نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی دانشکده معماری وشهرسازی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران

2 دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران

چکیده

مفهوم منظر شهر همواره با پیچیدگی‌های فراوانی روبرو بوده است. از طرفی، مفهوم سیما نیز به ادبیات نظری رشته­های طراحی شهری، معماری منظر و معماری وارد گردیده است و بر ایهام این دو افزوده است. نبود وفاق دانشگاهی بر سر این دو مفهوم، سوء برداشت‌های بسیاری را موجب شده است. از طرفی، امروزه، واژه­های منظر و چشم انداز از معنای اولیه­ی خود فاصله گرفته­اند و به منظورهای مختلفی مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند. این مقاله تلاش دارد ضمن مرور مفهوم منظر در ادبیات موجود و برشمردن پیچیدگی­های این مفاهیم، ضرورت تدوین چارچوب نظری برای منظر شهری را نشان دهد. مرور مفاهیم نشان می­دهد مفهوم منظر متأثر از رهیافت­های مختلف فلسفه­ی علم بوده است و اکنون شاهد یک تغییر رهیافتی (پارادایمی) است که می­توان دگرگونی­های اجتماعی را نیز نشان دهد. این مطالعه نشان می­دهد تعریف پیشین منظر شهری مبتنی بر رهیافت­های «اثبات­گرایانه» (پوزیتویستی) و «عقل­گرایی انتقادی» است. با توجه به این دو رویکرد است که منظر شهری، مستقل از  جامعه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. تدوین چارچوب نظری برای منظر شهری، نیازمند بازنگری بنیادین در این رهیافت­هاست. رهیافتی که به جای توصیف صرف منظر و مؤلفه­های آن، به چرایی و چگونگی منظر بپردازد. این تحقیق از نوع کیفی است و در این راستا، از رهیافت واقع­گرایی علمی، جهت تدوین نظریه منظر شهری کمک گرفته است. با این نگاه و با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا و به کمک نظریات هانری لوفور، سعی در بازتعریف مفهوم منظر می­شود. منظر را نمی‌توان به منظر ذهنی و منظر عینی تقسیم کرد و رابطه‌ی این دو نیز تنها یک رابطه‌ی پدیدارشناختی نیست. بنابراین «منظر نه سوژه است و نه ابژه، بلکه برونداد یک واقعیت اجتماعی است که در یک ارتباط پدیدارشناسانه و نشانه‌شناسانه از سوی استفاده‌کنندگان از فضا به صورت پویایی مورد ادراک قرار می‌گیرد.»منظر به سه زیر تعریف تقسیم می­شود که به واسطه­ی نیروهای مؤثر بر منظر شهر، تولید و بازتولید می­گردند؛ «منظر ادراک‌شده»، «منظر تصور شده» و «منظر زیسته». سپس به کمک مفهوم نیروهای مؤثر بر منظر، تلاش می­شود ابهام­های نظریه تولید فضا رفع شده و آن را برای چارچوب نظری منظری شهری متناسب کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Theoretical framework Codification for urban scape using “the production of space” theory and influential forces on scape

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmaeil Shieh 1
  • Mostafa Behzadfar 2
  • ahmad ali namdarian 2

1 Iran University of Science and Technology

2 Iran University of Science and Technology

چکیده [English]

The concept of urbanscape has many complexities and ambiguities. These ambiguities lead to misunderstandings among the academic sources and professional circles. “Scape” and “landscape” have also deviated from their original meaning and nowadays are used for different purposes.  The concept of “image” and readability makes them more complex. Specially, the scape of cities has some common meanings with mystic literature in Iran leading to further misunderstanding. There are some disciplines referring to the concept of urbanscape, such as urban design, architecture and landscape architecture, and landscape urbanism. Each of these disciplines deems itself as the originator of the term “urbanscape”.
This article tries to review various literature on these two concepts and their complexities. Reviewing these concepts shows that urbanscape has been affected by different paradigms of the philosophy of science and, nowadays, there is a paradigm shift in this field.
This article shows that previous definitions have been based upon “positivist” and “critical rationality” paradigms. In these two approaches, urbanscape has been studied separate from the society. In line with this, urbanscape was considered as a physical dimension of the urban form or as perceptions of users. The development of a new theoretical framework for urbanscape needs fundamental reviewing in these paradigms. It needs a paradigm which justifies the “why” and “how” of urbanscape rather than just describing it. In other words, the new definition should pay attention to the mechanisms and basic structure of urbanscape.
This article uses the qualitative method. Reviewing Henri Lefebvre’s notions, it uses the paradigm of “scientific realism” to develop the theory of urbanscape. Urbanscape is then considered as the “output of society’s reality”, an intrinsic reality which is always reproduced. Urbanscape could not be divided into subjective and objective scape before, for the relation of these two is not just a phenomenological one. Lefebvre’s “production of space” theory is based on a new definition of dialectic leading to the concept of spatial trialectics.
From this point of view, a comprehensive framework is achieved by using phenomenology and semeiotic approach. According to these two approaches, urbanscape is not “subject or object” alone, it is also the output of a social fact conceived by users in a phenomenological and semiotic dynamic relation. Urbanscape is then divided into three categories which are produced and reproduced by influential forces on urbanscape. Perceived scape, conceived scape and lived scape are the three types of scape produced in a trialectic relation of influential forces.
These three scapes are phenomenological aspects of urbanscape. However, these three are produced by the semeiotic dimension. This dimension is the factors that can create the phenomenological aspect of scape and are called forces. Each force is trying to produce its own scape. There is a sort of complexity, competition and dialogue between the forces.
Therefore, urbanscape is neither a physical dimension nor a practical one; it has also social aspects produced by various forces.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Scape
  • Image
  • Production of Space
  • Perceived Scape
  • Conceived Scape and Lived Scape
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