نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه معماری، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران.

10.34785/J011.2021.503

چکیده

توجه به مقوله مشارکت بهره­برداران فضاهای عمومی در فرآیند طراحی معماری از نکات مهم و حائز اهمیت است. این موضوع در سال­های اخیر مورد توجه بسیاری از محققان و طراحان این گونه از فضاها قرار گرفته و در نمونه­های عملی نیز در سه سطح طراحی، برنامه­ریزی و تصمیم­سازی به ارائه راهکارهای اجرایی طراحی مشارکتی اقدام گردیده است. علی­رغم وجود روش مشخص انگیختگی مشارکتی در طراحی، در کشور ما توجه به این مقوله عمدتاً به سطح پایینی از روش­های دریافت اطلاعات مانند مصاحبه و ضبط نظرات بهره­برداران اکتفا شده و نوعی اغفال در سطوح کلان طراحی، برنامه­ریزی و تصمیم­سازی مشاهده می­گردد؛ به طوری که نتایج به دست آمده از این اقدامات یا در حد صرفاً نوشتاری و یا در سطح پایین مداخله عملیاتی منحصر گردیده است. نکته حائز اهمیت در این میان، عدم تبیین مناسب از مؤلفه­های تأثیرگذار مشارکت از یک طرف و نبود ساختار تأثیرگذاری این مؤلفه­ها و ارتباط آن با فرآیند طراحی از طرف دیگر است. بنابراین مقاله حاضر با هدف تبیین عوامل مشارکتی به تحلیل و ارائه مدل مفهومی _ ساختاری تأثیرگذاری این عوامل در فرآیند طراحی می­پردازد. روش تحلیل و ارائه مدل مقاله براساس روش قیاسی _ مروری است. بر این اساس، سه مؤلفه اصلی ابعاد فردی، اجتماعی و مکانی به عنوان عوامل اصلی تأثیرگذار در طراحی مشارکتی استخراج گردید که توجه به این عوامل در قالب سه گانه ذهنیت­های فردی، ترجیحات اجتماعی و نیازهای عملکردی _ معنایی به عنوان شاخصه­های مفهومی طراحی مشارکتی ارائه گردیده است. در این میان حاصل تلاقی این سه­گانه با مفاهیمی مانند حس تعلق به مکان (در ابعاد معنایی)، تنوع کالبدی و عملکردی (در ابعاد اجتماعی _ مکانی)، نفوذپذیری و خوانایی (در بعد مکانی) بیشترین نقش در سطوح مداخله مشارکتی را دارا و در سطح ثانویه مؤلفه­های دسترسی، امنیت و دعوت کنندگی (در ابعاد مکانی) نقش بعدی را عهده­دار هستند. سطح ثانویه تأثیرگذاری مکان باعث تسهیل حضور افراد در مکان­های عمومی گردیده و سطح اولیه تأثیرگذاری سبب تعمیق مشارکت در مکان­های عمومی و ایجاد ساختار عاطفی، ناخودآگاه و معنایی در مکان می­گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the aspects of participation concept in the process of public space design

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sevda Norozi 1
  • Ali Javan Forouzandeh 2

1 Department of Architecture, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Department of Architecture, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights:

Participation is a concept in various fields and includes a wide range of meanings appropriate to its field of application.
Despite the relatively broad theoretical background of participation, its efficiency in the field of public space design process has been less.
Three components of individual, social and spatial dimensions are the main factors influencing the participatory design process of public spaces.


Introduction: It is important to consider the participation of public space users in the process of architectural design, and each of the various definitions of public participation that is reviewed somehow expresses the richness of people’s involvement in urban affairs at different levels, viewing public participation as an essential, inseparable component of urban development and noting the positive, undeniable results of the public’s contribution to the design and architecture process. On the other hand, this issue has been considered by many researchers and designers of urban public spaces in recent years, where participatory design solutions have been presented in practical examples at the three levels of design, planning, and decision-making. Despite the existence of a specific method of participatory motivation in design, concern for the issue is limited in Iran mainly to low-level methods of receiving information involving, for example, interviews and recorded user opinions, and a kind of deception is observed at macro levels of design, planning, and decision-making. Thus, the results obtained from these measures are restricted to purely-written or low-level operational intervention. The important point in this regard is the improper explanation of the effective components of participation, on the one hand, and the ineffective structure of these components and its relationship with the design process, on the other hand. Therefore, it is necessary to address the various dimensions of public participation and identify the components that affect the participatory design of public spaces. Knowledge of the components affecting these spaces allows designers, planners, and urban officials to design and plan quality public spaces with the people’s participation.
Theoretical Framework: Participation is a concept that comes in a variety of contexts, and includes a wide range of meanings tailored to its social, cultural, and practical aspects. It is regarded as a kind of notion that is easy to discuss but difficult and complex in practice. Despite the growing significance of public participation in architecture, urban planning, and urban management and the dedication of an important part of research in recent years to this issue, many architects, designers, planners, urban managers, and citizens still often disagree on public participation. Recognizing a black box on the path to individuals’ effective participation in the process of designing public spaces, they emphasize that efforts made in the field of public participation have often been ineffective, and efficiency has hardly been achieved in practice, especially in the field of design and architecture, even with the relatively broad theoretical background of participation. On the other hand, the diversity that is there in the field of participation in different disciplines has caused persistent problems with the way the concept can be used. Architectural designers and thinkers have different professional views on the process of participation in design, and the views of participation-oriented architects and participatory design have been considered as a new approach in the specialized training of architects. Collaborative design has assumed various manifestations in architecture, all of which have in common the use of opinions and the participation of more and more people in the design, especially in the architecture, of public spaces.
Methodology: The present research is an applied deductive-review study.
Results and Discussion: The present article aimed to explain the participatory factors by presenting and analyzing a conceptual-structural model of the impacts of the effective factors in the process of designing public spaces. Accordingly, the three main components, including the individual, social, and spatial dimensions, were extracted as the main influential factors in participatory design. The intersections of these three with concepts such as the sense of place (in the semantic dimension), physical and functional diversity (in the socio-spatial dimension), and permeability and readability (in the spatial dimension) played the major roles in specification of the levels of participatory intervention. At the secondary level, the components of access, security, and invitation (in the spatial dimension) exhibited the next greatest parts. The secondary level of influence of the place facilitates people’s presence in public places, while the primary level of influence deepens the participation in public places, and creates an emotional, unconscious, semantic structure at the place.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes the essential role of the concept of participation in the design process, which is multiple, complex and multi-level. The findings obtained in the design process can be applied at three levels: in the field of decision-making and design planning management, in the field of physical planning and urban design, and, finally, in the field of architecture and micro-space design. The first level deepens participation in public places, and creates an emotional, unconscious, semantic structure. The second level causes this deepening process to continue, and the third level makes it possible to facilitate people’s presence at public places.

Acknowledgment: This article was taken from the Master’s thesis in Architecture entitled Designing a neighborhood house with the approach of social participation of citizens in the ancient fabric of Ardabil (Mansouria neighborhood), which was defended by the first author under the second author’s supervision at the Islamic Azad University of Ardabil

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Participation
  • Design process
  • Public space
  • Social factor
Ackerman, J. (1969). Listening to architecture. Harvard Educational Review39(4), 4-10.
Akebra ryahe, M., & Amar-ezde, H. (2019). Rahkearh-ya Traha Fdahaa-ya Emwma ba Hdf Shkel- guara Teamlat ajtma'ea dr Mahlh Gunbd Keazrwn [Strategies for designing public spaces with the aim of forming social interactions in the Gonbad neighborhood of Kazerun]. Mtal'eat Traha Shhra -ve- Pejewhsh -haa Shhra, 2(3),1-15. [in Persian]
Alalhesabi, M., & Usefzmani, M. (2011). Fraand Traha Memara؛ Teaml Maan Trah ve Bhrh brdar [ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS; INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DESIGNER AND OWNER PARTICIPATION] Honar-Ha-Ye Ziba, 2(43), 31-42. [in Persian]
Alexander, C. (2010). Memary v Raz- jawdanguy Rah- by -Zman -Sakhtn [Architecture and the Secret of Immortality to Make Timeless; Translated by Mehrdad Qayyumi Bidhandi]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. [in Persian]
Anuar, M. I. N. M., & Saruwono, M. (2012). Barriers of user's involvement in the design process of public parks as perceived by landscape architects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences35, 253-259.
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of planners35(4), 216-224.
Asadpour, A., Entezari, A., & Ahmadi Ahank, K. (2019). Msharket Ajtma'ea Rsma- ve-Gharrsma V 'Awaml M'ethr Br an Motal'e Mowreda: Shhrstan Amol [Formal and Informal Social Participation and Factors Affecting it (A Study in The City of Amol)]. jam'eh shnasa kearbrda, 29(3),67-86. [in Persian]
Axelrod, M. (1956). Urban structure and social participation. American Sociological Review21(1), 13-18.
Azadaramki, T. (1994). Msharket w Tos'eh Aqtsada-Ajtma'ea [Participation and socio-economic development]. Frhngu Tos'eh, 2(10), 46-52. [in Persian]
Baek, J. S., & Lee, K. P. (2008). A participatory design approach to information architecture design for children. Co-Design4(3), 173-191.
Banerjee, T. (2001). The future of public space: beyond invented streets and reinvented places. Journal of the American planning association67(1), 9-24.
Bezanson, K. (2006). Gender and the limits of social capital. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie43(4), 427-443.
Birou, A. (1997). Frhngu Elwm Ajtma-ea [Culture of Social Sciences; translated by Baqer Sarukhani]. Tehran: keahan. [in Persian]
Bjögvinsson, E., Ehn, P., & Hillgren, P. A. (2012). Design things and design thinking: Contemporary participatory design challenges. Design issues28(3), 101-116.
Braun, S. (2002). Soziales Kapital, sozialer Zusammenhalt und soziale Ungleichheit. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, B, 29-30.
Büscher, M., Shapiro, D., Hartswood, M., Procter, R., Slack, R., Voß, A., & Mogensen, P. (2002, June). Promises, premises and risks: Sharing responsibilities, working up trust and sustaining commitment in participatory design projects. In Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference (pp. 183-192).
Carpentier, N. (2012). O conceito de participação. Se eles têm acesso e interagem, eles participam de fato? Fronteiras-estudos midiáticos14(2), 164-177.
Carr, S., Stephen, C., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., & Stone, A. M. (1992). Public space. Cambridge University Press.
Carmona, M., Heath, T., Tiesdell, S., & Oc, T. (2010). Mkean-ha-ya Emwma Fda-ha-ya shhra؛ ab-ead guwnaguwn traha shhra [ Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design. Routledge]. Tehran: Danshguah Hnr. [in Persian]
Conrad, E., Cassar, L. F., Christie, M., & Fazey, I. (2011). Hearing but not listening? A participatory assessment of public participation in planning. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy29(5), 761-782.
Creighton, J. L. (2005). The public participation handbook: Making better decisions through citizen involvement. John Wiley & Sons.
Dahl, R. (1963). Modern Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1, 970.
Daneshpour, A.,& Charkhchyan, M. (2008). Fdahaa-Emwma ve -Ewaml Mwthr br Haat Jm-ea [Public Spaces and Factors Affecting Collective Life]. Bagh -Nzr, 7(8),19-28. [in Persian]
Doelle, M., & Sinclair, A. J. (2006). Time for a new approach to public participation in EA: Promoting cooperation and consensus for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review26(2), 185-205.
Dola, K., & Mijan, D. (2006). Public participation in planning for sustainable development: operational questions and issues. International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice1(1), 1-8.
Eccleston, C. H. (2000). Environmental impact statements: A comprehensive guide to project and strategic planning. John Wiley & Sons.
El-Masri, S., & Kellett, P. (2001). Post-war reconstruction. Participatory approaches to rebuilding the damaged villages of Lebanon: a case study of al-Burjain. Habitat International25(4), 535-557.
Elwa Nasab Ashkedra, F., Bodagour, S., & sabrnjead, J. (2020). Tbaan shakhsh ha w m'elfh haa ajtma'e pedara fdahaa ajtma'ea dr shhr thran nmwnh mwrda mjmw'eh haa ajtma'ea ve 'emwma arada 'ebas abad [Explaining the characteristics and components of socialization of social spaces in Tehran (Case study of social and public complexes of Abbasabad lands)]. Ngursh- ha-ya Nw dr Jghrafaaa Ansana, 12(1), 325-344. [in Persian]
Erfani, G., & Roe, M. (2020). Institutional stakeholder participation in urban redevelopment in Tehran: An evaluation of decisions and actions. Land Use Policy91, 104367.
Enserink, B., & Koppenjan, J. (2007). Public participation in China: sustainable urbanization and governance. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal.
Faulks, K. (2000). Citizenship. Routledge.
Forester, J. (1982). Planning in the Face of Power. Journal of the american planning association48(1), 67-80.
Forester, J. (2006). Making participation work when interests conflict: Moving from facilitating dialogue and moderating debate to mediating negotiations. Journal of the American Planning Association72(4), 447-456.
Floyd, C., & Hatch, R. (1983). Giving Form in Prime Time. The Scope of Social Architecture, edited.
Francis, J., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L., & Knuiman, M. (2012). Creating sense of community: The role of public space. Journal of environmental psychology32(4), 401-409.
Frshchea, H., & Trkea Baghbadrana, H. (2019). Brrsa fraand msharket astfadh kenndguan mrdm dr Rwnd traha Msken ba Rwakerd Memara Jm-ea [Investigating the process of participation of people users in the process of housing design with a collective architecture approach]. Pejewhsh Dr Hnr ve Elwm Ansana, 0(3),33-44. [in Persian]
Framework, in Post- Earthquake Permanent Housing Reconstruction Gillan-Zanjan (1990), Varzaghan (2012) and Kermanshah (2017)]. Msken- ve- Rwsta, 39(169), 35-50.
Fathe, H. (2004). Sakhtman saza ba mrdm [Building with the people]. Tehran: Danshguah Hnr. [in Persian]
Geiger, L. B. (1942). La participation dans la philosophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin (Vol. 23). J. Vrin.
Halaj, L. (2016). Rwakerd Mosharketa ve khlaqanh dr Traha-ye Memara؛ kwtah-az-alkhandrw arawna, brndh jayzh perytzkr2016 [Participatory and creative approach in architectural design; Short by Alejandro Arauna, winner of the 2016 Pritzker Prize]. Rwznamh sharq, 0(2502),11. [in Persian]
Horelli, L. (2002). A methodology of participatory planning. Handbook of environmental psychology, 607-628.
Huang, Y., Ning, Y., Zhang, T., & Fei, Y. (2015). Public acceptance of waste incineration power plants in China: Comparative case studies. Habitat International47, 11-19.
Huntington, S. P., & Nelson, J. M. (1976). No easy choice: Political participation in developing countries. Harvard University Press.
Hyyppä, M. T., & Mäki, J. (2003). Social participation and health in community rich in stock of social capital. Health education research18(6), 770-779.
Islami, S.G. (2004). Alguw-ye Framwsh Shdh Asl Mosharkt Marodm dr Fraynd Trahy ve Tos-eh Dron-za [The Forgotten Pattern The principle of people's participation in the process of endogenous design and development]. Nshriyh Byn- almlly Mhndsy Snay'e V Mdyryt twlyd (Wajeh namh M'emara -ve -Shhrsaza),16(1),1-13. [in Persian]
Ismail, W. A. W., & Said, I. (2015). Integrating the community in urban design and planning of public spaces: a review in Malaysian cities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences168, 357-364.
Javanforouzande, A., & Matlaby, Q. (2012). Mfhwm hes Talq-beh-Mkean–ve-Ewaml Tshkeyl-dhndh an [The concept of a sense of belonging to a place and its constituent factors]. Hwat Shhr, 5(8), 27-34. [in Persian]
Jalali, T., Fallahi, A., Islami, S. G., & Sabernejad, Z.  (2020). Chearchewb shahd -mehwr Fraand Traha Msharketa dr bazsaza- ha-ye- Msken Dayeam pes -az -Zman –lrzh- ha-ye gualan- znjan 69, wrzqan 91 w kermanshah 9 [he Evidence Based Participatory Design Process Framework, in Post- Earthquake Permanent Housing Reconstruction Gillan-Zanjan (1990), Varzaghan (2012) and Kermanshah (2017)]. Msken- ve- Rwsta, 39(169), 35-50. [in Persian]
JonesP, B. PetrescuD. TillJ. (Eds.). (2005). Architecture and participation.
Juarez, J. A., & Brown, K. D. (2008). Extracting or empowering? A critique of participatory methods for marginalized populations. Landscape Journal27(2), 190-204.
Kelly, C., & Breinlinger, S. (1996). The social psychology of collective action: Identity, injustice and gender. Taylor & Francis US.
Kensing, F., & Greenbaum, J. (2013). Heritage: Having a say. Routledge international handbook of participatory design, 21-36.
Keamla Ni-ya, H. (2014). Chearchewba Nwan braya Teaml Memara jm-ya Dr Traha Mjmw-eh ha-ya Mskewna Masr [New Framework for Inferaction of Commuunity Architecture for Designing Contemporary Housing Complexes]. Nqsh Jhan,3(2),63-73. [in Persian]
Keraab, Y. (2004). Nzrah Ajtma'ea Kelasake (Mqdm Hay br Andashh Markers, Wbr, Dwrkeam ve Zaml) [Classical Social Theory (Introductions to the Thought of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Simmel)]. Tehran: Aguh. [in Persian]
Kolcunová, P., Siláči, I., & Vitková, Ľ. (2016). Public Space and Its Role to Transforming the Community. Procedia engineering161, 1944-1948.
Lawson, B. (1990). How Designers Think, (ed.) The Architectural Press. London UK.
Lavelle, L. (1937). Principes généraux de toute philosophie de la participation. Travaux du IXe Congrès International de Philosophie9, 170-176.
Li, T. H., Ng, S. T., & Skitmore, M. (2012). Public participation in infrastructure and construction projects in China: From an EIA-based to a whole-cycle process. Habitat international36(1), 47-56.
Li, T. H., Ng, S. T., & Skitmore, M. (2013). Evaluating stakeholder satisfaction during public participation in major infrastructure and construction projects: A fuzzy approach. Automation in construction29, 123-135.
Lngu, H. (2012). Afransh Nzrah Memara Nqsh Elwm Rftara Dr Traha Mhat [Creating architectural theory The role of behavioral sciences in environmental design]. Thran: Antshart Danshguah Thran. [in Persian]
Magnusson, P. R. (2003). Benefits of involving users in service innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management.
Madanipour, A. (2010). Whose public space. Whose Public Space?. International Case Studies in Urban Design and Development237.
Mandeli, K. (2019). Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study. Cities95, 102409.
Mansouri, S. A.,& Foroughi, M. (2019). Mfhwm Traha Msharketa Mnzr [The Concept of Participation in Landscape Design]. Bagh Nzr,15(62).17-24. [in Persian]
Madanipour, A. (2008). Faza-ye 'emwme Ve Khsosi shahr [Public and private spaces of the city]. Thran: Shrkt Perdazsh ve Brnamh Ryzy Shhra. [in Persian]
Mohseni Tbraza, A. (1997). Byguanguy Man-ey bray Msharkt ve Tws-eh meli [Alienation is an obstacle to participation and national development]. Namhe Pejewhsh,1(2-3), 89-90. [in Persian]
Mohmde, J., Baqre, K., & Hadre, S. (2016). Snjsh ve Brrsa Mazan Msharket Shhrwndan dr Amor Shhra ve Ewaml Muthr br an؛ mtal-eh Mwrda: shhr SnAndj [Assessing the level of citizen participation in urban affairs and the factors affecting it; Case study: Sanandaj city]. Thlal Ajtma-ye Nzm ve Nabrabra Ajtma-ye, 7(2), 179-209. [in Persian]
Mqds Jefra, M., & Kerama, R. (2014). Brrsa Msharket Ajtma-ye Jwanan 18-29 Salh Shhr Bam Bed az Zlzelh ve Ewaml Mwthr Br an [Investigating the social participation of young people aged 18-29 in Bam after the earthquake and the factors affecting it]. Mtal-yeat Jam-eh Shnakhta Jwanan, 4(11).111-132. [in Persian]
Mosaye, M., & Shyany, M. (2010). Msharkt Dr Amwr Shhry ve Alzamat an dr Shhr Thran [Participation in urban affairs and its requirements in Tehran]. Rfah Ajtma-ye, 10(38), 245-268. [in Persian]
Mokhtarmanesh, S., & Ghomeishi, M. (2019). Participatory design for a sustainable environment: Integrating school design using students’ preferences. Sustainable Cities and Society51, 101762.
Mirzaean, M. S., Zabihi, H., & Majedi, H. (2014). PARTICIPATORY DESIGN, A NEW APPROACH TO REGENERATE THE PUBLIC SPACE.
Milbrath, L. W., & Goel, M. L. (1977). Political participation: How and why do people get involved in politics?. Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
Nwabkhsh, M., Rezaye, M., & Rhami, M. (2015). Brrsa Rabth Mazan A-etmad Shhrwndan ba Mazan Msharket Ajtma-ye Anan ؛Mtal-eh Mwrda: Shhr Aalam [Investigating the relationship between citizens' trust and their social participation; Case study: Ilam city]. Mtal-yat Jam-yeh Shnasa Shhra, 4(10), 1-27. [in Persian]
Noghane, M., Mzlom Khrasane, M., & Khlafh, M. (2013). Brrsa Mazan Msharket Ajtma-ye Mrdm dr Shhr Mrwdsht ve Ewaml Mwthr Bran dr Sal 1387 [Investigating the level of social participation of people in Marvdasht and the factors affecting it in 2008]. Jam-eh Shnasi Kearbrdi, 23(1),51-80. [in Persian]
Norozi, F.A. & Bkhtaare, M. (2010). Msharket Ajtma-ye ve Ewaml Ajtma-ye mwthr BrAn [Social participation and social factors affecting it]. Rahbrda, 18(53), 249-263. [in Persian]
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge University Press.
Peng, Y., Feng, T., & Timmermans, H. (2019). A path analysis of outdoor comfort in urban public spaces. Building and Environment148, 459-467.
Priya, R. S., Shabitha, P., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2020). Collaborative and participatory design approach in architectural design studios. Social Sciences & Humanities Open2(1), 100033.
Priscoli, J. D. (2004). Participation, Consensus Building and Conflict Management Training Course:(tools for Achieving PCCP). UNESCO/IHP/WWAP.
Østergaard, K. L., Simonsen, J., & Karasti, H. (2018). Examining situated design practices: Nurses' transformations towards genuine participation. Design Studies59, 37-57.
Özdemir, A. (2019). An approach on children's experiences of participatory planning. Cities93, 206-214.
Rainer, S. (2014). Social participation and social engagement of elderly people. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences116, 780-785.
Rahman, M. A. (1993). People's Self-development. Perspectives on Participatory Action Research, 315-335.
Rossetti, T., Lobel, H., Rocco, V., & Hurtubia, R. (2019). Explaining subjective perceptions of public spaces as a function of the built environment: A massive data approach. Landscape and urban planning181, 169-178.
Rezaee, M., & Nasiri Ardali, H. (2020). Arzaaba mazan peaskhguwaa fdahaa 'emwma shhra bh naazhaa m'elwlan jsma, hrketa (mtal'eh mwrda: khaaban frdwsa shhr snndj) [Accountability of Urban Spaces to the Disabled Person’s Needs (Case Study: Ferdowsi Street in Sanandaj)]. Pejewhsh haa jghrafaaa brnamh raza shhra, 7(3),509-532. [in Persian]
Rahnema, M.R. (2010). brnamh ryzy mnatq mrkzy shhrha aswl mbany t'ewryha tjrbyat ve tknyk- ha [Planning of central areas of cities; Principles, foundations, theories, experiences and techniques]. Mshhd: danshguah frdwsy mshhd. [in Persian]
Rshadpewr, N., & Seada Rdwana, N. (2016). Mqaash tabaqa Ewaml mwthr br mwfqat fdahaa 'emwma (khaaban ve pearke) dr zehn ve rftar shhrwndan ankeara ve thran ba ta kead br nqsh nzam brnamh raza fdaa 'emwma dr shhrhaa mdkewr [Comparison of effective factors in the success of public spaces (parks & streets) in the minds and behavior of citizens in Ankara and Tehran, emphasizing the role of public space planning in these cities]. Mtal-eat Shhra, 4(14), 5-17. [in Persian]
Sills, D. L. (1968). International encyclopedia of the social sciences.
Sanoff, H. (1999). Community participation methods in design and planning. John Wiley & Sons.
Sanoff, H., & Toker, Z. (2003). Three decades of design and community. College of Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Sanoff, H. (2007). Special issue on participatory design. Design Studies3(28), 213-215.
Serageldin, I. (1997). The Architecture of Empowerment: People. Shelter and Liveable Cities (London: Academy Editions, 1997).
Salingaros, N. A. (2000). The structure of pattern languages. Architectural Research Quarterly4(2), 149-162.
Svendsen, G. L. (2006). Studying social capital in situ: A qualitative approach. Theory and society35(1), 39-70.
Svendsen, G. L. H., & Svendsen, G. T. (2003). On the wealth of nations: Bourdieuconomics and social capital. Theory and society32(5), 607-631.
Smith, S. S., & Kulynych, J. (2002). It may be social, but why is it capital? The social construction of social capital and the politics of language. Politics & society30(1), 149-186.
Smith, R. C., & Iversen, O. S. (2018). Participatory design for sustainable social change. Design Studies59, 9-36.
Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (2008). Public participation in environmental assessment and decision making. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Sawshpewr, B., Abron, A., & Mosove, M. (2019). Rhaaft haa traha fdahaa 'emwma ajtma'e pedara shhra brgurfth shdh az wajegua haa mkean swm [Design approaches to urban socialization public spaces derived from third-place features]. mtal'eat traha shhra w pejewhsh haa shhra,2(4),33-40. [in Persian]
Shariati Mazinani, S., & Foroghzadeh, S. (2018). Fda-ha-ye-Emwma ve amnat znan dr shhr mshhd [urban public spaces and women security: The case study of Mashhad]. pejewhsh haa rahbrda amnat ve nzm Ajtma-ye, 6(4), 71-90. [in Persian]
Sobhani, N., Beyranvandzadeh, M., Akbari, M., & Souri, F. (2017). Arzaaba m'elfh haa mnasb saza fdahaa 'emwma shhra braa astfadh Janbazan w m'elwlan dr shhr khrm abad [Assessment of the appropriate components of urban public spaces for veterans and the disabled in the city of Khorramabad]. pejewhsh haa jghrafaaa brnamh raza shhra, 4(2), 283-298. [in Persian]
Valladares, A. (2017). Successes and failures of participation-in-design: Cases from Old Havana, Cuba. Frontiers of Architectural Research6(3), 401-411.
Wagner, S. A., Vogt, S., & Kabst, R. (2016). How IT and social change facilitates public participation: a stakeholder-oriented approach. Government Information Quarterly33(3), 435-443.
Xie, L. L., Xia, B., Hu, Y., Shan, M., Le, Y., & Chan, A. P. (2017). Public participation performance in public construction projects of South China: A case study of the Guangzhou Games venues construction. International Journal of Project Management35(7), 1391-1401.
Yang, K., & Pandey, S. K. (2011). Further dissecting the black box of citizen participation: When does citizen involvement lead to good outcomes? Public administration review71(6), 880-892.
Yetano, A., Royo, S., & Acerete, B. (2010). What is driving the increasing presence of citizen participation initiatives? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy28(5), 783-802.
Yao, B. W. (2006). Technology and public participation in environmental decisions (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Yarzadeh, S. M., & Shamsollahi, B. (2019). Nqsh Fda-ha-ye Emwma dr thq Shkewfa-ya Shhra ve Tws-eh Peaadar [The Role of Public Spaces in the Realization of City Prosperity and Sustainable Development.]. Aqtsad ve Mdarat Shhra, 6(23). 111-143. [in Persian]
Yazdan penah, L., & Penaha, M. H. (2005). Athr wajegua ha-ya frda br msharket ajtma'ea [The effect of individual characteristics on social participation]. Elwm Ajtma –ya, 11(26),69-107. [in Persian]
Zamanifard, H., Alizadeh, T., & Bosman, C. (2018). Towards a framework of public space governance. Cities78, 155-165.
Zimmerman, A. (1996). Public Participation in Planing. Common Questions about Planing in Arizona Issus6.
"Participation ." New Catholic Encyclopedia. . Retrieved January 13, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/participation