نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سارا صالحی ¹
• حسن سجادزاده ²
• محمد سعید ایزدی ³
• کسری کتاب اللهی ⁴

¹ کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، گروه طراحی شهری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

² دانشیار، گروه طراحی شهری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

³ استادیار، گروه طراحی شهری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

⁴ دانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران.

چکیده

سینما بستری بدیع برای بازخوانی رابطه کالبد و روانِ شهر معاصر است. ارتباط مستمر شهر و سینما بر اهمیت تأثیرگذاری و تأثیرپذیری توأمان بر شهرسازی و معماری افزوده است. با فرض کم­ توجهی به فضاهای شهریِ موفق، انسان­ مدار و مکان مند در سینمای ایران و از طرفی اهمیت نقش کارگردان در بهره­ گیری از معیارهای صحیح بازنمایی فضاهای شهری انسان­ مدار، این پژوهش اهداف 1_ بررسی ابعاد مختلف آثار منتخب سینمای داستانی ایران پس از انقلاب اسلامی سال 1357، 2_استخراج معیارهای خلق فضای شهری در آثار سینمای داستانی و 3_ پیشنهاد بازنمایی تصویر فضای انسان­ مدارتر شهری در سینمای ایران را دنبال می­ کند. چارچوب نظری پژوهش براساس روش اسنادی گردآوری شده و معیارهای نهایی مورد استفاده در تحلیل فیلم به ترتیب پنج مورد شامل دیدگاه فیلم ساز، کیفیت­ های پرداخت شده فضای شهری در فیلم، تنوع در استفاده از فضاهای شهر، نحوه پرداخت مکان، انواع فضاهای شهری و نوع پرسوناژ است. در انتخاب فیلم ­ها از روش دلفی، مصاحبه با اصحاب سینما و اساتید دانشگاه کمک گرفته شد و بر این اساس 53 فیلم داخلی منتخب در سینمای داستانی پس از انقلاب اسلامی، گزینش شد. در تحلیل فیلم­ ها از دو روش تحلیل محتوا براساس موضوع و فاعل بازنمایی و روش تحلیل محتوای ساخت گرایانه براساس نشانه­ شناسی استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می ­دهد که سینمای ایران به فضای شهری اجازه حضور نداده است. بنابراین لازم است، حرکت از سینما به شهر آغاز شود تا هم سینما با مردم ارتباط بیشتری برقرار کند و هم به شهر و فضاهای شهری در درک بهتر توسط شهروندان کمک شود. بر این اساس پیشنهاداتی برای خلق سکانس ­های انسانی­ تر و بازنمایی بهتر از شهر در سینمای ایران ارائه می ­گردد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• سینما
• شهر
• طراحی شهری
• فضای شهری
• تحلیل محتوا
• تهران

موضوعات

• طراحی شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the representation of urban spaces in the selected works of Iranian cinema with a focus on public spaces in Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

• sara salehi ¹
• Hassan sajadzadeh ²
• Mohammad Saied Izadi ³
• kasra ketabollahi ⁴

¹ Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

² Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

³ Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

⁴ Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz، Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights
- The relationship between the city and the movies was addressed, and the cinematic sequences were evaluated.
- Movie locations and the need to benefit from the diversity of urban spaces in Iran were addressed.
- The streets of big cities in Iranian movies are places to pass through, not to attend.
Introduction
The bond between the city and the movies is a two-way, strong one more than a century old. The movies has always been defined with respect to the city and urban spaces since the first days of its creation—late 19^th century.
If the audience perceives urban spaces as having various functions and appropriate spatial qualities in the movie, the perception is associated with the real space and causes different feedbacks than those spaces in the long term.
Despite the increasing global desire to use the cinematic image of the city to achieve various layers of information, the Iranian movies still fails to present a correct image of the city. The beating heart of every city, urban spaces are still not used in the Iranian movies in the general sense.
While large, important cities such as Paris, London, New York, and Berlin are always in a two-way relationship with the movies and urban spaces, where the city and the various relevant issues are always exposed to cinematic representations as everyday, critical, or praiseworthy matters, reflection on such issues is still heretical in Iran. Especially, critical reflection about Tehran, as the main location in the Iranian movies, has not received much attention. A way to understand the urban space is to represent the city, urban spaces, and the complex, contradictory whole using the movies. Therefore, the main purposes of this research are to 1- examine the characteristics of different periods of the Iranian movies from the beginning of its formation to 2019, 2- examine different dimensions of selected works of the Iranian fiction movies after the Islamic Revolution of 1978, 3- extract urban space creation criteria in the fiction movies works, and 4- represent the image of a more human-oriented urban space in the Iranian movies. The latter suggestion is made because it is assumed that the Iranian cinematographer can achieve a dialectic of indicating the positive and negative aspects of the existing spaces in the country’s cities by using the correct criteria for representation of urban spaces in the movies, thereby nurturing informed, insistent viewers and causing active measures on the part of environmental designers to create more humane spaces.
Theoretical Framework
The final criteria were evaluated with the methods of analyzing the content, watching the movie, and surveying the city in the movie. Based on the conceptual model, the final criteria include the following in the order specified from the filmmaker’s point of view: the qualities of the urban space in the movie, diversity in the use of urban spaces, method of payment for the place, types of urban space, and types of character. The criterion of diversity in urban spaces, which concerns the use of these spaces in different parts of the city (not only in a specific region) with the urban surveying method in the movie, seeks the diversity of urban spaces presented in the city of Tehran in the fiction movies of choice produced after the revolution, and the final map is generated in the GIS software. 5 more criteria were examined first in the most important movies produced after the revolution with the method of content analysis and movie watching.
Methodology
In a comparative study, what can help the researcher to achieve his goal is greater emphasis on simultaneous analysis and examination of contrasts, as practiced in this research.
Findings and Discussion
All the above points indicate that the Iranian moviemaker still considers the city and its imposed modernity to be the source of many problems.
Another issue emphasized by Iranian moviemakers is to demonstrate the constant development of the city and its spaces regardless of the events of the story and peoples’ wishes. In some movies, no emphasis is placed on the urban space if actually depicted, and it is regarded simply as a background for the events of the story. All locations are focused on certain areas in Tehran and the like.
Conclusion
The results of the research demonstrate that we have not been very successful in creation of urban spaces in the past decades, and the few spaces that have been created and recreated have not been welcomed by cinematographers for various reasons. Moreover, the represented urban areas have been restricted to certain areas in Tehran, which has been subject to the conditions mentioned in the section on findings.
Furthermore, most of the selected movies in the fiction and urban fields were filmed in Tehran, and we are faced all around Iran with a pure centralism in terms of selection of the location of filming in urban spaces despite the availability of a variety thereof. This process should be corrected to address different aspects of various cities in Iran in fiction movies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Movies
• City
• Urban Design
• Urban Space
• Content Analysis
• Tehran