نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

3 استادیار شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

چکیده

خلوت، فرآیندی برای تعیین مرز میان افراد است و فرد به واسطه آن بر تعامل خود با دیگران نظارت می­کند. نیاز به خلوت در انسان­ها عمومیت دارد ولی شیوه پاسخ به آن متأثر از متغیرهایی چون فرهنگ، سن، جنس، محیط فیزیکی و... است. تفاوت این نیاز از فرهنگی به فرهنگ دیگر سبب می­شود برخی از فرهنگ­ها میل بیشتری به خلوت نسبت به سایرین داشته باشند. تفاوت­ها در میل به خلوت­جویی صرفاً محدود به فرهنگ­ها نمی­شود، بلکه خرده فرهنگ­ها را نیز در بر می­گیرد.  ایران، از جمله کشورهایی است که دارای خرده فرهنگ­های متنوع با حالت­های مختلف پاسخگویی به خلوت است. اما تاکنون تحقیقاتی در زمینه بررسی تفاوت­ها و شباهت­های میان خرده فرهنگ­های این کشور در میل به خلوت­جویی و سازوکارهای رسیدن به آن در محیط­های شهری انجام نشده است. از این رو، این مقاله به دنبال بررسی تفاوت­های بین فرهنگی میان زنان گیلکی، کرد، آذری و یزدی در میل به خلوت­جویی و ادراک ازدحام است. برای رسیدن به این اهداف از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. حدود هزار و 174 زن پرسش شونده به صورت اتفاقی در پارک­های شهر (رشت)، ملت (سنندج)، باغمیشه (تبریز) و آزادگان (یزد) برای تکمیل پرسشنامه انتخاب شدند. این پرسشنامه توسط آزمون­های خی دو (Chi-square Testضریب همبستگی پیرسون (Pearson Correlation Coefficient)، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)) و تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره (Multivariate Mnalysis of Variance (MANOVA)) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده آن است که سطح خلوت مطلوب در زنان یزدی و آذری بیشتر از سایر زنان است. در صورتی که خلوت کسب شده در زنان گیلکی بیش از سایر خرده فرهنگ­هاست. به عبارتی، یزدی­ها (صحرایی گرم و خشک) و آذری­ها (کوهستانی سرد) در زمره فرهنگ­های غیرارتباطی و گیلکی­ها (معتدل خزری) و کردها (کوهستانی بسیار سرد) در زمره فرهنگ­های ارتباطی­اند. صرف نظر از نوع فرهنگ، سطح خلوت مطلوب و کسب شده به ادراک ازدحام افراد وابسته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Privacy regulation and perception of crowding in urban environment: comparative analysis between women in Iranian’s sub-cultures

چکیده [English]

Privacy is conceived of as an interpersonal boundary process by which a person or group regulates interaction with others. The desire for privacy is a public deed, but it is related to variables such as culture, age, gender, personality, and physical environment. It appears that some cultures have a stronger preference for privacy and have more privacy needs than others. The differences in desire for privacy are not limited only to cultures, they actually exists in sub-cultures too. Iran has many sub-cultures which respond to privacy differently, but there have not been any research on the effect of culture on privacy. The present paper focuses on how Iranian women in different sub-cultures look at surveillance in their privacy. The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether women in Iranian sub-cultures (Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women) differ in their desired and achieved levels of privacy in parks. Another purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the desired and achieved levels of privacy and the experience of crowding in parks. The final purpose is to describe the cultural differences in the experience of crowding between Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women. This research uses a designed questionnaire to collect data. A number of 1173 women were randomly selected in Shahr (Rasht), Mellat (Sanandaj), Baghmisheh (Tabriz), and Azadegan (Yazd) parks. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that women in Iranian sub-cultures significantly differ in their desired privacy levels. Yazdi and Turkish women have higher needs for privacy (desired privacy) in the public spaces than other women. However, Gilaki women’s achieved privacy level is higher than that in other sub-cultures. On the other hand, the results indicate that Yazdi women perceive urban parks as more crowded than others. The crowded women (for all groups) have a higher mean of crowding score than the isolated and the optimum women. Regardless of culture, women’s desired and achieved privacy levels are related to the level of perceived crowding in public spaces. According to Hall, contact cultures are often found in tropical countries (Arabic countries, Mediterranean area, Middle-East countries, and Eastern Europe) while non-contact cultures are usually found in cold weather countries (north of Europe, north of America). Accordingly, Iran is regarded as having a contact culture. The results of this study, however, indicate that in different Iranian sub-cultures there are also differences in people’s tendency for privacy and social interaction in public places. There is no correlation between the results of this study and Hall’s taxonomy. Yazdi (dry and warm) and Turkish (cold, mountainous) people have contact cultures while Gilaki (Caspian mild) and Kurdish (very cold mountainous) people live in non-contact cultures. The main reason for this difference stems from the investigation of perceived crowdedness and tendency for privacy in public sphere. The behavior of Iranian women and their social interactions with others in public places are strongly affected by tradition and religion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Privacy
  • Crowding
  • Culture
  • Iranian Women
  • Urban Environment
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