نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• منیب طالبی ¹
• نینا قصلانی ²
• آتوسا حسنی ³
• مهرداد یوسف زمانی ⁴

¹ پژوهشگر دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

² دکترای تخصصی معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

³ دکترای تخصصی معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

⁴ استادیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

چکیده

بازارهای سنتی در شهرهای ایرانی، نه‌تنها زیرساخت‌های مبادله کالای روزمره بلکه زیست‌جهان‌های پیچیده‌ای از روابط اجتماعی، خاطره و تجربه‌های چندحسی‌اند. در دهه‌های اخیر، ورود عناصر مدرنِ خرده‌فروشی (به‌ویژه ویترین شیشه‌ای) این زیست‌جهان‌ها را با چالش‌های تازه‌ای روبه‌رو کرده است. پژوهش حاضر با تمرکز بر بازار سنتی سنندج، به‌دنبال فهم «تجربه زیسته ویترین» در این بستر و تفسیر نسبت آن با منطق فضایی_اجتماعی بازار است. روش تحقیق، پدیدارشناسی هرمنوتیکی با الهام از خوانش گادامر است. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 16 مشارکت‌کننده همراه با مشاهده میدانی و یادداشت‌برداری از رفتارها و وضعیت فضایی بازار گردآوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها در فرایندی چندمرحله‌ای شامل مضمون سازی، شکل‌دهی افق‌های معنایی و تلفیق افق پژوهشگر و مشارکت‌کنندگان انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ویترین در بازار سنندج برای مشارکت‌کنندگان پدیده‌ای دوگانه است: از یک‌سو به‌عنوان حائلی برای کاهش نفوذ گردوغبار، کم‌کردن رنج روزمره، چیدن و جمع‌کردن بساط و افزایش امنیت کالایی تجربه می‌شود و تا حدی در سامان‌دادن به حد تجاوز حجره‌ها به گذر مؤثر است؛ از سوی دیگر، آستانه سیال حجره_گذر را به جداره‌ای صلب و رسمی بدل می‌کند، حضور بدنی و نظارت طبیعی کسبه بر راسته را کاهش می‌دهد، تجربه چندحسی بازار را به نمایش عمدتاً بصری فرو می‌کاهد، با ساختار شغلی حاکم بر بازار (به‌ویژه مشاغل متکی بر لمس و بو) ناسازگار است و با سبک زندگی و تصویر ذهنیِ طیف اصلی کاربران بازار (شامل روستاییان، اقشار کم‌درآمد و سالمندان) همخوانی چندانی ندارد. نتایج پژوهش بر ضرورت پرهیز از نسخه‌های واحد و ویترین‌محور در نوسازی بازارهای تاریخی و توجه همزمان به سه محور تأکید می‌کند: تناسب میان نوع شغل و شیوه نمایش کالا، حفظ و بازتعریف آستانه زنده حجره_گذر و حساسیت به ترکیب اجتماعی و انتظارات زیبایی‌شناختی کاربران اصلی بازار.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بازار سنتی
• ویترین
• تجربه زیسته
• پدیدارشناسی هرمنوتیکی
• سنندج

موضوعات

• طراحی شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Lived Experience of the Shop Window in the Traditional Bazaar of Sanandaj: A Phenomenological–Hermeneutic Analysis

نویسندگان [English]

• Monib Talebi ¹
• Nina Ghaslani ²
• Atoosa Hassani ³
• Mehrdad Yousefzamani ⁴

¹ Department of architecture, Faculty of architecture and urban design, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

² Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

³ Department of architecture, Faculty of architecture and urban design, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

⁴ Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Highlights

In Sanandaj Traditional Bazaar, the shop window is experienced simultaneously as a functional solution and a disruptive element in the lived experience of the market.
By reducing dust, improving order, protecting goods, and facilitating maintenance, shop windows respond to some of the practical needs of shopkeepers.
The installation of shop windows transforms the fluid threshold between the shop and the passage into a rigid boundary, weakening direct interaction among customers, goods, and shopkeepers.
Shop windows reduce the bodily presence of shopkeepers at the shopfront and, consequently, weaken informal surveillance and the sense of social security within the bazaar.
By limiting touch, smell, and close engagement with goods, shop windows diminish the multisensory quality of the bazaar.
The shop-window-based model is not fully compatible with the occupational structure and social composition of users in Sanandaj Traditional Bazaar.

 
Introduction
Traditional bazaars in Iranian cities are not merely infrastructures for everyday commodity exchange; they are complex lifeworlds shaped by social relations, collective memory, and multisensory experiences. In recent decades, the gradual introduction of modern retail elements—especially glass shop windows—has posed new challenges to the spatial and social logic of these historic environments. While shop windows are commonly associated with cleanliness, order, security, and visual attraction in modern retail settings, their insertion into traditional bazaars may alter the ways in which people perceive, use, and inhabit these spaces.
The traditional bazaar of Sanandaj represents a distinctive case in this regard. In this bazaar, the extension of goods into the passageway has long created a fluid threshold between the shop and the public path. This threshold is not simply a physical edge but a lived spatial condition in which movement, bodily presence, negotiation, sensory contact, and everyday sociability are intertwined. The emergence of glass shop windows, therefore, is not only a technical change in the mode of display but also a transformation in the lived experience of the bazaar.
Theoretical Framework
The study is grounded in hermeneutic phenomenology, particularly inspired by Gadamer’s interpretive approach. From this perspective, space is not understood merely as a physical container or functional arrangement but as a horizon of lived experience constituted through bodily presence, perception, movement, memory, and interpretation. Traditional bazaars, therefore, are approached as lived worlds in which architectural form, everyday practices, and sensory experience are deeply intertwined.
Phenomenological discussions in architecture emphasize that meaning emerges through embodied engagement with space. Thinkers such as Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty have shown that the human relationship with the world is first and foremost sensory and bodily rather than purely conceptual. Within such a framework, the bazaar is not simply a setting for exchange but a multisensory milieu of seeing, smelling, touching, hearing, moving, pausing, and interacting.
The notion of the shopfront or threshold is central here. In the traditional Iranian bazaar, the boundary between the shop and the passage is fluid and negotiable. Goods extend outward, customers encounter commodities at close range, and the shopkeeper’s bodily presence at the threshold contributes to social surveillance, trust, and everyday interaction. The glass shop window transforms this fluid threshold into a more rigid, controlled, and predominantly visual boundary. Thus, the shop window is interpreted not only as a retail device but also as a spatial and social phenomenon that reconfigures the relationship between body, commodity, perception, and public space.
Methodology
This research employs a hermeneutic phenomenological method to understand and interpret the lived meanings associated with shop windows in Sanandaj Traditional Bazaar. The goal is not to measure variables quantitatively but to reveal how participants experience and make sense of the phenomenon in their everyday lives.
Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 participants, including 8 shopkeepers and 8 long-term bazaar users. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on their rich and sustained experience of the bazaar and their familiarity with both traditional and contemporary modes of commodity display. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Each interview lasted between 45 and 55 minutes, and some were conducted in two sessions to avoid participant fatigue.
In addition to interviews, field observations and systematic note-taking were undertaken. These observations focused on the arrangement of goods, the extent to which shops extended into the passageway, patterns of movement and pause, bodily responses to shops with and without shop windows, and the sensory conditions of the space, including sound, smell, and light.
After full transcription, the interview texts were read repeatedly, and meaning units were extracted. At the first stage, 278 initial themes were identified. Through iterative reading, comparison with field notes, and interpretive synthesis, these themes were organized into broader horizons of meaning. Short follow-up interviews were also conducted with some participants to clarify ambiguous points. Finally, drawing on Gadamerian hermeneutics, a fusion of horizons between the researcher and participants was achieved, resulting in a set of final themes that informed the interpretation.
Results and Discussion
The findings show that shop windows in Sanandaj Bazaar are experienced as both beneficial and problematic. On the positive side, they help protect goods from dust, improve cleanliness and order, reduce the effort required for daily display arrangements, enhance security, and, in some cases, facilitate circulation by limiting the spread of merchandise into the passageway.
However, participants also viewed shop windows as incompatible with the traditional character of the bazaar. By replacing the open and fluid threshold between the shop and the passage with a rigid glass boundary, shop windows weaken direct interaction among customers, goods, and shopkeepers. They also reduce the visible presence of shopkeepers at the shopfront, which in turn diminishes informal social surveillance and the sense of collective safety.
In addition, shop windows reduce the bazaar’s multisensory quality by limiting touch, smell, and other forms of close engagement that are important in many local trades. Participants further noted that most occupations in Sanandaj Bazaar do not structurally require shop windows and that their use often reflects imported modern retail models rather than local needs. Finally, shop windows were perceived as socially out of place, as they introduce a sense of formality and luxury that may alienate many of the bazaar’s regular users, particularly villagers, low-income groups, and older people.
Conclusion
This study shows that the introduction of shop windows into Sanandaj Traditional Bazaar is not simply an architectural modification but a transformation with spatial, sensory, and social consequences. Although shop windows offer practical benefits, such as reducing dust, protecting goods, and easing some of the everyday burdens of shopkeeping, they also disrupt key qualities of the traditional bazaar. They formalize the threshold between the shop and the passage, reduce the bodily presence of shopkeepers, weaken natural surveillance, limit multisensory engagement, and conflict with both the occupational structure and the social composition of the bazaar.
The findings suggest that modernization policies in historic bazaars should avoid one-size-fits-all, shop-window-centered approaches. Instead, interventions should be context-sensitive and grounded in the lived experiences of users. Three considerations are especially important: first, the mode of display should be compatible with the sensory and functional requirements of each trade; second, the living threshold between the shop and the passage should be preserved and reinterpreted rather than replaced by rigid barriers; and third, the social composition and aesthetic expectations of the bazaar’s primary users should remain central to any design or policy decision.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Traditional Bazaar
• Shop Window
• Lived Experience
• Hermeneutic Phenomenology
• Sanandaj