Urban Scape
hajar Asadpour; Mahmoud Ghalehnoee; Armin Bahramian
Abstract
The visual aspects of historical urban landscapes are often overlooked, which leads to distorted and unclear images of landscapes that are recorded in the minds of citizens. To optimally manage the visual aspects of historical urban landscapes, it is necessary to take into consideration the affordances ...
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The visual aspects of historical urban landscapes are often overlooked, which leads to distorted and unclear images of landscapes that are recorded in the minds of citizens. To optimally manage the visual aspects of historical urban landscapes, it is necessary to take into consideration the affordances of the urban landscapes. A recent research study was conducted to explain the process of visual management of historical urban landscapes based on environmental affordances in the studied sample. The Zandiyeh area of Shiraz was chosen for the study due to the changes it has undergone in recent development and organization processes. The research aimed to answer two questions: what are the steps of the visual management process, and what is their status? What is the level of environmental affordances in the area? After conducting library studies and identifying the affordances of the environment, the studied area was networked using the "Photo Grid" technique. Experts were then asked to rate each affordance in this area based on images and their previous knowledge, using an image-based questionnaire. Additionally, various steps of the visual management process in Shiraz were evaluated. The results showed that the current situation of the historical urban fabric of Shiraz is plagued with three categories of problems: "Design and Planning Challenges," "Management Challenges," and "Challenges related to Understanding the Context." In the visual management process, the steps of "Developing Visual Protection Goals" and "Landscape Organization" are the least prioritized for action.
The research determined the visual management process in historical urban landscapes, which can be used in the Shiraz historical tissue. By emphasizing the step of framing and environmental affordances, it was determined that Zone No. 5 of the Zandiyeh area (the area adjacent to Vakil mosque and bathhouse) has all the affordances at the optimal level, while Zone No. 2 (Divankhaneh area) received a lower score than other parts, which requires more attention.
Urban Economy
Gholamreza Moradi
Abstract
The agglomeration economies have long been a subject of interest among researchers. Previous studies in this area have primarily focused on the economic aspects at the national, regional, and city levels, with limited attention given to smaller scales, particularly streets. However, in this study, instead ...
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The agglomeration economies have long been a subject of interest among researchers. Previous studies in this area have primarily focused on the economic aspects at the national, regional, and city levels, with limited attention given to smaller scales, particularly streets. However, in this study, instead of considering the city as a unified entity, the main economic structures of the city have been examined by segregating them based on streets. By examining 3,804 companies in Kazerun, various indices such as location quotient, Herfindahl-Hirschman, and Shannon have been utilized to investigate the concentration of businesses and its implications, including specialization and diversity at the street level. As a result, not only have location-centric specialized and diverse streets been identified and presented, but the relevant industries and companies have also been included. The results show that economic activities, according to the type of services they provide, in addition to the space required for the activity, the importance of vehicle access, the amount of pedestrian traffic, proximity to population centers can be concentrated or spread in certain locations of the city so that that technical activities such as vehicle services (Khorramshahr Boulevard) and agricultural services (Ferdossi Street) in streets that are wider and farther from the city center and lack pedestrian traffic, more real estate consultants in new developments (Pardis Boulevard), medical centers in the city center (Salman Farsi Street), various streets (Northern and Southern Shohada Streets, Abu Dhar, Hazrati and Imam Khomeini Streets) are less wide than specialized streets and near the central business district of the city, busier sidewalks, and a variety of different activities in They have accommodated themselves.
Urban Ecology
elnaz khalili; Seyed Muslim Seyedolhosseini; toktam hanaee; sanaz saeedi mofrad
Abstract
The continued acceleration of the urbanization process around the world has led to the aggravation of environmental problems and natural environments through standard placement and according to nature-friendly solutions. At the same time, they play an important role in the overall health of urban communities, ...
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The continued acceleration of the urbanization process around the world has led to the aggravation of environmental problems and natural environments through standard placement and according to nature-friendly solutions. At the same time, they play an important role in the overall health of urban communities, increasing different populations, such as improving air quality. Reduction of carbon and increase of biodiversity, which are the main factors in the quality of urban life in today's cities. The focus is on integrating biophilic design principles.The current research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative nature with a systematic review and qualitative meta-composite using an inductive perspective, as suggested by Sandelowski and Barroso. We conducted a systematic literature search in two Semantic Scholar databases and the Web Of Science website in recent years, with an update of 2023, and the results of each study were analyzed using inductive coding in MaxQDA software.The studies conducted are between 2017 and 2023. The most selected studies in this research belong to 2020, with 36%. The inductive codes of this research were categorized in the form of five main environmental, social, economic, functional, and physical categories and were identified according to the degree of concept similarity in the form of 12 sub-categories. According to the degree of similarity of the sub-categories, they reached 28 indicators. Our study showed that the quality of biophilic placemaking can be related to different levels of connection with nature and human understanding. The literature reports biophilicity and placemaking as independent phenomena, but our results tell a different story, showing that they are actually intertwined and related to environmental quality. This study aims to clarify the search for places that occur between people and natural environments so that future research can use new ideas called biophilic placemaking.
Urban Management
Alireza daviran
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, urban management is facing a multitude of physical, economic, social, and environmental challenges that no matter how many planning policies are formulated to improve them, they face difficulties in implementing them due to inter-departmental (inter-organizational) ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, urban management is facing a multitude of physical, economic, social, and environmental challenges that no matter how many planning policies are formulated to improve them, they face difficulties in implementing them due to inter-departmental (inter-organizational) functional challenges. One of the effective methods of urban management is to achieve the integration of thinking in the implementation and management of projects. The integration of thinking is the result of continuous communication and interaction of urban managers and experts in a transparent and practical network, the output of which is action planning. One of the approaches to achieving integration is communicative action, which is rooted in the thoughts of Jürgen Habermars. Communication action is a kind of social action aimed at achieving understanding. In this action, another type of rationality called relational rationality is proposed for governance, which combines knowledge and value and defines spatial planning as a social phenomenon. In this concept, communication is the source of discovering the truth and human wisdom is the product of interactions between people and not the result of political governance or the result of individual reflections. Communication is the source of truth discovery and human wisdom is the product of communication between people. This research, with the necessity that the main challenge of urban management today is in the formulation and writing of plans, but also in the weakness of the interdepartmental communication of different urban managements, has investigated the effect of the application of planning derived from communication action on the preparation and implementation of urban management plans in the case study of Zanjan city. Therefore, the main question of the research is that what is the main challenge of urban management in the internal and inter-organizational sectors in the preparation and implementation of urban projects? How is the action of urban management understood with each other and how can the effect of communication action be in the preparation and implementation of urban projects in different administrations?
Methodology
The current research is a phenomenological type of qualitative research based on an inductive interpretation method that uses the foundation context approach. According to the mobile and cyclical process of the contextual model, the main method of sampling in grounded theory is theoretical sampling, which has been considered throughout the process of data collection and conducting semi-structured interviews. In this method of sampling, the number of research subjects is not predetermined and sampling continues until a new concept is obtained through interviews and theoretical saturation is achieved. With these conditions, the sample size includes about 45 mid-level managers and experts from 10 executive institutions with continuous communication (roads and urban development, municipality and city council, governorate, water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, engineering system) of Zanjan, who were using a questionnaire. Descriptive and semi-structured interview, required data were obtained. Due to the limitations of the audio and video recording of the interview (mainly due to the reluctance of the interviewees to document the questions), it was tried to build the necessary trust and collect the data without mentioning the name and authority. The method of analyzing the data collected in the database model was such that first the data was open coded, then with axial coding, and finally, the selected category and main concepts were extracted. In such a process, the paradigm model resulting from causal, contextual, intervening, strategic and finally consequential conditions was drawn and explained. To ensure the validity of the research, the technical audit method was used. So that the work steps were confirmed by two experts and familiar with the process of qualitative database analysis.
Results and discussion
The resulting conditions resulting from the codes, concepts and categories obtained from the database model with paradigms based on causes, context, mediation and strategy in the urban management of Zanjan city show that managers at different middle and high levels depending on the organizational position, basically action and communication interaction They focus on dry administrative structures and prioritize organizational interests. This method of management is more complete with the feeling of fear of losing or demoting responsibility (post, position), the feeling of being reprimanded or being questioned, and it lowers the managerial position to the level of Habermas's instrumental action (that too incompletely). As a result, the consequence of this approach is the formation of the city based on individual thoughts or exclusivity and the formation of citizens' dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the result of the formation of effective communication between city managers can be seen in the qualitative development of some parts of the city, such as the Sabzeh Maidan complex, the sidewalk, the reopening of Zainbiye Street, the completion of the sewer network, the reduction of the time for examining requests for detailed plan changes, the active implementation of national housing plans, strengthening and reforming He saw the city electricity network.
Conclusion
The mentioned conditions of the evaluation of communication activism in the urban management of Zanjan show that the consequential effect of hindrance: one-sidedness, individualism, reduction of specialization, loss of sense of work belonging, loss of trust and confidence and as a result, reduction of social and organizational capital, moment-oriented management and conforming to temporary solutions and There has been dissatisfaction among citizens. On the other hand, the implementation of communicative activism in some administrations has led to the creation of a sense of belonging and increasing the social capital of managers and employees, and with the development of synergy and pluralism based on active understanding, it has reduced the challenges of managing and implementing urban projects.
Urban livability
Ali Mahdi
Abstract
The importance of the issue of urban health has made the concept of the urban heart in more than 40 countries of the world to be centered on the issue of eliminating environmental inequalities. Therefore, for many governments, increasing awareness of environmental effects on human health has become one ...
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The importance of the issue of urban health has made the concept of the urban heart in more than 40 countries of the world to be centered on the issue of eliminating environmental inequalities. Therefore, for many governments, increasing awareness of environmental effects on human health has become one of the main functions of governments in relation to citizens and explaining new approaches in studies and urban planning. This study, based on the importance of planning and environmental quality and urban health, has investigated this issue in the city of Qom. The current research, which is a type of library and field studies, with a descriptive-analytical and survey method, and using a wide environmental survey by the executive team (photographing, sampling, interviewing and preparing informal reports with the citizens of each region, observations field and distribution of questionnaires), has been completed and its results analyzed using Spss16, ArcGIS software show that under the influence of issues, problems, deficiencies and weak knowledge and planning required in The area of upgrading and improving the current environmental, physical and visual quality indicators of the city of Qom, different dimensions of urban health (social, mental and physical health), the citizens of Qom receive direct and indirect effects in different degrees, among which, The psychological dimension of the citizens of Qom city should be prioritized for investigation and planning for the future. Comparison of the average of urban health sub-indexes (mental, physical, social) shows that the highest average (2.57) belongs to the social health sub-index and the lowest average (2.30) belongs to the mental health sub-index. In general, according to the obtained averages, none of the dimensions of health in Qom city have a good condition because the average of all sub-indices is much lower than the average (3).
Urban Sociology
Afshar Kabiri; Javad Jahangirzadeh
Abstract
The increasing growth of the urban population in the country in the past few decades has turned the lack of housing into the main problem of the urban society. The Mehr housing project was implemented as a social policy in the field of housing with the aim of providing low-cost housing for the low-income ...
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The increasing growth of the urban population in the country in the past few decades has turned the lack of housing into the main problem of the urban society. The Mehr housing project was implemented as a social policy in the field of housing with the aim of providing low-cost housing for the low-income sections of society and controlling housing prices in the last decade. The formation of the new city of Golman with the implementation of the Mehr housing project not only has undeniable positive aspects, and it made a segment of the society the owner of a house, which was not possible to own a house with today's economic equations, but the neglect of social and cultural aspects despite Spending huge expenses in economic and financial terms, the result is the formation of residential complexes that are homogeneous in physical-physical terms but heterogeneous in terms of culture and socially unstable. This research is designed with the aim of qualitative analysis of social sustainability in Mehr Shahr New Golman, Urmia, based on a questionnaire-analytical strategy. According to its nature, the method of conducting the research is a qualitative method of the ethnographic type, the tool and technique of collecting information was interviews and direct observations of the researcher. The statistical population of the research was the residents of Mehr houses in the new city of Golman, and according to the nature of the research, 22 people were determined by theoretical sampling based on the theoretical saturation criterion. After analyzing the content of the interview, the concepts and categories were documented and analyzed with reference to the emic perspective of the respondents and the ethical perception based on the researcher's observations and theoretical knowledge. The findings of the research indicate the social instability in the dimensions of weak neighborhood identity, weak social capital, concentration of poverty, feeling of exclusion and social inequality, normative vacuum and weakness of apartment living culture, spatial separation, cultural inhomogeneity and dissatisfaction with the quality of life. Despite owning a house, it is among the respondents that ignoring such a situation will turn this city into a ghetto of the poor and modern marginalization.
Urban Planning
mitra azimi; mohsen afshari
Abstract
In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively ...
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In the era of urban revolution and at the same time with the increasing growth of urbanization, new challenges are faced by the urban dwellers, which require the adoption of new measures to face them properly. Citizenship education is one of the most sustainable and cost-effective measures to effectively face these challenges in the future. Experts believe that moving towards sustainable development and continuity of development trends in cities and localities requires the presence of informed, educated and responsible citizens. Therefore, in many countries, they have started providing citizenship education from kindergartens and schools, and through the development and implementation of development plans, especially at the neighborhood level, this type of education is being pursued comprehensively. to represent Harandi neighborhood of Tehran, located in district 12 of the municipality, despite having a historical record and also providing special services in the network of economic activities of the city, is considered one of the focal points of social damage in Tehran. In order to reduce these damages, more than 18 development projects have been implemented so far. Examining these plans shows that, despite the importance and role of citizenship education in reducing the harms and problems of urban life, all aspects and aspects of it have not been considered by the planners. Now, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure and evaluate the category of citizenship education in neighborhood projects from the point of view of its existence and effectiveness. This research is of a qualitative type and while analyzing the content of the documents, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 municipal managers, employees of the active community councils in the neighborhood and experts in the urban area, and all data were analyzed using the Maxqda software. have been analyzed to provide a more accurate picture of the place of citizenship education in the development plans of Harandi neighborhood. The output of this research shows that, in addition to the need to pay attention to the structural differences of Harandi neighborhood with other neighborhoods in Tehran, the development of this neighborhood and the reduction of its damages require a special revision in local development plans based on the indicators of citizenship education.
Regeneration and revival of historical context
Nasim Leilieyoun; Ahmad Danaeinia
Abstract
The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of ...
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The formation and development framework of the historical core of Isfahan is based on the system of (water channels) called "Madi". On a macro scale, Madi has had a direct impact on the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and on a micro scale, it has influenced the settlement of residential units. This element, during changes that primarily occurred after the 1960s, has gradually become a barrier to the development of urban-local spaces. The aim of this research is to clarify the characteristics of Madi flexibility and its impact on the housing configuration, thereby revealing the necessity of re-linking housing architecture with this vital element. The research combines quantitative and qualitative methods and is based on observation and analysis methodologies. Data were collected in two phases: library studies and field surveys, aimed at finding the housing pattern and how residential units are organized, with results extracted based on two methods of inference and content analysis. Basic information was obtained through aerial photographs from the 1960s and analyzed using software such as AutoCAD, GIS, and Depthmap. The findings indicate that the housing configuration system is shaped based on four indices: building pattern, area, the ratio of built space to open space, and spatial integrity and coherence. The most compatible housing construction pattern is the single-row construction and fully constructed, followed by U-shaped and L-shaped patterns. Regarding the area index, residential plots with an area of 200-500 square meters and subsequently 500-1000 square meters, and in the index of built-to-open space ratio, areas with values between 0.70-0.96 have the highest flexibility. As for the index of spatial integrity and coherence, the maximum index includes the axis of Madi, passages connected to Madi, and passages connected to the main streets bordering the neighborhood. The results show that Madi architecture is in complete connection with the city and the neighborhood, representing the most important natural pattern influencing the formation of residential units and creating interconnection throughout the neighborhood. In order to create or strengthen this pattern, housing design based on the four enumerated indices plays a significant role. Conversely, neglecting these indices will have numerous negative effects on the housing configuration and the system of neighborhoods.
Urban Planning
Aliakbar Salaripour; Mani Talebi Soumesaraie
Abstract
Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy
(Case study: Rasht Creative City)
Extended abstract
Introduction
Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both ...
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Formulating a Conceptual-Executive Pattern of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy
(Case study: Rasht Creative City)
Extended abstract
Introduction
Urbanism Pedagogy is an infrastructure requirement for informed public participation in the realization of urban development plans, which reduces errors by both urban management and citizens in the planning and implementation process. The lack of a long-term perspective on the profound effects of urbanism education, the low level of belief and trust in continuous learning, and the gap between educational environments and operational areas, are the main reasons for addressing the issue of critical urbanism pedagogy in Rasht creative city as a research study environment.
Theoretical Framework
Analysis of theoretical concepts and approaches related to "critical urbanism pedagogy" such as “Critical Urban Pedagogy”, “Urban Critical Literacy”, “Critical Urban Learning”, “Critical Pedagogy of Place” and “Critical consciousness” show that after identifying common global concerns, a specific language is needed to develop urbanism pedagogy. This grammar is based on understanding the socio-cultural issues of the society under study, and accordingly, raising public awareness of citizenship rights and commitment to social justice based on urban planning-oriented education is essential. In the continuation of this process, explaining socio-cultural conflicts and accepting the current situation leads to a review of pedagogical approaches. After that, strengthening critical awareness in spatial dimensions can be effective in improving urbanism pedagogy, insofar as this goal can be achieved by improving educational environments and creating a citizenship space based on urbanism knowledge and experiences.
Methodology
The research method is qualitative and using the grounded theory approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted and based on this, 102 open codes, 29 axial codes and 8 selective codes were analyzed. The sample size includes 15 experts from NGOs, university professors, education officials and urban management. The Rasht creative city is a member of the UNESCO global network, as the field environment of this research, and for UNESCO is very important that manage creative human resources to achieve sustainable development goals based on education.
Results and Discussion
The conceptual-executive model of "Critical Urbanism Pedagogy" of the Rasht Creative City, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the research, has 5 main stages that require sequential steps, including these stages: 1. Identifying problems and with the "Critical Urban Literacy" approach; 2. Accepting and adjusting social and cultural conflicts with the "Critical Urban Education" approach; 3. Modifying ineffective pedagogical approaches with the "Critical Global Citizenship Education" approach; 4. Transforming implementation models by strengthening accountable and critical institutions with the "Critical Urban Learning" approach; 5. Developing learning environments with stakeholder participation and accountability with the "Critical Pedagogy of Place" approach.
Conclusion
The final result shows that reforming the executive structures and improving the quantity and quality of content in mainstream education is necessary, but not sufficient, and in order to transform the pedagogy of critical urbanism, achieving learning environments will have a more effective and efficient result. To this end, producing content with various tools in urban and virtual spaces, holding effective educational events with the participation of all stakeholders, and providing various physical infrastructures through investment incentives, government, or directing charitable urbanism actions are the executive suggestions of the research.
Keywords
Critical Urbanism Pedagogy, Rasht Creative City, Learning Environments, Creative city Management, Conceptual-Executive Pattern.
Highlights
Rasht Creative City has material, spiritual and social capital to develop “Critical Urbanism Pedagogy”;
Recognizing and accepting socio-cultural conflicts to correct ineffective approaches in the development of urban planning education;
Expanding critical awareness of the power mechanism in maintaining and developing urban spaces in the process of Critical Urbanism Pedagogy;
Developing learning environments and publicizing urban planning education by providing infrastructure, producing content, holding events, tool-building and capacity-building in urban and virtual spaces.
environmental psychology
nasrin mohammadi; Rouhollah Rahimi; Vahid Vaziri
Abstract
Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban ...
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Rapid urban changes and the uncontrolled growth of urban development have led to a decline in citizens' connection to urban spaces and a reduced sense of place attachment. This phenomenon is particularly evident in many historic cities with unique cultural identities. However, contemporary urban planning has rarely addressed the emotional bond between citizens and their surroundings. Imam Khomeini Street in Ardabil, as a historic urban space, exemplifies a location that requires redefining the components of place attachment and strengthening its role in fostering social connections among citizens. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors enhancing the sense of attachment in behavioral settings based on citizens' mental maps in urban spaces. The research employed a mixed-method approach, including structural equation modeling (SEM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), alongside qualitative and quantitative analyses to achieve this goal. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with 384 citizens and 15 experts in architecture and urban planning. The findings from factor analysis revealed that the components of behavioral settings fall into three main categories: preserving identity and increasing place attachment, enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures, and improving the mental image of urban facades. According to the results, the criterion of enhancing place attachment and urban space legibility through functional uses and iconic structures had the most significant impact on citizens' mental maps. These results suggest that paying attention to the historical, identity-based, and cultural characteristics of the study site, along with creating unique spaces through appropriate design patterns and addressing citizens' needs, can help increase the sense of place attachment in urban spaces. Strategies related to the visual and functional qualities of spaces, understanding citizens' desires, and situating appropriate functions in suitable locations were found to have the greatest influence on fostering place attachment among citizens. These strategies, emphasizing the identity-based and cultural attributes within the spatial framework, can significantly enhance citizens' experiences of urban spaces. By providing an analytical framework for prioritizing the components of place attachment in urban spaces, this research can assist urban planners and designers in considering citizens' preferences and improving urban spaces based on the real needs of residents.
Urban Planning
Farshad Nourian; sara vosoughi
Abstract
A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept ...
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A substantial body of informality literature has emphasized the pivotal role of state power in suspending the law. These studies focus on the idea of informality from above, portraying the state as a unified entity with significant control over society and viewing law as an objective and fixed concept that forms the basis of the state's bureaucratic practices. More recently, there has been a shift to expand the concept of power beyond the state and to challenge the idea of law as purely objective and neutral. According to this growing de-centered approach to informality, this article examines dynamic interconnections between law and power to shed light on the social and practical construction of law as a fundamentally indeterminate concept in urban governance, where a multitude of networked actors, both inside and outside the government, largely shape processes and outcomes. Relying on the Foucauldian Reading of Power relations and truth discourses, this article outlines how power relations can shape legality discourses in the context of controversial decision-making in urban planning. In this sense, through a Foucauldian discourse analysis of acquired rights in the revision of the Urban Renewal project in Samen District, the article provides an empirically grounded discussion that renders the power/law nexus visible. The data originated from 15 narrative in-depth interviews, 200 official documents (including planning documents, official correspondence, approvals, and reports of official meetings), as well as 130 unofficial documents (including press reports of official interviews, official meetings, official speeches, reports of official websites of the institutions). The analysis shows that the power struggles within and beyond the state produce various discourses of (il)legality, which provide different answers to critical questions such as who is entitled to interpret the acquired rights, what the definition of the acquired rights is, and Whose interest the acquired rights respond to?. As a result of the long-lasting disputes among four discourses on the acquired rights (extralegal, extended, reconciliatory, argumentative), the vast deregulation that was informally adopted to manage project investment was finally authorized in formal urban governance. The findings of this study demonstrate that informality is not necessarily the ungovernable realm outside of formal planning. This study shows that power dynamics create competing discursive claims of legality, which justify the subject positions who have the authority to determine what is legal, legitimize the elaboration of the notion of the law, and rationalize legal decisions based on serving the public interest or not. Rather than following established bureaucratic processes based on written law, these competing discursive claims of legality shape formal decision-making. In these processes, power reshapes the legal notion of law and redefines formality/informality boundaries within urban planning and governance. This complex interplay of power and law demonstrates that informality, often viewed as a violation of urban planning laws, can gradually become a regular part of urban planning. This process which can be named "informality from within formal urban planning" challenges the formality/informality binary that equates planning with law and informality with the absence of law.
Urban Planning
Amirhamzeh Shahbazi
Abstract
Introduction
Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, ...
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Introduction
Urban planners are faced with a big question of whether libraries, like some obsolete urban uses such as public baths, caravanserais, water reservoirs, and the like, are facing the process of decreasing performance or destroying their place. The rapid expansion of communication technology, the increase of digital tools, and the access of individuals and institutions have caused the production and dissemination of scientific and cultural products in recent decades, especially in the first decade or two of the 21st century. This has caused an amazing transformation. Because the preparation and publication of paper scientific and cultural products are done by individuals and institutions themselves and in a digital way, instead of publishing institutions. In the meantime, the request of citizens for quick, low-cost, timely, and complete access to information has resulted in an emerging phenomenon called "research without visiting the library" based on communication and information technology, the global Internet, social networks, and virtual space.
Methodology
This applied research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and a sample size of 480 people (doctoral, master's, and bachelor's students) with a researcher-made questionnaire and two-stage random sampling in Zahedan city (University of Sistan and Baluchistan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan). The validity of the data collection tool has been confirmed by university professors and reliability is based on Cronbach's index (0.752). The sampling method was a simple random method. Analysis models include U-Mann-Whitney and Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model, Cramer's V, and Kruskal Wallis statistical inference model, Sign. test and Chi-Square and Crosstab, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk non-parametric statistical inference model.
Results and discussion
The findings showed that the traditional position of libraries as a cultural urban use with a certain population threshold and a certain functional sphere of influence is facing a significant decrease. 58% of students said they never went to the library or they rarely go. 44% of students consider the position and role of libraries to be too much or too much to decrease. In addition, there is an inverse and significant relationship between students' access to scientific databases such as Scopus, SID, and Science Direct and their belief that the position of the library is decreasing. The relationship between visiting the library and having a computer, printer, modem, and smartphone was analyzed. The results showed; that the degree of ownership or access to a desktop-laptop computer, printer, modem, or smart mobile, has an inverse relationship with the perception of the location of the library. 39% of students did not have any equipment; on the other hand, 75% of students who had complete equipment consider the position of the library as a decrease. In the supplementary analysis, it was determined that the amount of students' use of the Internet for academic research is directly related to the decrease in the library's position (with a significance level of 0.002 in Cramer's V statistical inference model), students who have used the Internet very little, 35% and students who have used the Internet a lot, 69% consider the position of the library to be low. In addition, contrary to the expectation that it was thought that the higher the level of education of the students and towards postgraduate education; The rate of their visits to the library increases; not confirmed The results of the first hypothesis test with non-parametric statistical inference "sign test" (suitable for non-normal data; and single group) with an error level of 0.033 showed that the library position is decreasing. The results of the second hypothesis test regarding the relationship between the number of students visiting the library and their level of education were rejected with Kendall's tau-c non-parametric statistical inference model with a significance level of 0.16. The results of the third hypothesis test. It indicates a significant relationship between the number of students visiting the library and the characteristics of their field and faculty. Kruskal-Wallis's non-parametric statistical inference model was used to test the hypothesis.
Conclusion
Based on the principles of urban planning, the library is a place-oriented urban use (specifically at the neighborhood, district, and city levels) and time-oriented (specific working hours and closing hours); therefore, the location of the library has three characteristics. First, it has a specific population threshold. Second, it has a certain radius of action and sphere of influence. The third one is open and serviced only in certain time frames and hours. But the cyber revolution has caused the library to be fixed and determined without being dependent on place and time and the radius of its function; To perform its functions with the coverage of unlimited access, in the field of influence and the radius of unlimited access, in the immediate time frame, 24 hours and all 365 days of the year. The findings of survey research in three major universities (University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, and Islamic Azad University of Zahedan) showed: that the better the students had the equipment to access cyberspace and typing and publishing, the other hand, students without these facilities considered the position of the library to be decreasing and declining. The degree of students' access to Elsevier and ScienceDirect scientific databases is inversely related to their assessment of the library's position. The results showed that the function and position of the library is permanent and rooted. However, the form of providing services is significantly and rapidly abandoned from the triple determinism of "location-oriented, compliance with the population threshold within a certain physical influence radius, time-oriented" and is intensified with the expansion of artificial intelligence. These findings make both urban planners and trustees of (university) libraries aware of the rapid process of transformations. It is suggested that research be done in the field of public libraries and for all citizens to achieve more results and the possibility of generalizing the findings.
Urban Design
mehrdad hedayatian; Alireza Einifar
Abstract
Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. ...
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Urban open spaces play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and enhancing urban life quality. Beyond providing a venue for daily and recreational activities, these spaces serve as focal points to strengthen social relationships, improve social cohesion, and foster a sense of place attachment. However, domestic studies in architecture and urban planning primarily examine social interactions through three main concepts: "presence," "sociability," and "environmental quality," without clearly articulating the conceptual and structural relationships among these concepts or aligning them explicitly with international theoretical frameworks. This study aims to revisit and clarify these concepts within a comprehensive conceptual framework. Initially, through keyword analysis and a systematic review of global theories, the components of social interactions were categorized into five groups: physical, activity-based, perceptual, contextual, and technological, arranged according to David Canter's place model. Subsequently, employing PRISMA guidelines and the meta-synthesis method, 32 selected domestic articles were analyzed and coded using MAXQDA software. Findings indicate that "presence" primarily aligns with physical-environmental components such as facilities, accessibility, environmental comfort, and spatial organization; "sociability" corresponds closely to activity-behavioral components, including group activities, social interactions, and collective events; and "environmental quality" is specifically associated with perceptual-psychological components like attractiveness, sense of security, psychological comfort, and environmental meaning. Additionally, contextual and technological components play moderating and facilitating roles in enhancing social interactions. The final analysis demonstrates that these three concepts, through mutual interactions, provide an integrated and practical framework for understanding and enhancing social interactions in urban open spaces. This framework offers a theoretical foundation for designing more socially engaging public spaces and sets a groundwork for future research on the social quality of urban environments.
