their role in giving quality to the space have been less investigated in urban design researches. This research seeks to recognize the urban space based on the analysis of the richness of the olfactory and gustatory senses, and with the help of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods and by using library resources, field observations in the form of "sensory walking", conducting semi-structured interviews and quantitative survey in the form of The questionnaire has been completed. The studied example is a part of Hafez Street in Shiraz, which, in addition to having a historical identity and tourism attraction, can also be an important urban space in the qualitative encounter of citizens with the city in terms of sensory experience and sensory landscape. The findings of the research indicate the importance of "olfactory comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memories combined with taste stimulus in space" indicators in people's sensory experience. These findings show that the studied area has a more favorable situation in terms of "natural odors", "time-dependent odors" and "olfactory comfort" indicators, and there is a need to pay more attention to the indicators of "olfactory diversity" and "olfactory compatibility" in the review. be placed The findings of this research also indicate the importance of paying attention to the mutual influence of the experiences of the "smell" and "taste" senses on the dimensions of time and space and enhancing the identity and memorability of urban spaces. This research, with the aim of expanding future studies in this field with regard to the research gaps, and in carrying out landscape organization projects of urban spaces, can be cited by researchers in the field of urban planning and used by urban design and planning professionals.
Urban Planning
Bahador Zamani; Ehsan Babaei Salanghooch
Abstract
In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings ...
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In recent years, the use of grounded theory methodology has increased in scientific fields related to the built environment, especially in urban planning and design. On the other hand, researchers' lack of attention to the foundations and methodological considerations of grounded theory and its readings has sometimes led to a type of methodology with eclectic readings, which sometimes lacks and conflicts the nature of the grounded theory methodology and the primary considerations of the intended reading. Despite this, the review and evaluation of the quality of such research in the scientific fields related to the built environment, particularly urban design and planning has been done less. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to systematically evaluate the studies using the grounded theory methodology in urban planning and design in order to understand the appropriate application of the key tenets of this methodology in this field of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future applications. In this regard, the eligible studies have been selected by systematic search of papers published in reliable Persian-language scientific databases applying the systematic review method. After screening the existing studies based on the specified criteria, 44 studies published until 2019 were selected and evaluated based on the evaluation criteria of the grounded theory methodology. The results of the methodological evaluation of the conducted researches based on the grounded theory methodology showed that despite the increasing use of this method in urban planning and design research, many of these research have been unsuccessful in fully and accurately applying the principles and stages of the grounded theory methodology and its readings, and their results have been reduced to a diagram, model and conceptual framework instead of a theory as the expected achievement from the application of this method. In addition, the results of the present study showed that a number of the research only use a set of techniques of the grounded theory methodology including coding or memo writing. Neglecting important processes such as theoretical sampling, constant comparison and in-depth analysis of categories, has caused that these studies did not go beyond the level of description, and while limiting themselves to presenting descriptive themes and narratives, they rarely achieve theory building as the aim of the grounded theory methodology. Based on the findings of this paper, improving the quality of research based on the grounded theory methodology in the field of urban planning and design requires researchers with a correct understanding of the nature, characteristics and principles of the grounded theory and a deep insight of the readings of this method and their differences, in order to measure the appropriateness and justify the choice of the appropriate reading based on the aims and characteristics of the research.
Urban Management
Arastoo Yari hesar; Ali Dashti
Abstract
Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and ...
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Islamic councils and municipalities are the main pillars of city administration in Iran. The importance and position of the Islamic Council of Cities as a policy-making body in the above laws has caused these councils to have significant effects on the processes and performance of urban management, and in other words, the performance of urban management is a function of the decisions and policies approved by this body, so it is necessary in order to harm This body should be evaluated for performance analysis and formulation of damage removal strategies, and naturally, the most effective tool for evaluating the performance of councils is their approvals. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran in the fifth period and to analyze their contents quantitatively and qualitatively. This research is a type of content analysis research. The data required in this research has been collected by field and documentary methods. The most important reference for the required data is the comprehensive system of approvals of the Islamic Council of Tehran. The statistical population of this research consists of all the approvals of the fifth term council of Tehran city. The results of this research show that the Islamic Council of the fifth term of the city of Tehran, although it has achieved considerable success and growth in terms of quantitative indicators, but the examination of the content of the approvals shows the failure of this council in carrying out the missions assigned in the Law on Organizations, Duties and Powers of Councils. is islamic A major part of the performance of this term of the council is made up of approvals that practically do not have much effect on increasing the quality of urban life, and there is a significant gap between the needs of citizens and the content of the approvals of the Tehran City Council. Also, the main focus of the Council's approvals has been on municipal issues rather than urban issues. Based on this, the suggested solutions include the focus of the council on regulatory issues up to legislation, distancing from superficial and theoretical issues, and addressing the main problems of Tehran city, and evaluating the operationalization of the council's previous approvals.
environmental psychology
alireza khadivipanah; islam karami
Abstract
The emergence of social housing as a necessity in urban planning systems, the problem of the present research is the quality of living in residential complexes and the premise of the research is the role of privacy in improving the quality of living. The aim of the research is to achieve a human and ...
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The emergence of social housing as a necessity in urban planning systems, the problem of the present research is the quality of living in residential complexes and the premise of the research is the role of privacy in improving the quality of living. The aim of the research is to achieve a human and social structure in residential complexes by improving the quality of living. The explanation of the components and criteria of the quality of residence and privacy and how it is realized in the samples of the research - four residential complexes in Mashhad) are the questions of the research. Through random sampling in the statistical sample (345 people) and using an open questionnaire, field research was conducted and using spss analysis software, the results of the studies were presented using descriptive tests, mean, correlation, regression and path analysis. . The findings show that there is a significant relationship and correlation between the two variables of privacy and quality of residence, and only two variables of residence status and gender have a direct and positive effect on the variable of quality of residence. A single or concentrated type like the Venus complex has the highest quality of residence and privacy in general and among the components of the quality of residence (perceptual-emotional, physical-functional, social-activity) and privacy components (individual-social, moral-religious). , behavioral-functional). The habitat quality of the scattered species (Farhangian complex) and then the peripheral species (Pars complex) are respectively in favorable conditions. And in relation to the privacy variable, the environmental species (Pars) and then the scattered species (Farhangian) are in favorable conditions. Privacy and quality of living in residential complexes have a correlation and positive significance. Finally, the results of the research are presented in three areas of designing residential units, neighborhood units and residential complexes.
Urban Design
Toktam Roshandel; Bakhtiar Bahrami; Mehdi Saidi; Goran Erfani
Abstract
Despite the significant impact of physical activity and mobility on children’s health and well-being, such activities are declining in neighborhoods and residential areas. One way to address this issue is to highlight the environmental characteristics that encourage children to move and engage ...
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Despite the significant impact of physical activity and mobility on children’s health and well-being, such activities are declining in neighborhoods and residential areas. One way to address this issue is to highlight the environmental characteristics that encourage children to move and engage in physical activity in their neighborhoods. Studying a collection of the characteristics from the children's perspective requires further study, even though previous research has examined them on a case-by-case basis or in a few instances. With the participation of 450 children (43.8% girls and 56.2% boys) living in the neighborhoods of District 10 of Mashhad City Therefore, this research collected their opinions on a set of 28 environmental characteristics extracted from the literature. Finally, using exploratory factor analysis, the children's responses were classified and redefined into final factors. The findings indicate that the children’s physical activity and movement in their neighborhoods are influenced by seven factors: 1) parental permission to be outside, 2) safe and enjoyable pedestrian routes, 3) social safety through happy and welcoming spaces, 4) environmental affordances usable in day and night, 5) legibility through symbolic buildings and shops in ground floor level, 6) diverse environments and elements for exploration and adventure, 7) and safety during free movement and playing with equipment. As a recurring theme in each factor, children’s desire to engage in recreational and playful activities with friends highlights their different perspectives on physical activity from adults. By providing joyful settings for children’s independent presence and activity in open neighborhood spaces, health policymakers, and urban planners/designers can create supportive neighborhoods that foster children's physical activity and movement.
Urban Ecology
Elham Ghasemi; Zahra Nazemi; Safoura Mokhtarzadeh; Mahdi Suleimany
Abstract
Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the most critical problems of cities in the new century, which has been created as a result of urbanization and industrialization. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the various urbanization and natural factors and UHI intensity in the city of Isfahan, ...
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Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the most critical problems of cities in the new century, which has been created as a result of urbanization and industrialization. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the various urbanization and natural factors and UHI intensity in the city of Isfahan, Iran through correlation analysis. Five scenarios were designed, changes of land surface temperature (LST) in four seasons and one scenario to study the "LST differences when the Zayandehrood river is flowing,” The variables that have been assessed in each scenario are “green structures”, “water bodies”, “density of the built environment”, and “air pollution”. The data were analyzed based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. To generate LST maps for day and night, MODIS Aqua & Terra data from 2011 to 2021 were utilized. The green structure and water bodies maps were derived based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI), using Landsat 8 satellite images processed in Envi-met 5.3. The air pollution map was prepared based on Air Quality Index (AQI) in 2020. The results show that during the night in Isfahan, in all scenarios, heat islands, and during the day, cold islands appear. The main aggravating factor of heat islands in Isfahan is the density of the built environment; Air pollution also has little effect on increasing the LST during the day. Considering Isfahan's climate, it was found that vegetation cover has a more considerable mitigating impact on UHIs than other natural factors, even water bodies.
Urban Planning
Aliakbar Salaripour; Zahra Seif Reihani,; Narges Taleb vali alah
Abstract
Just as there are components that attachment to a place affects them, there are also components that affect attachment to a place. The current research tries to determine the positive and negative factors affecting attachment to a place. Using purposive sampling, 89 participants were selected. Each participant ...
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Just as there are components that attachment to a place affects them, there are also components that affect attachment to a place. The current research tries to determine the positive and negative factors affecting attachment to a place. Using purposive sampling, 89 participants were selected. Each participant was asked to prepare about 3 photos of the environments they are attached to. After receiving the photos, individual in-depth interview sessions were held. Thematic analysis has been used to achieve the purpose of the research. Also, the collected images were categorized based on the type of place and geographical scale. In this research, 23 positive factors (memories, similarity, symbol, positive feelings, peace, comfort, security, balance of city and nature, connection with nature, pleasant smell, taste, touch, hearing, aesthetic, unique identity, support from interests, location, type of housing, personal growth, preservation of past heritage, privacy, antiquity, social cohesion) and 7 negative factors (environmental damage, economic recession, urban management inefficiency, loneliness, ignorance and neglect of society, forgetfulness cultural activities, negative emotions) affecting place attachment were identified. The results of the research show that aesthetic, memories and positive feelings have the most positive effect on attachment to a place, and the inefficiency of urban management, negative emotions and economic stagnation have the most negative effect on attachment to a place. After examining the pictures taken by the interviewees, 7 categories of recreational space, object space, neighborhood, home, social place, commercial place and cultural-educational-administrative uses were obtained. Recreational space, home, neighborhood, commercial place, object space, cultural-educational-administrative uses and social place, respectively, obtained the highest frequency. Among the people whose place of attachment is recreational spaces, houses, commercial places or cultural-educational-office uses, the aesthetic factor has the highest percentage. Based on the interviews conducted, regarding social places, memories, positive emotions, aesthetic issues, age were identified as the most important factors affecting attachment to a place. Most of the interviewees who paid attention to the neighborhood admitted that the inefficiency of urban management can have a negative effect on attachment to the place. Regarding the space of the object, the symbol obtained the highest frequency among the factors affecting the attachment to the place. Ambient space was the most common type of location, which includes places such as multi-story house, seaside path, market, etc. The uncontrollable space was the second most common scale, and one of its examples is coffee shop. Controllable space, which comes in third place, includes objects such as chairs. Since most of the places were environmental spaces, most of the reported factors are also in this scale. In addition, aesthetics, inefficiency of urban management, memories, positive feelings, unique identity, economic recession, age and symbol are 8 factors in all three scales. All the factors mentioned in the scale of environmental space are more abundant compared to the other two types. The aesthetic factor has the highest percentage in the scale of environmental space and uncontrollable space. Also, city management can increase citizens' attachment to the city by paying attention to positive and negative factors.
Urban Management
Behnaz Aminzadeh; SeyedHadi Hosseini; Seyed Reza Mousavipour
Abstract
The facade of buildings, as one of the main components of the image and landscape of the city, has identity components. In recent years, the issue of the identity of Iranian cities and especially the impact of building facades on the identity of the city of Tehran has been in the focus of scientific ...
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The facade of buildings, as one of the main components of the image and landscape of the city, has identity components. In recent years, the issue of the identity of Iranian cities and especially the impact of building facades on the identity of the city of Tehran has been in the focus of scientific and executive centers, and various laws, regulations and executive instructions have been established to organize the chaotic state of the facades of buildings, but there is still considerable confusion, especially in the facades of new buildings in Tehran. The purpose of this research is to Critically Review the laws and regulations affecting the facade of new buildings through the comparative assessment of the main identity-building components of the facade in the research literature on the one hand and the laws and regulations (official documents) of the country on the other hand and how they work, so as to how and why Reach the current situation and analyze its reasons. Also, in order to measure the effectiveness and realization of the components extracted from the documents, Hakimieh neighborhood located in the 4th district of Tehran municipality, which has the highest number of license issuance and apartment construction in recent years, was selected. Documentary data analysis using the content analysis method, determining the study sample size based on the Cochran formula and analyzing the data obtained from field observations and the elements that make up the facade identity of about 300 buildings less than two years old, located in the Hakimiye neighborhood of Tehran, regarding the realization and or the non-fulfillment of the components, using statistical methods and analysis of the texts extracted from the interviews in an interpretative way. The degree of fulfillment of the requirements and recommendations of the official documents in the field of facade components of model buildings in Hakimiye neighborhood is 58% and there are three factors: 1. Content and structural weakness of documents, 2. Lack of sufficient executive authority and guarantee, and 3. Weakness in monitoring and deterrent policies. , in the order of the most to the least important, has been the reason for the non-compliance or reduction of the realization of the identity building components of the facade of the buildings from the point of view of official documents.
Regeneration and revival of historical context
maryam hematian dehkordi; Afsoon mahdavi; mohammad reza iravani
Abstract
Urban regeneration is a cross field of urban policies and an important strategic option in promoting urban development at the global level. Examining the evolution of urban regeneration experiences and their evaluation has shown that success in urban areas is not achieved only by physical improvement, ...
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Urban regeneration is a cross field of urban policies and an important strategic option in promoting urban development at the global level. Examining the evolution of urban regeneration experiences and their evaluation has shown that success in urban areas is not achieved only by physical improvement, but also benefits from a social aspect, based on which the resident people are actually included in the regeneration process. Transphysical components such as the social structure of tissues, quantity and the quality of residents' relationships and participation, which was previously ignored in front of the purely physical view of the plans, can be a tool and stimulus for a more desirable and acceptable renovation in the form of social capital from the residents in texture.Social capital is the basis of the stability and ability of society in self-improvement, and its absence is a factor in the decline of urban neighborhoods.Today, among the physical, financial, underground, informational, technological and human resources of a society, human power has been proposed as the most strategic resource in any organization, through which the fundamental changes of the organization are made. Unfortunately, in Iran, many urban regeneration approaches With the aim of organizing worn-out areas, a one-dimensional (physical) attitude and little attention to other human structures and the role of people in decision-making has provided the ground for exhaustion.In the city of Shahrekord, the lack of coordination between the organizations, trustees and implementers of the projects, and ignoring the opinions and needs of the residents and interested groups in the decisions, the central core of city has faced a wide range of physical, social, economic and environmental problems.This research on it that by examining the effective components on the development of local community.The approach of the conducted research is qualitative and ethnographic, and with the help of in-depth and semi-structured interviews and coding of concepts, the final categories have been obtained.The results of the research show that in order to successfully realize the approach of urban regeneration, the components effective on the development of local community culture, including the semantic, physical, functional and social components, play an important role in empowering the residents, gaining their trust, increasing belonging to the target neighborhoods and in general the feasibility of regeneration. They have a city in the central core of Shahrekord.
Urban Planning
Tohid Hatami Khanghahi; Sahar Fahimi Hamidabad; Vahid Vaziri
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionScientific forecasts indicate a great increase in the elderly population in the upcoming years and emphasize the attention to their diverse needs and social life. The lack of attention to the elderly's social needs limits their potential for social participation and reduces their ...
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AbstractIntroductionScientific forecasts indicate a great increase in the elderly population in the upcoming years and emphasize the attention to their diverse needs and social life. The lack of attention to the elderly's social needs limits their potential for social participation and reduces their quality of life. The existing studies often investigate the elderly's physical needs in public places but there are insufficient studies on their social needs, especially in urban public places. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental physical factors affecting the social well-being of the elderly in the body of urban public spaces in a case study.Theoretical FrameworkThe idea of active aging was first introduced with an emphasis on being active to maintain health and productivity. Active aging later supported personal decisions, independence, social status, and an increase in the quality of life of the elderly. The concept of "active aging" refers to the ability to participate in social, economic, and civic life, and maintenance of well-being by providing opportunities for the elderly to engage in meaningful and attractive activities to facilitate their independence. According to the World Health Organization, not only genes and personal characteristics, but also urban public places and social factors can play important roles in determining the health and well-being of individuals in their lives. Free, public, and green urban spaces provide opportunities for social interaction and cause the feeling of existence in society.MethodologyThis is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in Mosalla Park and Sheikh Safi sidewalk in Ardabil, Iran in two stages. To this end, 47 physical factors were first classified into 5 indices, and 50 architectural experts compared the effective physical needs in improving social well-being in two case study samples. In the second stage, 74 elderly people in the case samples answered the Keyes standard social well-being questionnaire with 5 indicators. Finally, the data obtained from the two steps were analyzed in SPSS 26 software. Results and DiscussionTherefore, the Wilcoxon non-parametric test was performed to compare physical factors between two case samples. Sheikh Safi walkway had more favorable physical factors than Mosalla Park. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test (CMH) was performed to obtain the affectability of social well-being of the elderly by physical factors in case samples. According to the results, the elderly on Sheikh Safi sidewalk have better social well-being. Findings showed that the quality of physical factors and the improvement of these factors in public open space leads to a positive effect on the social well-being of the elderly. In this study, "Footpaths with a slope of less than 5%" with the highest average value among the significant items, is the most effective factor that affects the social well-being of the elderly.ConclusionPlanners and designers must challenge their previous mindsets with a new look at physical criteria. Many factors affected the elderly's social well-being. An important part of these factors was related to the architecture, design, and physical characteristics of urban spaces; hence, social health advocates should cooperate with urban designers and architects in the field of determinants of promoting the elderly's social well-being, and adopt policies and strategies which consider their needs to involve them in social life with equality.
Slum Settlements
zahra shahihagh; Minoo Gharehbaglou; Hamed Beyti
Abstract
Housing is considered one of the most important human needs, and marginal settlements are the solution of the low-income sections of the society to the housing problem, and it has gradually led to various problems and has made these settlements face serious challenges. Of course, various approaches have ...
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Housing is considered one of the most important human needs, and marginal settlements are the solution of the low-income sections of the society to the housing problem, and it has gradually led to various problems and has made these settlements face serious challenges. Of course, various approaches have been presented to solve this problem, and empowerment is one of the most up-to-date and efficient of them; One of the most important axis of which is gaining the power to control and master the forces affecting human life.Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between the livability of low-income residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents, and it seeks to answer the question, which factors have the greatest impact on the livability of residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents? And how do each of these factors affect the formation of the relationship between the two, if any? Based on the existing literature, a model of the most effective dimensions and criteria was extracted for the livability of residential spaces and the empowerment of its residents. In order to evaluate the theoretical model, four residential neighborhoods in the four marginalized areas of Tabriz city (Silab, Abuzhar, Zamzam, and Akhmaghayeh neighborhoods) were selected and investigated using the questionnaire method in the context of field studies.The basic research method of this research is correlation, which was evaluated by explaining the pattern of structural equations, viability as an independent variable and empowerment as a dependent variable. Then, the factor loading of each criterion and the position of each variable of the theoretical model was determined. The findings of the research indicate the importance of dimensions of livability of residential spaces in empowering its residents and show that the criteria of livability of residential spaces are in line with the realization of empowering residents. Also, the most effective dimension in the livability of residential spaces is the perceptual-semantic dimension and the most effective dimension in empowering residents is the psychological (cognitive) dimension; that the perceptual-semantic criteria of livability have the greatest impact on the mental capacity of the residents. Among the marginalized areas of Tabriz city, the northern area has low viability and empowerment compared to other areas and needs special attention.
Urban Ecology
najme sadat mostafavi; parvin partovi; Zhara Asadolahi
Abstract
As human-environmental systems, urban areas rely on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being, hence, it is necessary to include ecosystem services (ES) in planning to promote sustainable urban development. Arak as an industrial city with multiple environmental crises are still managed based ...
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As human-environmental systems, urban areas rely on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being, hence, it is necessary to include ecosystem services (ES) in planning to promote sustainable urban development. Arak as an industrial city with multiple environmental crises are still managed based on the comprehensive planning system in the form of master and detailed plans, which requires an ecological approach in urban development. Despite the growing interest in ES in research, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding its integration into urban planning. This paper seeks to fill this gap by examining the current and potential use of ESs in urban development plans. In order to respond to this goal, content analysis method was used with a directional approach (deductive method based on theory) and the extent of addressing 19 ESs was investigated in three components of the plan (information base, vision/objectives and actions) in Arak development and construction plan. The results indicated the uptake of ESs concept in parts of the mentioned development document; however, this document lacks a holistic view of urban ecology and its benefits. In the three examined components, these services were mentioned 607 times implicitly (312 times - 51.4%) and explicitly (295 times - 48.6%), which received the most attention in the information base component (358 times - 59%). In this analysis, the difference in the score of cultural services (400) with provisioning (274), regulating (198) and supporting (30) services can indicate that cultural services are more inclusive compared to other services in Arak metropolis plan. The lack of consistency in dealing with each of the services or concepts mentioned in the three components shows that there is not a significant relationship between the studies in the collection data and information, analysis, formulation of goal and vision, and plan preparation, rules and regulations.
