نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار شهرسازی، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

2 استادیار شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران.

10.34785/J011.2022.716

چکیده

امروزه تاب­آوری شهرها در برابر تهدیدات طبیعی و مصنوع یکی از مهمترین چالش­های نظام برنامه­ریزی و مدیریت شهری است. در این میان، بیماری­های همه­گیر یکی از تهدیدات نوظهوری هستند که به سبب گستردگی و رفتار غیرقابل پیش­بینی به شدت جوامع شهری را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده­اند. از همین­رو پژوهش حاضر مسئله تاب­آوری شهرها در برابر بیماری­های اپیدمیک و همه­گیر را مورد بحث و بررسی قرار داده است. روش تحقیق حاضر توصیفی_تفسیری و مبتنی بر مطالعات اسنادی و پیمایش میدانی است. بنابراین شهر کرمانشاه به عنوان قلمرو پژوهش انتخاب شده و تحلیل تاب­آوری آن در برابر همه­گیری بیماری کووید 19 در دستور کار قرار گرفته است. از این­ رو متغیرهای مرتبط با موضوع، از منابع معتبر داخلی و خارجی استخراج شده که ماحصل آن دستیابی به 19 متغیر در شش بعد اقتصادی_اجتماعی، زیست­محیطی، بهداشتی_درمانی، مدیریت شهری، زیرساخت­های شهری و ساختار شهری بوده است. در ادامه 19 متغیر تدوین شده به کمک روش تحلیل اثرات متقاطع در نرم­افزار Micmac وارد شده­اند و مقایسات زوجی میان متغیرها به روش دلفی و با مشارکت 15 کارشناس انجام پذیرفته است. یافته­ها نشان می­دهد، متغیرهای «زیرساخت خدمات کاری، اداری، آموزشی، پزشکی و ... از راه دور»، «دسترسی به فضاهای سبز و باز و کاربری­های تفریحی_ورزشی»، «دسترسی به خدمات و کاربری­های مقیاس محله­ای»، «ظرفیت تأسیسات و تجهیزات شهری همچون شبکه برق، اینترنت و ...» و «مدیریت واحد و یکپارچه در شرایط بحران» بیشترین تأثیرگذاری مستقیم و غیرمستقیم را بر دیگر متغیرهای تاب­آوری شهر کرمانشاه در مواجهه با همه­گیری کووید 19 دارند. علاوه بر این، دو متغیر «قابلیت محلات در پیاده­روی و دوچرخه­سواری» و «تقویت مشارکت مردمی و سرمایه اجتماعی جوامع محلی» دارای ماهیتی دووجهی در مسئله تاب­آوری شهر کرمانشاه هستند؛ بدین معنا که ضمن تأثیرگذاری بالا بر سایر متغیرها، از دیگر متغیرها نیز تأثیر می­پذیرند. تفسیر این یافته­ها و انطباق آن با پژوهش­های مشابه نشان می­دهد، تحقق تاب­آوری شهر کرمانشاه در مواجهه با بیماری­های همه ­گیر در گِرو حرکت به سمت «مدیریت واحد شهری»، «شهر دیجیتال»، «محله ­محوری» و «سرمایه اجتماعی» است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of Urban Resilience Against the Covid-19 pandemic (Case Study: Kermanshah)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Haghi 1
  • ehsan heidarzadeh 2

1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

2 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights
- The development of the Internet and electronic services contributes to the sustainability and resilience of cities against epidemics.
- Provision of neighborhood-scale land uses, especially green spaces and sports, is the first priority in the city of Kermanshah, Iran in the face of epidemics.
- The approaches of integrated urban management, digital cities, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital have a key role in promotion of resilience in Kermanshah.
 
Introduction
The worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 since the end of 2019 can be considered as one of the biggest challenges in recent decades, which has caused the issue of epidemic diseases to assume a prominent position in the atlas of natural and artificial hazards. The high rate of spread, high mortality rates, and severe damage to various economic and social sectors of societies indicates the importance of considering this key issue. According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus epidemic is a global crisis that is unique in contemporary history in terms of spatial extent, onset rate, and complexity. Therefore, the present study has sought to answer the following question: which urban resilience variables are associated with higher priority in the struggle against epidemic diseases in the city of Kermanshah, Iran?
Theoretical Framework
A community’s resilience to potential contingencies is determined by the degree to which it can access the required resources and its capability of organizing itself both in advance and when needed. Accordingly, a resilient community is one that functions prudently in reduction of risk, preparation for the various effects of risk, and acceleration of recovery from hazardous events.
Following the outbreak of Covid-19, it became clear that urban resilience extends beyond climate, landscape, ecology, and natural disasters. To raise the capability of an urban environment, therefore, such shocks need to be absorbed without significant changes in its structure or function. Hence, urban planners must seek to answer such questions as why urban planning has been inactive in control of the coronavirus epidemic crisis, and whether the concentration and distribution of population and activity has made city dwellers more vulnerable to diseases, terrorist attacks, and artificial and natural disasters. The answers to these questions are essential because there is ample evidence about the influence of urban form and design on the prevalence of epidemics.
Methodology
The present applied research involved interpretive description. The required information was collected in two ways: through library studies and questionnaires. For collection of data and identification of the initial variables through a review of various study sources, nineteen variables were finally selected for evaluation. After the variables were compiled, the studied sample was analyzed by the elite.
Since the Micmac software was used to analyze the data, the questionnaire involved a matrix of cross-adjustment effects, and was validated by experts. The data input to Micmac were obtained using the Delphi method and a questionnaire distributed among fifteen experts familiar with the conditions in Kermanshah (ten people with doctorate degrees and five with master’s degrees). In order to increase the validity of the data, prerequisites were considered such as explanation of the conceptual model based on the latest scientific research, the experts’ acquaintance with the case study, reception of the experts’ feedback about the final results, and independency of the experts.
Results and Discussion
The present study analyzed the influence of urban resilience against epidemics on the basis of nineteen variables. The findings demonstrated that the following variables had the greatest direct and indirect impacts on the other variables involved in resilience in Kermanshah in the face of Covid-19: the infrastructure for remote provision of professional, administrative, academic, and medical services, access to green and open spaces and recreation-and-sports land uses, access to services and neighborhood scale uses, capacity of urban facilities and equipment such as the electricity network and Internet, and unified, integrated management in crisis conditions. Moreover, the two variables capacity of neighborhoods for walking and cycling and enhancement of local communities’ public participation and social capital exhibited a two-dimensional nature in the issue of resilience in Kermanshah. This means that these variables are affected by others while greatly influencing them.
Conclusion
Based on the factors identified as drivers, suggestions should be made for their promotion. Therefore, four macro approaches were mentioned as priority plans through adaption of the driving factors to what had been proposed in previous studies, including integrated urban management, the digital city, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital. In fact, one can implicitly achieve urban resilience against epidemic diseases by placing such approaches at the forefront of the urban planning system.
The four proposed approaches are important because the synergy of measures taken in the public and private sectors is expected to improve and prevent waste of time and financial and human resources, aided by integrated urban management. Enhancement of the role of the digital city is important not only for provision of tools for identification and control of carriers of disease but also for better reduction of physical contact through telecommuting capacity, e-learning, online shopping, etc. Orientation toward the neighborhood is also considered significant as it reduces  long inter-neighborhood commute by meeting citizens’ daily and weekly needs on a neighborhood scale. In addition, if urban neighborhoods are properly designed, achievements such as pedestrianization and access to green and open spaces will be realized, which will play a key role in residents’ mental and physical health during quarantine. The impact of social capital is also important because epidemics can be managed only through the people’s empathy and collective will. In fact, as the disease spreads among the people, their support and participation can undeniably help to control it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban Resilience
  • Urban Vulnerability
  • Epidemic Disease
  • Covid-19
  • Kermanshah
AbouKorin, S. A. A., Han, H., & Mahran, M. G. N. (2021). Role of urban planning characteristics in forming pandemic resilient cities - Case study of Covid-19 impacts on European cities within England, Germany and Italy. Cities, 118, 103324.
Afrin, S., Chowdhury, F. J., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic: Rethinking Strategies for Resilient Urban Design, Perceptions, and Planning. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3.
Bashir, M. F., Ma, B., & Shahzad, L. (2020). A brief review of socio-economic and environmental impact of Covid-19. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(12), 1403-1409.
Bozza, A., Asprone, D., & Fabbrocino, F. (2017). Urban Resilience: A Civil Engineering Perspective. Sustainability, 9(1), 103.
Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Buffoli, M., Appolloni, L., Signorelli, C., Fara, G. M., & D'Alessandro, D. (2020). COVID-19 and Cities: from Urban Health strategies to the pandemic challenge. A Decalogue of Public Health opportunities. Acta Biomed, 91(2), 13-22.
Cariolet, J.-M., Vuillet, M., & Diab, Y. (2019). Mapping urban resilience to disasters – A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101746.
Chen, C., Xu, L., Zhao, D., Xu, T., & Lei, P. (2020). A new model for describing the urban resilience considering adaptability, resistance and recovery. Safety Science, 128, 104756.
Chen, X., & Quan, R. (2021). A spatiotemporal analysis of urban resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Yangtze River Delta. Natural Hazards, 106(1), 829-854.
Cheval, S., Mihai Adamescu, C., Georgiadis, T., Herrnegger, M., Piticar, A., & Legates, D. R. (2020). Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4140.
Chu, Z., Cheng, M., & Song, M. (2021). What determines urban resilience against COVID-19: City size or governance capacity? Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103304.
Du, M., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Tao, L., & Li, H. (2020). An operationalizing model for measuring urban resilience on land expansion. Habitat International, 102, 102206.
Eltarabily, S., & Elgheznawy, D. (2020). Post-Pandemic Cities - The Impact of COVID-19 on Cities and Urban Design. Architecture Research, 10(3), 75-84.
Feng, X., Xiu, C., Bai, L., Zhong, Y., & Wei, Y. (2020). Comprehensive evaluation of urban resilience based on the perspective of landscape pattern: A case study of Shenyang city. Cities, 104, 102722.
Fu, X., & Wang, X. (2018). Developing an integrative urban resilience capacity index for plan making. Environment Systems and Decisions, 38(3), 367-378.
Gholami, H., Panahi, A., & Ahmadzadeh, H. (2020). Future study of urban settlements resilience against environmental hazards with emphasis on corona pandemic (Case study: Tabriz metropolis). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 9(4), 179-199. [in Persian]
Heinzlef, C., Becue, V., & Serre, D. (2019). Operationalizing urban resilience to floods in embanked territories – Application in Avignon, Provence Alpes Côte d’azur region. Safety Science, 118, 181-193.
Hosseini, S. s. (2021). Urban resilience management in the face of corona pandemic (Case study of Isfahan). Chaharmahal &Bakhtiaris of police science, 1400(33), 99-122. [in Persian]
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Mustapha, K. B., Godsell, J., Adamu, Z., Babatunde, K. A., Akintade, D. D., . . . Koh, S. C. L. (2021). A critical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for circular economy strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, 105169.
Kakderi, C., Oikonomaki, E., & Papadaki, I. (2021). Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility. Sustainability, 13(11), 6486.
Kang, M., Choi, Y., Kim, J., Lee, K. O., Lee, S., Park, I. K., . . . Seo, I. (2020). COVID-19 impact on city and region: what’s next after lockdown? International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(3), 297-315.
Khazai, B., Anhorn, J., & Burton, C. G. (2018). Resilience Performance Scorecard: Measuring urban disaster resilience at multiple levels of geography with case study application to Lalitpur, Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 604-616.
Lak, A., Shakouri Asl, S., & Maher, A. (2020). Resilient urban form to pandemics: Lessons from COVID-19. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic Of Iran, 34(1), 502-509.
Lwin, K. K., & Murayama, Y. (2011). Modelling of urban green space walkability: Eco-friendly walk score calculator. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35(5), 408-420.
Martin, A., Markhvida, M., Hallegatte, S., & Walsh, B. (2020). Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Consumption and Poverty. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 4(3), 453-479.
Martínez, L., & Short, J. R. (2021). The Pandemic City: Urban Issues in the Time of COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(6), 3295.
Meagher, K., Achi, N. E., Bowsher, G., Ekzayez, A., & Patel, P. (2021). Exploring the role of City Networks in supporting urban resilience to COVID-19 in conflict-affected settings. Open Health, 2(1), 1-20.
Mehrdanesh, g., & Azadi Zadeh, N. (2020). The concept of urban resilience, management and future planning of cities (Corona 19). Geography and Human Relationships, 3(1), 132-161. [in Persian]
Mishra, N. T. P., Das, S. S., Yadav, S., Khan, W., Afzal, M., Alarifi, A., . . . Nayak, A. K. (2020). Global impacts of pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: Focus on socio-economic consequences. Sensors International, 1, 100042.
MOVAHED, S., & Tabibian, M. (2020). Proposing a framework for city’s ecological resilience pattern. Motaleate Shahri, 9(33), 109-126. [in Persian]
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., . . . Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185-193.
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110455.
Partovi, P., Behzadfar, M., & Shirani, Z. (2016). Urban Design and Social Resiliency Case Study: Jolfa Neighborhood in Isfahan City. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 9(17), 99-116. [in Persian]
Rippon, S., Bagnall, A.-M., Gamsu, M., South, J., Trigwell, J., Southby, K., . . . Woodward, J. (2020). Towards transformative resilience: community, neighbourhood and system responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cities & Health, 1-4.
Rooij, R., Aalbers, K., Hausleitner, B., Newton, C., & Rocco, R. (2020). Education for the resilient city – teaching and learning urban design and planning in Covid-19 times. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning, 173(4), 119-124.
Scheffers, F., Moonen, X., & van Vugt, E. (2021). Assessing the quality of support and discovering sources of resilience during COVID-19 measures in people with intellectual disabilities by professional carers. Res Dev Disabil, 111, 103889.
Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of The Total Environment, 749, 142391.
Sharifi, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Kummitha, R. K. R. (2021). Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 13(14), 8018.
Smart, K., Ma, E., Qu, H., & Ding, L. (2021). COVID-19 impacts, coping strategies, and management reflection: A lodging industry case. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102859.
Velarde, M. D., Fry, G., & Tveit, M. (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(4), 199-212.
Wu, X., Li, X., Lu, Y., & Hout, M. (2021). Two tales of one city: Unequal vulnerability and resilience to COVID-19 by socioeconomic status in Wuhan, China. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 72, 100584.
Zhou, H., Wang, Y., Huscroft, J. R., & Bai, K. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 and anti-pandemic policies on urban transport—an empirical study in China. Transport Policy, 110, 135-149.
Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Mayer, B., Evans, T. P., & Lansey, K. E. (2020). Urban resilience and green infrastructure systems: towards a multidimensional evaluation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 44, 42-47.