نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشجوی کارشناسیارشد، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

نمای ساختمان‌ها به عنوان یکی از اجزای اصلی تشکیل دهنده سیما و منظر شهر، دارای مؤلفه‌های هویتی است. در سال‌های اخیر، مسئله هویت شهرهای ایران و به خصوص تأثیر نمای ساختمان‌ها بر هویت شهر تهران در کانون توجه مراکز علمی و اجرایی بوده و قوانین، مقررات و دستورالعمل‌های اجرایی مختلفی برای سامان‌بخشی به وضعیت نابسامان نمای ساختمان‌ها وضع شده است. اما همچنان آشفتگی قابل توجهی، به خصوص در نماهای ساختمان‌های جدید شهر تهران مشهود است. هدف این پژوهش آسیب‌شناسی قوانین و مقررات تأثیرگذار بر نمای ساختمان‌های جدید از طریق سنجش تطبیقی مؤلفه‌های اصلی هویت‌ساز نما در ادبیات پژوهشی از یک طرف و قوانین و مقررات (اسناد رسمی) کشور از طرف دیگر و نحوه کارکرد آنهاست تا بدین ترتیب چگونگی و چرایی رسیدن به وضع موجود و دلایل آن تحلیل شود. همچنین به دلیل سنجش میزان اثرگذاری و تحقق مؤلفه‌های مستخرج از اسناد، محله حکیمیه واقع در منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران که در سال‌های اخیر بیشترین آمار صدور پروانه و ساخت و ساز آپارتمانی را به خود اختصاص داده، انتخاب گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های اسنادی به روش تحلیل محتوا، تعیین حجم نمونه مطالعاتی بر اساس فرمول کوکران و تحلیل داده‌های حاصل از مشاهدات میدانی و مؤلفه‌های سازنده هویت نمای حدود 300 ساختمان با کمتر از سه سال سن، واقع در محله حکیمیه شهر تهران در خصوص تحقق و یا عدم تحقق مؤلفه‌ها، با استفاده از روش‌های آماری و تحلیل متون استخراج شده از مصاحبه‌ها به روش تفسیری نشان می‌دهد، میزان تحقق الزامات و توصیه‌های مدنظر اسناد رسمی در زمینه مؤلفه‌های نمای ساختمان‌های نمونه در محله حکیمیه، 58 درصد است و سه عامل 1. ضعف محتوایی و ساختاری اسناد، 2. نبود اختیارات و ضمانت اجرایی کافی و 3. ضعف در نظارت و سیاست‌های بازدارنده (به ترتیبِ بیشترین به کمترین اهمیت) سبب عدم تطبیق یا کاهش میزان تحقق مؤلفه‌های هویت‌ساز نمای ساختمان‌ها از منظر اسناد رسمی بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Critical Review of Rules and Regulations Affecting the Facades of New Buildings (Case Study: Hakimieh Neighborhood in Tehran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behnaz Aminzadeh 1
  • SeyedHadi Hosseini 2
  • Seyed Reza Mousavipour 3

1 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urban Planning, Campus of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urban Planning, Campus of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Science and Research, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights

Several laws and regulations have been implemented to bring order to the disorderly appearance of new buildings in Tehran; however, a significant level of confusion persists.
The compliance level with the official document requirements pertaining to the facade components of buildings in Hakimieh neighborhood, Tehran, stands at 58%.
The deficiency in both the content and structure of the documents has contributed to a decline in the realization of the identity components of building facades, as outlined in the official documents.

Introduction:
The facade, serving as a crucial link between people and the urban environment, plays a pivotal role in shaping a city's identity. While changes in facades signify societal progress, the disconnect between new buildings and local identities contributes to urban chaos. Despite recent efforts, the persistent visual disturbance in cityscapes raises a critical question. This research aims to analyze theoretical literature, compare findings with legal frameworks, and assess the realization of building facade criteria in new structures in Tehran's Hakimieh neighborhood. Through interviews, the study seeks to uncover reasons for non-compliance.
Theoretical Framework:
The significance of the urban landscape lies in its identity and connection with perspectives, as explored by Cullen (1971). A visually appealing cityscape enhances urban identity, characterized by building facades, structural heights, and distinctive urban spaces. On a smaller scale, cityscapes encompass elements such as building facade features, material composition, color and texture, light and shadow play, windows, sidewalk features, and urban furnishings (Doyran et al., 2011). The building facade, as a crucial variable, influences the identity aspects of urban landscapes by establishing correlations and structural order within urban environments.
Methodology:
A comprehensive mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, guides this research. The initial phase involves an in-depth analysis of literature and theoretical foundations related to building facade identity components. The field observation stage evaluates buildings constructed within the last three years in Hakimieh neighborhood based on the extracted components. Data collection involves examining approximately 300 buildings, using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of facade identity components. Interviews with city officials, builders, and consumers aim to extract nuanced insights from the research findings.
Results and Discussion:
The degree of fulfillment of the country's official documents' requirements for facade identity components in buildings less than three years old in Hakimieh neighborhood is determined to be 58%. A detailed analysis reveals the highest realization rates in components banning the use of curtained facades (96.4%), unconventional forms (94.7%), and construction of facilities in a visible manner (82.7%). Governance strategies and guidelines, while not fully executed and occasionally conflicting with consumer preferences, have nevertheless influenced nearly 60% of the observed urban landscape.
Conclusion:
The chaotic state of Hakimieh neighborhood's building facades is not solely the outcome of implementing laws and approvals; various contributing factors and sometimes contradictory approaches have intensified the crisis. Notably, the lack of specific criteria in urban planning and architecture, stemming from a collective and widely accepted perspective, exacerbates the challenges in the existing situation. In conclusion, this critical review sheds light on the intricacies of urban facades, emphasizing the need for a holistic and comprehensive approach to enhance urban identity and mitigate visual disturbances.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Critical Review
  • Rules and Regulations
  • Building Facade
  • Urban Identity
  • Hakimieh Neighborhood
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