نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دوره دکترای تخصصی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران
3 استاد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
با جدیتر شدن موضوع تابآوری شهری از سال 2005 میلادی (اجلاس هیوگو)، پژوهش در زمینه توانمندسازی مدیریت شهرها برای عملکرد مطلوبتر در زمان بروز حادثه، به طور ویژه مورد توجه قرار گرفت. این مسئله در شهرهایی که در آنها خطر زمین لرزه وجود دارد (مانند شهر قزوین) اهمیت دو چندانی پیدا کرده است. از آنجا که ساختار ستاد مدیریت بحران در شهر قزوین مشابه شهرهایی است که در سالهای اخیر عملکرد ناموفقی در برخورد با زلزله داشتهاند (مانند ورزقان، قصر شیرین و غیره)، مسئله اصلی (با توجه به خطر بالقوه زلزله در شهر قزوین) این است که ساختار این ستاد باید به چه صورت باشد تا بتواند عملکرد مطلوبتری نسبت به زمین لرزه داشته باشد. مقاله حاضر از نظر نوع روش توصیفی_تحلیلی است که ساختار ستاد مدیریت بحران شهر قزوین را مورد ارزیابی قرار میدهد. لازم به توضیح است که شهر قزوین به دلیل نزدیکی به گسلهای فشاری، همواره در معرض خطر زمین لرزه با شدت بسیار بالا قرار دارد. در بخش مبانی نظری با مطالعه اسناد مختلف، متغیرها و شاخصهای مطرح در تابآوری نهادی شناسایی گردیدند. سپس به تشریح ساختار ستاد مدیریت بحران شهر قزوین و الگوهای پیشنهادی در اسناد سازمان ملل متحد و سایر کشورهای موفق در برخورد با حوادث (همچون ژاپن و ایالات متحده امریکا) پرداخته شد. در بخش تحلیل یافتهها، ابتدا با ارزیابی متغیرها و شاخصها به روش CVR (نسبت روایی محتوایی) موارد ضروری با توجه به شرایط شهر قزوین شناسایی گردیدند. در این بخش از 30 کارشناس شهرسازی نظرسنجی به عمل آمد که در مجموع نُه متغیر و نُه شاخص با توجه به شرایط قزوین برای دستیابی به تابآوری نهادی برگزیده شدند. سپس پرسشنامهای در قالب طیف لیکرت تنظیم گردید که سئوالات این پرسشنامه براساس وظایفی است که قانون برای کارگروههای مختلف این ستاد مشخص کرده است. سئوالات به تفکیک کارگروههای مختلف دستهبندی شده و در هر سئوال متغیر و شاخص مورد هدف تعیین گردیده است. پس از نظرسنجی از 110 کارشناس حوزه شهرسازی، دادهها با کمک نرمافزار spss تحلیل شدند. با استفاده از آزمون T.Student وضعیت موجود متغیرها در شاخصهای مختلف برای این ستاد در شهر قزوین مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. برآیند نتایج نشان دهنده عدم توجه به متغیرهای نُهگانه اثرگذار بود. همچنین مقایسه ساختار ستاد مدیریت بحران شهر قزوین با الگوهای مطرح در دنیا، نشان دهنده آن بود که بر خلاف الگوهای موفق که از چهار بخش اصلی تشکیل شده بودند، ساختار این ستاد در شهر قزوین تنها از دو بخش نیروهای عملیاتی و اداری تشکیل شده است، که البته این دو بخش نیز نیازمند اصلاح سازمانی می باشند. در نتیجه ستاد مورد نظر برای تحقق تابآوری نهادی لازم است حول سه محور اقدام نماید. نخست، اصلاح ساختار ستاد برای رفع نواقص موجود، دوم، تغییر نگرش در نحوه مدیریت امور از حکومت به حکمروایی و سوم، مجهز شدن به فناوریهای نوین سختافزاری و نرمافزاری در راستای آمادگی و پیشگیری. اقدامات لازم حول سه محور فوق باید به صورت همزمان پیگیری شود تا اثربخشی لازم را نشان دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Analysis of Institutional resilience structure for transition from crisis management to urban management resilience against earthquake (Case Study: Qazvin City)
نویسندگان [English]
- Daryoush Ardalan 1
- zohreh davoudpour 2
- Keramatollah Ziari 3
1 PhD. Candidate, Department of Urban Planning, Architecture and Urban Planning faculty, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
2 Associate Prof, Department of Urban Planning, Architecture and Urban Planning faculty, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
3 Professor of Geography and Urban planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The high rates of financial and human loss in natural disasters (particularly in recent decades) have led various countries and organizations to seek effective theories in that regard. Since 2005 (the Hugo Summit), the issue of resilience has been pursued seriously, addressing the idea of empowering cities to perform better in the event of an accident. Iran is a country where a large number of natural disasters occur, and the city of Qazvin is at constant risk of severe earthquakes, as indicated by research, due to the crossing of dangerous pressure faults in its northern part. In Iran, particularly in Qazvin, urban management has delegated responsibility for addressing disasters to a "crisis management headquarters." Given that the structure of the headquarters in Qazvin is similar to those of similar entities in cities with unsuccessful backgrounds of performance in addressing earthquakes in recent years, the main issue in this regard is how to change the structure of the headquarters so that it can perform more favorably upon earthquakes.
This descriptive-analytical research considered the proposed headquarters structures and models as described in the UN documentations and those of countries having addressed such events successfully. Moreover, the variables and indicators examined in investigation of institutional resilience were identified. Qazvin’s crisis management headquarters was regarded as a dependent variable influenced by a number of independent variables, and its success depended on the conditions of those variables.
In the analysis of the findings, the required factors were first identified according to the conditions of Qazvin through assessment of the variables and indicators using CVR (the content validity ratio). A survey was conducted of 30 urban planning experts, in which a total of 9 variables and 9 indicators were selected to obtain institutional resilience.
A questionnaire was then prepared in the format of the Likert scale, where the questions were based on the tasks specified by the law for the different working groups at the headquarters and categorized on that basis, with the variable and the target index for each question specified. After a survey of 110 urban planning experts, the data were analyzed using SPSS. Using a Student’s t-test, the variables were assessed with different indicators for the headquarters under investigation. The results indicated a lack of concern for the 9 effective variables. Furthermore, a comparison of the structure of the headquarters to the models in use around the world demonstrated that it consisted of only two parts, including operating and administrative forces, unlike the successful models, which are composed of four main parts. It was also found that the above two departments of course need organizational reform. Thus, the headquarters needed to consider three measures to achieve institutional resilience. Firstly, the structure needed to be reformed to address the existing drawbacks. Secondly, the attitudes toward management needed to be changed from government to governance. Thirdly, equipment with new hardware and software technologies was needed for preparedness and prevention. The required measures in the above three areas should be taken simultaneously to exhibit the necessary effectiveness.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Crisis Management
- Institutional Resilience
- Qazvin
- Earthquake
Adeniyi, O., Perera, S., Ginige, K. (2018). Built environment flood resilience capability maturity model”, Procedia Engineering, 212: 776–783, Available from: www.sciencedirect.com
Akbari, SH., HabibiBabadi, M. (2015). Develop a model of resilience model for sustainable development of local communities in natural crisis management’ The Second National Conference on New Horizons in Empowerment and Sustainable Development, 1-11[In Persion].
Alizade, H., Heydarian, A. (2015). Resilient Areas, an Integrated Approach to Urban Change ", International Conference on New Research Achievements in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning [In Persion].
Azmi, A., Mirzaei, F., Darvishi, S. (2015). The place of indigenous knowledge in the management of natural hazards in rural areas ", Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 13, 23-29[In Persion].
Batica, J., Philippe, G. (2016). Resilience in Flood Risk Management - A New Communication Tool”, 12th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, HIC
Bodoque, J.M., Amerigo, M., Herrero, A. D., Olcina, J. (2016). Improvement of resilience of urban areas by integrating social perception in flash-flood risk management, Journal of Hydrology, journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol
Bozar jomhori, Kh., Javani, Kh., Katebi, M. (2015). ’ Optimal location of temporary housing hazards base in crisis management of rural areas’ Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 16, 1-19. [In Persion].
Caymaz, E., Akyon, F., Erenel, F. (2013). “A model proposal for efficient disaster management: the Turkish sample”, 9th International Strategic Management Conference, Available from: www.sciencedirect.com.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2016). Poverty & Death: Disaster Mortality 1996-2015. UNDRR. Available from: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/50589_creddisastermortalityallfinalpdf.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2020.
Davoudpour, Z., Shalchi, F. (2015). Approaches of Gentrification Model to Gentrify and Rehabilitate Urban Old Context”, Space Ontology International Journal, 4 (15), 29-32.
Farzad Behtash, M., Keynezhad, M., Pirbabaei, M., Aghababei, M. (2015). ” Improving the resilience of Tabriz metropolis by implementing the model of disaster management and command system ", the 5th International Conference on Comprehensive Management of Natural Crises [In Persion].
FEMA (2018). FEMA Leadership Organizational Structure, Available from:https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/28183. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
General Office of Qazvin Crisis Management (2018). Structure of Qazvin Crisis Management. Qazvin: Qazvin Governorate. [In Persian].
Gimenez, R. (2016). “A maturity model for the involvement of stakeholders in the city resilience building process”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change
Greeshma, p., Manoj Kumar, K. (2016). “Disaster Resilience in Vulnerable cities through Neighbourhood Development: A case of Chennai”, Procedia Technology, 24
Hajizade, E., Asghari, M. (2011). ’ Statistical methods and analysis by looking at research methods in biological and health sciences’, University Jihad, First Edition[ In Persion].Hsien Ho, Ch., Chen, J. L., Yagi, N., Lu, H. J. (2016). Mitigating uncertainty and enhancing resilience to climate change in the fisheries sector in Taiwan: Policy implications for food security, Ocean & Coastal Management, 130: 355-372.
Islamic Consultative Assembly Research Center of the Islamic Republic Of IRAN (2008). Law on the formation of the country's crisis management organization. Tehran. Available from: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/134208. Accessed November 28, 2020. [In Persian].
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147: 38-49.
Nazarov, E. (2011). Emergency Response Management in Japan. Asian Disaster Reduction Center. Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Available from: https://www.adrc.asia/aboutus/vrdata/finalreport/2011A_AZE_Emin_FRR.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2020.
Nikkhah Farkhani, Z., Taheri, A. (2015).” The role of urban management in the realization of a resilient city ", 7th National Conference on Urban Planning and Management [In Persion].
Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs (2017). Organizational structure of Qazvin Municipality. Qazvin: Qazvin Municipality. [In Persian].
Porsharifi, J., Ghalenoe, M. (2014). ’ Urbanism has taken a positive approach in reducing the vulnerability of cities to natural and man-made ‘National Conference on New Theories in Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Islamic Azad University. [ In Persion].Rafieian, M., Matof, Sh., Naghshizadian, S. (2011). Measures of resilient community components in the urban crisis management process, Sofeh Magazine, 55[In Persion].
Ramezani, N., Ebrahimi Dehkordi, A. (2013). Sustainable urban development requires improving community resilience, the first international conference and the fourth national conference on urban development, Sanandaj Azad University [In Persion].
Saraei, M., Monafi, S. (2016). ” Integrated Crisis Management with Emphasis on the Safety of Vital Arteries in Tehran ", Quarterly Journal of Crisis Prevention and Management, Volume 6, Number 2[ In Persion].
Soheilipour, M., Montazerolhojah, M. (2011).” "A resilient city approach based on reducing the vulnerability of urban environments", National Conference of Crisis Management [In Persion].
Spaans, M., Waterhout, B. (2016). Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme, Cities, JCIT-01654.
Tayeb nia, S., Manouchehri, S. (2015). ” An Analysis of the Sustainability of Khav and Mirabad Villages in Marivan County ", Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, No. 16, pages 21-37 [In Persion].The United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2012). How to Make Cities More Resilient. Geneva. UNDRR. Available from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/26462. Accessed November 28, 2020.
The United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015_2030. UNDRR. Available from: https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030. Accessed November 28, 2020.
The United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2018). Summary of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. UNDRR. Available from: www.unisdr.org/files/8720_summaryHFP20052015.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2020.
Tyler, S., Nugraha, W., Nguyen, H. k., Nguyen, N. V., Sari, A. D., Thinpanga, P., Tran, Th. Th., Verma, Sh. Sh. (2016). Indicators of urban climate resilience: A contextual approach, Environmental Science & Policy, 66:420-426.
Vazife shenas, R., SHahinBaher, I. (2015). ” Investigating the System, Principles and Criteria of Resilience of Spatial and Physical Structure of Cities ", ICOHACC [In Persion].
Von Lubitz, D., Beakley, J., Patricelli, F. (2008). "Disaster Management: The Structure, Function, and Significance of Network-Centric Operations,"Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 42.
)