نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، واحد مراغه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مراغه، ایران
چکیده
محیط جرم همیشه از ماهیت ثابت و فضای کالبدی خاص با محدودیت‌های فیزیکی برخوردار است. انسان همواره در حال تولید تنوع محیطی است و از این رو جرائم شهری با کثرت ملاک‌های ارتباطات اجتماعی افزایش می‌یابد. در تقابل با این زیستگاه جرائم، همه تمهیدات لازم برای پیشگیری از تعامل دو عنصر الحاقی و القایی با عنصر محیطی بایستی به کار گرفته شود. روش تحقیق حاضر به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و به لحاظ نوع و روش، توصیفی _ تحلیلی و به شیوه کتابخانهای و میدانی بوده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق نیز 268 نفر از بزهکاران شهر میاندوآب که در کلانتری‌ها و واحدهاى اجرایى ناجا طى بازه زمانی اول فروردین‌ماه تا شهریور سال1395 تحت بازداشت موقت و یا روانه زندان شده‌اند، بوده که به عنوان نمونه، تعداد 122 نفر از این افراد براساس فرمول نمونه‌گیری کوکران انتخاب شده‌اند. بنابراین به منظور ارزیابی نقش زیستگاه در جغرافیای جرائم شهری میاندوآب، با استفاده از نظریه‌های روانشناختی، جامعه‌شناسی جنایی و جغرافیای جرائم شهری به تبیین ادبیات نظری موضوع و در تحلیل میدانی نیز براساس اطلاعات دریافتی از جامعه آماری، به تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات پرداخته شده است. با بررسی الگوی جغرافیایی جرائم شهری با استفاده از مدل تخمین تراکم کرنل، یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که کوی قره ورن، کوی ولی‌آباد، خیابان جانبازان و کوی وکیل کندی در میاندوآب، با میزان بسیار بالای بزهکاری مواجه است. کیف‌قاپی، تخریب اموال عمومی، ولگردی و تکدی گری، نزاع، درگیری خیابانی و زورگیری از مهم‌ترین جرائم ارتکابى این شهر بوده است. در بررسی تأثیر زیستگاه بر انواع بزهکاری مشخص شد که عناصر محیطی بر وقوع جرائمی مانند سرقت و اعتیاد به مواد مخدر، بیشترین تأثیر را داشتهاند. در بررسی ویژگی‌های اماکن وقوع جرم نیز مشخص شد که تراکم خانه‌های قدیمی با قیمت نازل در بروز بزهکاری بیشترین نقش را داشته است. نتایج تحلیل‌ها نشان می‌دهد که عدم طراحى مناسب ساختمان‌ها و وجود کوچه‌های باریک از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های کالبدى در بروز بزهکاری بوده‌اند. آزمون آماری همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین زیستگاه و بزهکاری افراد رابطه معنی‌داری وجود دارد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نیز نشان داد که مجموع متغیرهای پیش‌بین «مشخصات کالبدی و اجتماعی کانون‌های جرم خیز، خصوصیات اماکن مناطق، محیط فیزیکی و عناصر اقلیمی»، حدود 32 درصد متغیر ملاک تحقیق بزهکاری را تبیین نمودند که مؤلفه «مشخصات کالبدی کانون‌های جرم خیز»، بیشترین سهم را در تبیین متغیر ملاک داشته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Investigating the Role of Habitat in the Geography of Urban Crimes in the city of Miandoab
نویسنده [English]
- Jamal Beigi
Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
چکیده [English]
The crime scene always has a fixed nature and a specific physical space with physical restrictions. Human beings are always creating environmental diversity, and urban crime therefore increases as social relation criteria multiply. To cope with this habitat of crimes, every necessary measure must be taken to prevent interaction between the adjunct and induced elements and the environmental one. The present descriptive-analytical applied research involves a library and field investigation. The research population included 268 criminals in the city of Miandoab, Iran arrested or imprisoned during the period from April to September 2016 at police stations and administrative units, from among whom 122 were selected based on Cochran’s sample size formula. For investigation of the role of residence in the geography of urban crime in Miandoab, therefore, the literature on the topic was explained using psychological theories, criminal sociology, and the geography of urban crime, and the field analysis was based on the information received from the research population. Through an examination of the geographic model of urban crime in Miandoab using the kernel density estimation model, it was found that Kuye Qara Varan, Kuye Vali Abad, Janbazan Street, and Kuye Vakil Kandi suffered from very high crime rates. The most significant crimes committed in the city included bag snatching, public property damage, vagrancy and begging, clashes, street fighting, and footpadding. In an examination of the impacts of residence on various types of crime, it was demonstrated that environmental elements most seriously affected crimes such as theft and drug addiction. It was also indicated in a study of the features of crime scenes that large numbers of old, inexpensive houses had the greatest role in the commitment of crime. According to the analysis results, the improper design of buildings and presence of narrow alleys were two of the most important physical features affecting crime commitment. Pearson’s correlation test showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between residence and crime. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the set of predictor variables including the physical and social characteristics of crime hotspots, specifications of places and districts, physical environment, and climatic elements accounted for about 32% of the crime research criterion variable, where the physical characteristics of crime hotspot component contributed most. The importance of the findings of the present research as compared to the previous scientific and organizational studies lies in the demonstration of the fundamental point that criminal geography has a constant nature and a particular physical atmosphere with physical limitations. Due to the progressive, evolutionary attitude of urbanization in Iran, residence diversity is always observed, and crimes increase also as social relation criteria multiply. Therefore, all modern techniques concerning environmental security in urban spaces should be employed in urban engineering to prevent interaction between the adjunct and induced elements and the residential element, combination of which ensures the existence of urban crime.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Residence
- Crime
- Geography of Urban Crime Theories
- Chicago School
- Miandoab
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