نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان

2 دکتری شهرسازی، استادیار دانشگاه هنر اصفهان

3 دکتری معماری، استادیار دانشگاه هنر اصفهان

4 دکتری شهرسازی، دانشیار دانشگاه هنر اصفهان

چکیده

با پیشرفت سریع فناوری و در پی آن رشد روزافزون جمعیت شهری، توسعه‌ی محلات مسکونی امری اجتناب‌ناپذیر بوده است. ساخت‌وسازهای خارج از ضابطه، تغییرات شکلی بافت‌های شهری و عدم تطابق آن با ویژگی‌های اقلیمی، افزایش تقاضای انرژی مصرفی ساختمان‌ها را به دنبال داشته است. به‌گونه‌ای که بخش عمده‌ای از انرژی که در شهرها به مصرف می‌رسد به ساختمان‌های مسکونی تعلق دارد و یکی از عوامل تأثیرگذار بر این مسئله شکل بافت شهری است. اما اغلب پژوهش‌هایی که تاکنون در این حوزه انجام‌شده است، به بررسی اثرات شکل شهری بر مصرف سوخت حمل‌ونقل پرداخته‌اند و یا مصرف انرژی ساختمان‌ها را در مقیاس خرد ارزیابی نموده‌اند. ازآنجایی‌که عملکرد حرارتی ساختمان‌ها در مقیاس‌های فراتر از مقیاس ساختمانی متفاوت می‌باشد، این مسئله اهمیت تحلیل عملکرد حرارتی ساختمان‌ها را در مقیاس‌هایی بالاتر نظیر واحد همسایگی برای محققین روشن می‌سازد. لذا این پژوهش در پی آن است که با به کارگیری رویکرد ریخت-گونه شناسانه و سنجش مصرف انرژی اولیه گرمایشی، سرمایشی و روشنایی ریخت‌گونه‌های مختلف، به بررسی روابط بین شاخص‌های ریخت شناختی و مصرف انرژی اولیه بپردازد و بر اساس معیار انرژی اولیه، الگوهای کارآمد و ناکارآمد را شناسایی نماید.  با توجه به ماهیت کاربردی این تحقیق، روش مورد استفاده در آن توصیفی-تحلیلی است و برای یافته اندوزی از روشهای اسنادی و میدانی( مشاهده، پرسشنامه)بهره جسته است. پژوهش حاضر در سه‌گام متفاوت تعریف‌شده، به‌طوری‌که نخست با مطالعات اسنادی به شرح مباحث کلیدی پرداخته، سپس بر اساس رویکرد ریخت-گونه شناسی و با روش میدانی، بافت مسکونی سپاهان شهر در مقیاس واحد همسایگی ریخت-گونه بندی شده است. در پایان نیز با مدلسازی مصرف انرژی اولیه سرمایشی، گرمایشی و روشنایی ریخت‌گونه‌های مختلف از طریق نرم‌افزار دیزاین بیلدر، نتایج بر اساس نگرش مقایسه‌ای، آزمون همبستگی و آنالیز واریانس تحلیل گردیده‌اند. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که، بین مصرف انرژی اولیه و شاخص‌های طرح چیدمان، مکان قرارگیری توده، فرم ساختمان، ارتفاع ساختمان، سطح معابر و فضاهای باز رابطه همبستگی قوی و بین مصرف انرژی اولیه و شاخص تناسبات بلوک رابطه همبستگی متوسط وجود دارد. همچنین بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تحلیل واریانس، الگوهای متداول ردیفی و الگوهای مربع شکل، به ترتیب کارآمدترین و ناکارآمدترین الگوی بافت مسکونی جدید به شمار می‌آیند. سایر الگوها نظیر گونه‌های L,I,T,H شکل ازلحاظ مصرف انرژی اولیه در سطح میانی قرار می‌گیرند و در این میان، الگوهای H شکل بهترین گزینه برای ساختمان متراکم چهار طبقه می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Typo-morphological evaluation of new residential urban texture in order to optimize primary energy consumption case study: Sepahanshahr

نویسندگان [English]

  • Golnaz Mortezaei 1
  • Mahmoud Mohammadi 2
  • Farshad Nasrollahi 3
  • Mahmoud Ghalehnoee 4

1 Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

4 Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Rapid progress in technology and, consequently, the increasing growth of urban population has inevitably led to the development of residential neighborhoods. Changes in the form of urban texture and their inconsistency with climatic features, together with the rise of energy demand, have had manifold adverse consequences such as global warming and climate change.   According to previous research, most energy in cities is consumed by residential buildings which is highly affected by the city shape, an issue which needs to be amended. Therefore, since buildings account for a significant portion of energy consumption in cities, wise decisions should be made for designing new urban textures that reduce energy consumption. Research on urbanism and energy efficiency has offered different views. The vast majority of studies conducted on the optimization of energy consumption in urban areas have focused on the impact of urban shape on fuel consumption in transportation or have evaluated energy consumption in micro scales. But, as thermal performance changes in scales beyond the building scale, researchers must analyze the thermal performance of buildings in larger scales such as neighborhoods. The missing part in this field is the assessment of energy consumption in neighborhoods. To fill this gap, the present paper attempts to assess the primary energy consumption of cooling, heating and lighting systems in new patterns of residential texture on neighborhood scale. Afterwards, on the basis of primary energy criterion, efficient and inefficient patterns are identified and, finally, some strategies are provided for optimizing energy consumption in new residential areas. The present study is an applied research conducted using descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected by documentary and field methods. In the first step, the concepts of primary energy, energy efficiency, and typo-morphology approach are described and analyzed in order to formulate the theoretical framework of the research. The relationship between microclimate and morphology is also investigated. Then, following the typo-morphology approach, the residential texture of Sepahan Shahr, Esfahan, Iran, is categorized on the neighborhood scale. Finally, simulating the primary cooling, heating, and lighting equipments’ energy consumption in the residential textures via Design Builder software, results are analyzed based on the comparative approach and statistical tests. The results show that there is a strong correlation between primary energy consumption and indicators of design layout, mass placement, form of the building, height of the building, and open spaces. Also, there is a moderate correlation between primary energy consumption and block proportions. Moreover, based on the results from the variance analysis, common row patterns and square-shaped patterns are the most and least efficient patterns of new residential textures, respectively, though the lighting systems’ energy consumption is lower in square-shaped patterns. Other patterns, such as H, T, I, and L shapes are in mid-level for primary energy consumption. Among these patterns, the H-shape is the best choice for four-storey buildings with high-density.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Primary Energy
  • New Residential Texture
  • Neighborhood
  • Typo-Mrphology
  • Simulation
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·         Andreou, E. (2014). The effect of urban layout, street geometry and orientation onshading conditions in urban canyons in the Mediterranean. Renewable Energy,Vol:63, 587-596.
·         Bahreini, H.(2011). Urban Design Process, 8th edition, Tehran: University of Tehran press.[In Persian]
·         Cheng, V., Steemers, K., Montavon, M. & Compagnon, R. (2006). Urban Form, Density and Solar Potential. PLEA, The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 701-706.
·         Compagnon, R. (2004). Solar and Daylight Availability in the Urban Fabric. Energy and Buildings,Vol.36, No. 4:321-328. 
·         Conzen,M.R.G.(1960(.Alnwick,Northumberland:a study in town ـplan analysis ,Institute of British Geographers Puplication 27, London, George,Vol.36,No. 4: 321–28.
·         Dhakal , S. , K. Hanakiand A. Hiramatsu , 2003 : Estimation of heat discharges by residential buildings in Tokyo. Energy Conversion and Management ,Vol.44, No.9:1487–1499.
·         Energy balance sheet.(2003).Iran: Ministry of Energy. [In Persian]
·         Ewing, R and  Rong,F. (2008).The Impact of Urban form on US Residential Energy Use,Housing Policy Debate, Vol.19,No.1: 1–30.
·         Franchi, R.John.(2004).Technology and directions for the Future,Oxford: Elsevier.
·         Gropius, W. (1965). The New Architecture and the Bauhaus,Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A: MIT Press.
·         Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D. J., Ichinose, T., Keirstead, J. E., Sammer, G., Satterthwaite, D., Schulz,N. B., Shah, N., Steinberger, J. & H. Weisz.(2012). Urban Energy Systems. In Global Energy Assessment-Toward a Sustainable Future .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1307-1400.
·         Gupta, V.K. (1984). Solar radiation and urban design for hot climates. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,Vol:11,No 4: 435-454.
·         Huovila, P., Ala-Juusela, M., Melchert, L., & Pouffary, S. (2007). Buildings and climate change. Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on November 8,2011,fromhttp://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/dtix0916xpa-buildingsclimate.pdf
·         International Energy Agency. (2013). world energy outlook Retrieved on 12 November 2013 from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2013.pdf.
·         Ko, Y.(2013). Urban form and residential energy use: A review of design principles and research findings. Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 28, NO.4: 327-351.
·         Kristjansdottir,S.(2001).The integration of architectural and geographical concepts in urban morphology:preliminary thoughts,proceedings of the international Seminar on Urban Form, September 5-9,2001, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, bls, 112-113.
·         Kropf, K. (1998). Typological Zoning. In Typological Process and Design Theory. Attilio Petruccioli (ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.
·         Martin, L. (1967). Architects’ approach to architecture. RIBA Journal. Vol:74.No.5: 191–200.
·         Moudon, A. (1994).Getting to Know the Built Landscape: Typo-morphology.in Frank K. and Schneekloth L. (eds.), Ordering Space, Types in Architecture and Design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
·         Nasrollahi , F.(2011).Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Designing New Generation Office Building pilot project, The 9th International Energy Conference in Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
·         Nasrollahi, F.(2013). Green office buildings: low energy demand through architectural energy Efficiency, Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin.
·         Nasrollahi,F.(2009).Climate an Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates,Berlin: Univerlagtuberli press.
·         Permana , A.S, & Perera, R., & Kumar, S. (2008). Understanding energy consumption pattern of households in different urban development forms: A comparative study in Bandung City, Indonesia. Energy Policy,Vol. 36,No.11:287–4297.
·         Pont, M. B. & Haupt,p. (2005). The Spacemate: Density and the Typomorphology of the Urban Fabric. Nordisk Arkitektur Forskning,Vol.4:55-68.
·         Radberg J., (1996).Towards a Theory of Sustainability and Urban Quality: A New Method for Typological Urban Classification, in Gray M., (ed.), Evolving Environmental Ideals: Changing Ways of Life, Values and Design Practice, Book of Proceedings for the 14th Conference of the International Association for People- Environment Studies, Stockholm,384-392.
·         Rapoport, A. (1990).Vernacular Architecture, in Turan M., (eds.); Current Challenges in the Environmental Social Sciences. England: Avebury, Aldershot.
·         Ratti, C, Baker,N & Steemers,K. (2005).Energy Consumption and Urban Texture. Energy and Buildings, Vol.37, No.7:62–76.
·         Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P., & Schofield, J. (2014). Cities and energy:Urban morphology and residential heat-energy demand. Environment andPlanning B: Planning and Design, Vol.41, No. 1: 138-162.
·         Salat, S. (2009). Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behavior. Building Research & Information, Vol.37, No. 5:589-609.
·         Strømann-Andersen, J., Sattrup, P.a. (2011). The urban canyon and building energy use: Urban density versus daylight and passive solar gains. Energy and Buildings, Vol.43, No.8:2011-2020.
·         Tahbaz, M.(2013). Climatic Knowledge Climatic Design, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian]
·         Taleghani, M., Tenpierik, M., van den Dobbelsteen & A., de Dear, R. (2013). Energy use impact of and thermal comfort in different urban block types in the Netherlands. Energy and Buildings, Vol.67: 166-175.
·         Tavassoli, M.(2012). Urban Structue  and Architecture in the Hot Arid Zone on Iran, 2th edition: Tehran: Payam Peivand No Press. [In Persian]
·         Trache, H. (2001). Promoting urban design in development palns: Typo-morphological approachs in Montreuil. Urban Design International, Vol.6, No.3: 157-172.
·         United Nations.( 2007). City Planning Will Determine Pace of Global Warming, Retrieved November 8,2011,from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gaef3190.doc.htm.
·         Vance, c. & Hedel, R. (2007). The impact of urban form on automobile travel: disentangling causation from correlation. Transportation,Vol. 34,No.5:575–588.
·         Vartholomaios, A. (2017). A parametric sensitivity analysis of the influence of urban form ondomestic energy consumption for heating and cooling in aMediterranean city, Sustainable Cities and Society,Vol. 28:135-145.
·         Yao, R. and Steemers, K. (2005). A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK. Energy and Buildings, Vol.37, No.6: 663–671.
·         Zakerhaghighi,K., Majedi,H. & Habib,F.(2010). Identifying effective indicators for typology of urban fabrics.Hoviate Shahr.Vol.4, No. 7: 105-112. [In Persian]
·         Adolphe, Luc. (2001). Modelling the link between built environment and urban climate: towards simplified indicators of the city environment, Seventh International IBPSA Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 679-684.
·         Andreou, E. (2014). The effect of urban layout, street geometry and orientation onshading conditions in urban canyons in the Mediterranean. Renewable Energy,Vol:63, 587-596.
·         Bahreini, H.(2011). Urban Design Process, 8th edition, Tehran: University of Tehran press.[In Persian]
·         Cheng, V., Steemers, K., Montavon, M. & Compagnon, R. (2006). Urban Form, Density and Solar Potential. PLEA, The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 701-706.
·         Compagnon, R. (2004). Solar and Daylight Availability in the Urban Fabric. Energy and Buildings,Vol.36, No. 4:321-328. 
·         Conzen,M.R.G.(1960(.Alnwick,Northumberland:a study in town ـplan analysis ,Institute of British Geographers Puplication 27, London, George,Vol.36,No. 4: 321–28.
·         Dhakal , S. , K. Hanakiand A. Hiramatsu , 2003 : Estimation of heat discharges by residential buildings in Tokyo. Energy Conversion and Management ,Vol.44, No.9:1487–1499.
·         Energy balance sheet.(2003).Iran: Ministry of Energy. [In Persian]
·         Ewing, R and  Rong,F. (2008).The Impact of Urban form on US Residential Energy Use,Housing Policy Debate, Vol.19,No.1: 1–30.
·         Franchi, R.John.(2004).Technology and directions for the Future,Oxford: Elsevier.
·         Gropius, W. (1965). The New Architecture and the Bauhaus,Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A: MIT Press.
·         Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D. J., Ichinose, T., Keirstead, J. E., Sammer, G., Satterthwaite, D., Schulz,N. B., Shah, N., Steinberger, J. & H. Weisz.(2012). Urban Energy Systems. In Global Energy Assessment-Toward a Sustainable Future .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1307-1400.
·         Gupta, V.K. (1984). Solar radiation and urban design for hot climates. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,Vol:11,No 4: 435-454.
·         Huovila, P., Ala-Juusela, M., Melchert, L., & Pouffary, S. (2007). Buildings and climate change. Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on November 8,2011,fromhttp://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/dtix0916xpa-buildingsclimate.pdf
·         International Energy Agency. (2013). world energy outlook Retrieved on 12 November 2013 from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2013.pdf.
·         Ko, Y.(2013). Urban form and residential energy use: A review of design principles and research findings. Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 28, NO.4: 327-351.
·         Kristjansdottir,S.(2001).The integration of architectural and geographical concepts in urban morphology:preliminary thoughts,proceedings of the international Seminar on Urban Form, September 5-9,2001, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, bls, 112-113.
·         Kropf, K. (1998). Typological Zoning. In Typological Process and Design Theory. Attilio Petruccioli (ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.
·         Martin, L. (1967). Architects’ approach to architecture. RIBA Journal. Vol:74.No.5: 191–200.
·         Moudon, A. (1994).Getting to Know the Built Landscape: Typo-morphology.in Frank K. and Schneekloth L. (eds.), Ordering Space, Types in Architecture and Design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
·         Nasrollahi , F.(2011).Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Designing New Generation Office Building pilot project, The 9th International Energy Conference in Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
·         Nasrollahi, F.(2013). Green office buildings: low energy demand through architectural energy Efficiency, Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin.
·         Nasrollahi,F.(2009).Climate an Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates,Berlin: Univerlagtuberli press.
·         Permana , A.S, & Perera, R., & Kumar, S. (2008). Understanding energy consumption pattern of households in different urban development forms: A comparative study in Bandung City, Indonesia. Energy Policy,Vol. 36,No.11:287–4297.
·         Pont, M. B. & Haupt,p. (2005). The Spacemate: Density and the Typomorphology of the Urban Fabric. Nordisk Arkitektur Forskning,Vol.4:55-68.
·         Radberg J., (1996).Towards a Theory of Sustainability and Urban Quality: A New Method for Typological Urban Classification, in Gray M., (ed.), Evolving Environmental Ideals: Changing Ways of Life, Values and Design Practice, Book of Proceedings for the 14th Conference of the International Association for People- Environment Studies, Stockholm,384-392.
·         Rapoport, A. (1990).Vernacular Architecture, in Turan M., (eds.); Current Challenges in the Environmental Social Sciences. England: Avebury, Aldershot.
·         Ratti, C, Baker,N & Steemers,K. (2005).Energy Consumption and Urban Texture. Energy and Buildings, Vol.37, No.7:62–76.
·         Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P., & Schofield, J. (2014). Cities and energy:Urban morphology and residential heat-energy demand. Environment andPlanning B: Planning and Design, Vol.41, No. 1: 138-162.
·         Salat, S. (2009). Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behavior. Building Research & Information, Vol.37, No. 5:589-609.
·         Strømann-Andersen, J., Sattrup, P.a. (2011). The urban canyon and building energy use: Urban density versus daylight and passive solar gains. Energy and Buildings, Vol.43, No.8:2011-2020.
·         Tahbaz, M.(2013). Climatic Knowledge Climatic Design, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian]
·         Taleghani, M., Tenpierik, M., van den Dobbelsteen & A., de Dear, R. (2013). Energy use impact of and thermal comfort in different urban block types in the Netherlands. Energy and Buildings, Vol.67: 166-175.
·         Tavassoli, M.(2012). Urban Structue  and Architecture in the Hot Arid Zone on Iran, 2th edition: Tehran: Payam Peivand No Press. [In Persian]
·         Trache, H. (2001). Promoting urban design in development palns: Typo-morphological approachs in Montreuil. Urban Design International, Vol.6, No.3: 157-172.
·         United Nations.( 2007). City Planning Will Determine Pace of Global Warming, Retrieved November 8,2011,from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gaef3190.doc.htm.
·         Vance, c. & Hedel, R. (2007). The impact of urban form on automobile travel: disentangling causation from correlation. Transportation,Vol. 34,No.5:575–588.
·         Vartholomaios, A. (2017). A parametric sensitivity analysis of the influence of urban form ondomestic energy consumption for heating and cooling in aMediterranean city, Sustainable Cities and Society,Vol. 28:135-145.
·         Yao, R. and Steemers, K. (2005). A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK. Energy and Buildings, Vol.37, No.6: 663–671.
·         Zakerhaghighi,K., Majedi,H. & Habib,F.(2010). Identifying effective indicators for typology of urban fabrics.Hoviate Shahr.Vol.4, No. 7: 105-112. [In Persian]