نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• نسیم لیلی‌ئیون ¹
• احمد دانائی نیا ²

¹ دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و هنر، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.

² دانشیار، گروه مرمت و احیای بناها و بافت‌های تاریخی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

شاکله شکل‌گیری و توسعه هسته تاریخی شهر اصفهان مبتنی بر نظام مادی‌ها است. مادی‌ها در مقیاس کلان بر پیکره‌بندی و انتظام فضاهای شهری و در مقیاس خرد، بر استقرار واحدهای مسکونی اثر مستقیم داشته‌اند. این عنصر طی تغییراتی که عمدتاً پس از دهه ۴۰ ه.ش به وقوع پیوسته، به‌تدریج تبدیل به مانع توسعه فضاهای شهری_محلی گردیده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر تبیین شاخصه انعطاف‌پذیری مادی و اثرگذاری آن بر پیکره‌بندی مسکن است تا از این طریق، هم‌پیوندی مسکن با این عنصر حیاتی محقق گردد. پژوهش تلفیقی از روش کمی و کیفی است و در حوزه روش‌شناسی مبتنی بر مشاهده و تحلیل است. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و برداشت‌های میدانی به‌دست‌آمده و نتایج مبتنی بر دو روش استنباطی و تحلیل محتوا استخراج‌شده است. اطلاعات پایه از طریق عکس‌های هوایی دهه 40 ه.ش استخراج و به کمک نرم‌افزار Autocad، GIS و Depthmap تحلیل‌شده است. یافته‌ها بیانگر شکل‌گیری نظام پیکره‌بندی مسکن بر پایه چهار شاخص الگوی ساخت، مساحت، نسبت فضای پر به فضای خالی و یکپارچگی و انسجام فضایی است. سازگارترین الگوی ساخت مسکن، الگوی یک‌جبهه ساخت و تمام‌ساخت و پس‌ازآن الگوهای U شکل و L شکل است. در رابطه با شاخص مساحت، عرصه‌های مسکونی با مساحت ۲00-500 مترمربع و پس‌ازآن ۵۰۰-۱۰۰۰ مترمربع و در شاخص نسبت پر به فضای خالی، عرصه‌هایی با مقادیر (7/0-96/0) دارای بیشترین میزان انعطاف‌پذیری هستند. در رابطه با شاخص یکپارچگی و انسجام فضایی نیز حداکثر میزان شاخص به محور مادی‌ها، گذرهای متصل به مادی و خیابان‌های اصلی حاشیه محله را شامل می‌شود. نتیجه نشان می‌دهد که معماری مادی مهم‌ترین الگوی طبیعی است که در شکل‌گیری واحدهای مسکونی و ایجاد هم‌پیوندی در همه نقاط محله اثرگذار است. به‌منظور تقویت این الگو، طراحی مسکن مبتنی بر چهار شاخصه برشمرده شده نقش‌آفرین است. در مقابل عدم توجه به این شاخصه‌ها، تأثیرات منفی فراوانی را بر پیکره‌بندی مسکن و نظام محله‌ها به همراه خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اصفهان
• مادی
• طراحی مسکن
• پیکره‌بندی
• انعطاف‌پذیری

موضوعات

• بازآفرینی و تجدید حیات بافت تاریخی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The flexibility indicators of Madies (water channel) on the housing configuration system in Isfahan city

نویسندگان [English]

• Nasim Leilieyoun ¹
• Ahmad Danaeinia ²

¹ Department of Conservation and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Urban Fabrics, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, University of Kashan, Isfahan, Iran.

² Department of Conservation and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Urban Fabrics, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights

The formation and development of the city of Isfahan are based on the system of "Madi" (water channels).
Madi architecture is the most flexible natural pattern that affects the layout and construction of residential spaces.
Flexibility based on the construction building, area, built-to-open space ratio, and spatial integrity and coherence has the greatest impact on configuration.
Axes with Madi branches have the highest level of interconnection and the lowest level of isolation from other parts of the neighborhood.

 
Introduction
The formation and development of the historical core of the city of Isfahan are based on the system of "Madi" (water channels). At the macro scale, the Madi has directly influenced the configuration and organization of urban spaces, and at the micro scale, it has directly impacted the location of residential units and as the backbone, they are responsible for connecting the components of the physical organization of the city. Considering the vital role of Madi in shaping the structure of the city and the housing system in Isfahan, flexibility - in the sense of the adherence of the housing construction pattern to the Madi system and a logical connection with it - is the most important factor in creating the housing configuration in the city of Isfahan.
With the onset of rapid physical changes from the 1960s onwards, the formation of residential spaces was not based on an integration with this natural system; in such a way that the continuation and survival of this urban element was endangered by the imposition of incompatible patterns and by losing its connection with the natural-historical context, it has caused forgetting the role of Madi as an archetype in the designed system and has brought about inappropriate changes in the residential architectural configuration system. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to explain the characteristic of the four factors of form, area, building occupancy, and spatial integrity and coherence are considered the most important factors affecting spatial configuration, the ultimate goal of which is formal and content (functional) coherence. Flexibility and its effect on the configuration of housing, in order to reveal the necessity of reconnecting housing architecture with this vital element.
 
 
Theoretical Framework
One of the important approaches in the field of architecture and urban planning is to pay attention to environments whose bodies have the ability to change and adapt to inevitable changes and are therefore called flexible; the Madi network in terms of connection with different parts of the city, adaptation to the spatial-physical principles of traditional Iranian urban planning, and coordination with the principles of sustainable and modern urban planning in the old fabric of Isfahan, It is an important part of the city's skeleton and plays an important role in the context and organization. Flexibility, in the sense of the housing construction pattern following the Madi system and logically linking it, has been the main factor in creating the housing configuration in the city of Isfahan, whereby the residential space becomes a responsive space in accordance with the user's needs.
The configuration approach is one of the centers of quantitative thought in morphological studies that seeks to find the structure of form and pattern of urban architecture. The movement created by spatial configuration is effective in the interconnection of spatially isolated textures with other urban areas and, depending on the skeletal structure of the city, causes a connection between different physical uses, the order of urban elements and activities. The four factors of form, area, building occupancy, and spatial integrity and coherence are considered the most important factors affecting spatial configuration, the ultimate goal of which is formal and content (functional) coherence.
 
Methodology
The research is a mixed-methods study, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Methodologically, it is based on observation and analysis. Data were collected in two phases: literature review and field surveys and the findings were extracted using deductive reasoning and content analysis.
Based on the results of library studies, four components of building form, area, built-to-open space ratio, and spatial integrity and coherence have been created as indicators of the Flexibility that is given to formation of a housing configuration. The studies were conducted on aerial photographs of Isfahan in the 1960s. Using a single-stage clustering method and indexing two indicators: "adjacency with Madi "and "historical authenticity", four neighborhoods were selected as samples and used in the component analysis. The form index was examined in this time period by reading the maps in the AutoCAD software environment; by calling the drawings in the GIS software, the area indices and the ratio of filled space to empty space were obtained, and the spatial integration and coherence index analysis was also extracted using axial maps in the Depth map software environment. In this way, access to qualitative research information is provided regarding the arrangement of residential units in the central neighborhoods of Isfahan.
Results and Discussion
Findings: This research demonstrates the relationship between Madi architecture and the city and neighborhood in the most flexible natural pattern that has been effective in the layout and construction of residential spaces. The study of the formation of the housing configuration system based on four indicators of construction pattern, area, ratio of filled space to empty space, and spatial integration and coherence is as follows:

The most adaptable housing construction pattern is the single- front and fully-built pattern, followed by U-shaped and L-shaped patterns.
. Regarding the area index, residential plots with an area of 200-500 square meters and subsequently 500-1000 square meters exhibit the highest flexibility.
. Regarding the built-to-open space ratio indicator, plots with values between 0.70-0.96 exhibit the highest flexibility.
Concerning the spatial integrity and coherence, the maximum index includes the axis of Madi, passages connected to Madi, and passages connected to the main streets on the periphery of the neighborhood.

Conclusion
The results of the analysis of the samples studied in the 40s of the AH and the pattern of the passages show that these neighborhoods, despite having an organic structure, had coherence and integrity. On the other hand, Madi architecture, in complete compliance with the city and neighborhood, was the most important natural pattern that was effective in the formation of residential units and the creation of interconnection in all places. In order to create or strengthen this pattern, housing design based on the four listed characteristics plays a role. Attention to these principles, in addition to preventing unprincipled and incompatible interference and occupation with the context on a micro (physical) and macro (Madi context) scale, provides the basis for organizing and further reconnecting the constituent elements of the neighborhood and the city.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Isfahan
• Madi
• housing design
• configuration
• flexibility