نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• زهرا صادقی ¹
• مجتبی انصاری ²
• مهدی حقیقت بین ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری معماری منظر، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

² دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

³ استادیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

پارک­های محله­ای در ارتباط بین مردم با طبیعت نقش مهمی را ایفا می­کنند. در واقع فضای سبز مهمترین انگیزه برای حضور و تفریح در پارک است. به منظور ارتقای کیفیت فضای سبز پارک­های محله­ای و افزایش مشارکت مردمی، طراحی منظر پارک در ارتباط با ترجیحات مردم و ادراک آنها از منظر مطلوب ضروری به نظر می­رسد، در حالی که در این زمینه کاستی­هایی وجود دارد. از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی پسندهای بصری مردم در راستای طراحی مطلوب پوشش گیاهی است. پژوهش حاضر قصد دارد این پسندها را در زمینه ترکیب فضایی پوشش گیاهی بر اساس شاخصه مهم و تأثیرگذار مقیاس بصری، مورد مطالعه قرار دهد. در این بررسی عوامل زمینه­ای سن، جنسیت و تفاوت­ سطح اجتماعی _ اقتصادی در نظر گرفته شد. روش پژوهش حاضر ترکیب روش کیفی و کمی است؛ ابتدا با مطالعه منابع و مشاهده میدانی ترکیب فضایی گیاهان در ایجاد انواع مقیاس بصری مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت سپس برای روش علی _ مقایسه­ای، داده‌ها مبتنی بر پیمایش جمع‌آوری شدند. با نمونه‌گیری تصادفی، 363 نفر از مراجعه­کنندگان به پارک‌های محله­ای در دو منطقه شهر تهران، مورد پرسش قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج تحلیل داده­ها بیانگر این مهم است که بین نظرات پاسخ­دهندگان در زمینه مقیاس بصری مطلوب در گروه­های مختلف تفاوت کمی قابل مشاهده است.  برای همه گروه­ها مقیاس بصری کاملاً بسته و دید کاملاً باز مطلوب نیست. مناظر با مقیاس بصری میانه و دید باز در فضای سایبانی مطلوب­تر هستند. بر اساس یافته­های پژوهش حاضر، الگوی کاشت بر اساس ترکیب گیاهان در لایه های عمقی فضای سبز و در ارتفاعات مختلف پیشنهاد شد. پژوهش حاضر گام­های نخستین را در برنامه­ریزی منظر براساس آگاهی از پسندهای عمومی برداشته و این یافته­ها ارائه کننده راهکارهای عملی برای طراحی کاشت در منظر هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مقیاس بصری
• ترکیب فضایی گیاهان
• پارک محله
• پسندهای بصری منظر

موضوعات

• معماری شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Planting Pattern Based on Desirable Visual Scale in Neighborhood Parks (Case Study: Neighborhood Parks in Districts 18 and 1 of Tehran)

نویسندگان [English]

• zahra sadeghi ¹
• Mojtaba Ansari ²
• Mehdi Haghighat Bin ³

¹ Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

² Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

³ Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights

The spatial configuration of vegetation creates the visual scales and the different visual accesses in green spaces.
Closed visual scales and open visual scales are not desirable for neighborhood park users.
Users prefer semi-open visual scales and open visibility under canopy landscape for park landscape.
Women’s preferences demonstrated that greater green space confinement is more desirable for them.

 
Introduction
Neighborhood parks play an important role in the relationship between people and the nature. In fact, vegetation and planting are the most important motivations for attendance of and recreations available in parks. For improvement of the quality of green spaces in neighborhood parks and enhancement of public participation, it is necessary to design the park landscape with respect to people’s preferences and their perceptions of the desired landscape, while there are some shortcomings in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate people’s visual preferences in order to optimally design vegetation in neighborhood parks. A neighborhood park is a small green space (about two hectares large) with a penetration radius of about one kilometer, and it is readily accessible on foot from residential areas. The present research aimed to study these preferences in the field of spatial configuration of vegetation based on a visual scale. The visual scale is an important, effective feature in the creation of confinement and control of visual access. In this study, the underlying factors of age, gender, and socio-economic class differences were considered. Due to the difference in economic level in the northern and southern regions of Tehran, neighborhood parks in these two regions and their users were selected for evaluation. Five neighborhood parks in each region were considered purposefully.
Methodology
The method adopted in the present research was a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches. First, the spatial configuration of vegetation in the creation of different types of visual scale was investigated, and five categories of visual scale were identified. Images were provided of the vegetation compositions of neighborhood parks with high income levels (region 1) and low income levels (region 18). After consultation with the elite, the images were categorized based on a variety of visual scales. The visual questionnaire consisted of two images for each visual scale, where landscape desirability was examined with a Likert scale. Using random sampling, 363 people who visited neighborhood parks in the two areas of Tehran (District 1 and District 18) completed the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS. After their collection, the homogeneity of variance was first examined through the Levin variance homogeneity test for comparison of the user preferences in terms of the type of landscape, and the results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the variances of the variables in the groups (P_S ˂ 0.05). Therefore, one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the studied variables between the groups, and the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to control Type I error if there was a significant difference between the opinions.
Results and discussion
The results of the present research indicated that there were different visual preferences for the images. Thus, the closed visual scale and open visual scale between all the groups were undesirable, as well as the semi-open visual scale and open visibility under canopy landscape between all the participating groups. Among the studied underlying factors (difference in the income levels in the regions, age, and gender), gender exhibited little effect on the formation of the landscape preferences, and women preferred more enclosed landscapes.
Conclusion
The results of this research demonstrated given the desirability of semi-open images that the spatial configuration of vegetation formed through planting and pruning should not allow for any visual barrier in the foreground layer while planting at the observer’s line of vision is obstructed in the background layer and sporadically in the middle layer. Moreover, it is desirable for plant height to be less than the observer’s line of vision and for tree canopies to be placed at heights greater than the observer’s visibility in the background layer. Due to the desirability of open visibility under canopy images, it is possible to provide favorable climatic conditions through selection of a combination of canopy umbrella trees of two types, fallow and non-fallow, which also allows for wide visual access. Due to the unfavorable landscape of the closed view, it is not appropriate to practice such planting at the observer’s line of vision in the foreground layer of the view. It is also necessary to avoid open visual scale design, where the coating exhibits low density in all the three layers. Regarding the influence of underlying factors, it can be stated that the landscape preferences for optimal visual access were almost the same for the different groups, but the women were more inclined to prefer semi-open visual-scale images due to the need for privacy and security, and images with closed vision were less favorable for them. Thus, the proposed species could be proposed given their heights for all the three layers of foreground, middle ground and background, according to the obtained patterns. The present study took the first steps in landscape planning based on awareness of public preferences, and these findings provide practical solutions for landscape planting design.
Acknowledgment
This article has been taken from a doctoral dissertation entitled Promoting Cultural Services of Urban Green Spaces Based on the Visual Assessment of Landscape: A Case Study of Urban Parks in Tehran, developed by the first author under the supervision of the second author and the advisory of the third author in the Faculty of Art of Tarbiat Modares University. The dissertation has enjoyed financial and spiritual support from the Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center as a research project.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Visual Scale
• Spatial Configuration of Plants
• Neighborhood Park
• Landscape Vision
• Preference